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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Beil & Howell InAnnadon Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE EXPRESSING POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES THROUGH STORIES: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By BRETT STANTON SHARP Norman, Oklahoma 1998 UMI Number: 9905608 Copyright 1998 by Sharp, Brett Stanton All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9905608 Copyright 1998, hy UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Brett S. Sharp 1998 All Rights Reserved EXPRESSING POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES THROUGH STORIES: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW A dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Dedicated to Gwenda, Valerie, and Maureen and to my Mother and Father, Raymond and Wilda Jo Sharp IV Acknowledgments A dissertation is both a collective enterprise and a personal journey. Any errors or omissions are, of course, my own, but it is fitting that I recognize and thank the many who have helped me along the way. First, I would like to thank Dr. David G. Camevale, Samuel Roberts Noble Presidential Professor, who has served as my doctoral advisor and mentor for the past several years. To my other committee members, I owe a great debt of gratitude that I can never repay: Dr. Tom James who has in several forums guided me to increase my knowledge and hold fast to high academic standards; Dr. Allen Hertzke for encouraging me to tackle the big ideas and for providing such rich feedback; Dr. Wilbur Scott, Chair of the Department of Sociology, for always making himself available when I needed him; and finally, a special thanks to Dr. Robert England, who has taught and guided me since my undergraduate days at Oklahoma State University and who first encouraged me to pursue the Ph.D. and recommended me for the program. I have also benefited from former committee members who have since left the University of Oklahoma: Dr. Ralph Hummel for inspiring most of the issues tackled in this dissertation; Dr. Jon F. Hale for many interesting discussions which have motivated and helped me during my academic career; and to Dr. James Conant and Dr. Raymond Hamilton for their willingness to serve during periods of transition. Others associated with the University of Oklahoma and also helpful include: Dr. Gary Copeland who introduced me to statistics and who once told me, “Research is a lonely process” while working hard to make it less so for me; Ambassador Edwin G. Corr for helping me to appreciate the power of stories for learning; and Laura Schaub, Assistant Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication, for helping to instill within me the desire and skills to write. A special thanks goes to one of my fellow graduate students here at the University of Oklahoma, Chris Barnes, for volunteering to help me perform the arduous, labor-intensive task of the content analysis. Having worked in public administration while at the same time attending graduate school here at the University of Oklahoma, I must also thank my many supervisors over the past several years, both at the State of Oklahoma and the City of Oklahoma City, who have supported me in my educational pursuits; Enrique Alva, Dianna L. Berry, Oscar B. Jackson, Jr., Muthaswami Meenakshisundarum, Frank Stewart, Vicki Warren, Emilou Young, and especially, Joe Davenport who has always been and continues to be an important source of support for me. A very special thanks also goes to my former teacher, former supervisor, and fellow classmate. Sherry Morgan, for believing in me and recommending me for the doctoral program. Also, I would like to recognize the current and former staff members of the National Performance Review (and National Partnership for Reinventing Government) who have been so helpful and generous with sharing their time and their thoughts. In addition, the careful review and comments of this dissertation by organizational anthropologist, Rebecka Shaw is very much appreciated. Finally, thanks to Dr. P. Alex Roberts, University of Oklahoma Professor Emeritus of Neuroanatomy for use of his extensive personal library and to his wife Yvonne, who more than ten years ago understood my dream and helped me to get here. VI “Pooh began to feel a little more comfortable, because when you are a Bear of Very Little Brain, and you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thinguish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it.” A. A. Milne, The House at Pooh Corner Vll Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ......................................................................................................... xii Abstract ..................................................................................................................xiii Chapters 1. RESEARCHING VALUES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION................. 1 An Overview of the Semiotic Perspective ....................................................4 Political Values .......................................................................................... 11 2. POLITICS AND VALUES OF BUREAUCRATIC REFORM ................ 18 Administrative Reform in Historical Context ........................................... 22 Ritual of the Blue Ribbon Commission ................................................... 29 Administrative Reform in Theoretical Context ..........................................47 Reinventing Government .......................................................................... 64 The National Performance Review ........................................................... 70 Vlll 3. SYMBOLIC CONSTRUCTIONS OF REALITY....................................... 79 The Linguistic M odel ................................................................................ 89 Knowledge is Stories ................................................................................ 94 Stories in the Public Administration Community ................................... 113 4. STORIES IN THE NATIONAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW................ 130 Stories in the National Performance Review Over T im e ....................... 150 5. METHODOLOGY—THE SEMIOTIC APPROACH ............................ 183 Outline of Research Steps and M ethods ................................................. 193 Values in the Public Administration Community ................................... 196 Sample of Public Administrators ........................................................... 199 Competing Values Leadership Instrument ............................................. 201 Results of Competing Values Leadership Instrument ........................... 206 Quantitative Content Analysis of the “Gore Report” ............................. 209 Systematic Sample of Sentences for Content Analysis ........................... 211 Coefficient of Imbalance ........................................................................ 213 Interrater Reliability of Content Analysis ............................................... 215 Factors as Unique and Separate Constructs ............................................. 217 Results of Content A nalysis ................................................................... 219 ix Analysis of Stories in the National Performance Review ....................... 224 Results of Story Analysis ....................................................................... 226 6. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ................................................................. 230 Suggestions for Further Research ..........................................................
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