The Tectonic Evolution of the Southeastern Terceira Rift/São Miguel Region (Azores) and Associated Submarine Volcanic & Sedimentary Processes

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The Tectonic Evolution of the Southeastern Terceira Rift/São Miguel Region (Azores) and Associated Submarine Volcanic & Sedimentary Processes The tectonic evolution of the southeastern Terceira Rift/São Miguel region (Azores) and associated submarine volcanic & sedimentary processes Dissertation with the aim of achieving a doctoral degree at the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Science Department of Earth Sciences University of Hamburg submitted by Benedikt Johannes Weiß Hamburg 2015 Day of oral defense: December 11th, 2015 The following evaluators recommend the admission of the dissertation: Prof. Dr. Christian Hübscher Dr. Thomas Lüdmann Zusammenfassung Das Terceira Rift erstreckt sich entlang des westlichsten Abschnitts der eurasisch-nubischen (afrikanischen) Plattengrenze. Schräg zur lokal vorherrschenden Extensionsrichtung verbindet es den Mittelatlantischen Rücken, kurz MAR, mit dem Bereich der Gloria Fault, in welchem die Plattengrenze durch eine Transformstörung gebildet wird. Das Rift, bestehend aus einer Abfolge tiefer Becken und vulkanischer Höhenlagen, liegt am nordöstlichen Rand eines für diesen Bereich mitten im Atlantischen Ozean ungewöhnlich flachen Plateaus, dass durch starken submarinen Vulkanismus herausgebildet wurde und dessen Oberfläche mit einer Vielzahl vulkanischer Rücken überzogen ist. Diese Rücken bzw. Höhenlagen ragen zum Teil aus dem Atlantik heraus und bilden den mittleren und östlichen Azoren-Archipel. Das Forschungsgebiet der vorliegenden These umfasst den südöstlichen Abschnitt des Terceira Rifts, bestehend aus der Insel São Miguel, weiteren vulkanischen Rücken und benachbarter sedimentärer Becken. São Miguel ist einerseits das Verwaltungszentrum der Azoren und gleichzeitig ihre größte und mit 140.000 Einwohnern am stärksten besiedelte Insel. Regelmäßige Erdbeben und über die Insel verstreute hydrothermale Quellen erinnern die Bewohner dabei stets an die Gefahren, die das Leben auf einer vulkanisch aktiven Insel entlang einer geologischen Plattengrenze mit sich bringt. Trotz dieser Gefahren ist weder der geodynamische Ursprung der Insel im Speziellen, noch das ungewöhnliche tektonische und vulkanische Regime der Azoren im Allgemeinen hinreichend verstanden. Ebenso führten insbesondere die lediglich spärlichen bathymetrischen Informationen und das komplette Fehlen mehrkanal-reflexionsseismischer Daten dazu, dass weder die Verbreitung, noch die genaue Ausprägung des zu erwartenden submarinen Vulkanismus bekannt waren – genau so wenig, wie die submarinen Sedimentationsprozesse insgesamt. Seit den frühen siebziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts gilt das Terceira Rift als Ergebnis einer sukzessiven, von der East Azores Fracture Zone (EAFZ) ausgehenden Nordwärtsbewegung der eurasisch-nubischen Plattengrenze. Der auslösende Prozess sowie der genaue Verlauf der Plattengrenzenbewegung in Raum und Zeit sind jedoch nach wie vor nicht geklärt. Zu dieser Diskussion können die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit signifikant beitragen. So war es auf Basis der hochauflösenden Bathymetrie und der reflexionsseismischen Daten einerseits möglich, dass komplexe submarine Störungssystem im Arbeitsgebiet zu kartieren und zu analysieren. Andererseits erlaubten die Daten erstmalig die Einführung einer seismischen Stratigraphie innerhalb der Sedimentbecken, aus der sich eine relative chronologische Abfolge vulkanischer und sedimentärer Prozesse ableiten ließ. Dieser Chronologie zur Folge entwickelte i sich das Rift ursprünglich orthogonal zu einer damals vorherrschenden SW-NE gerichteten Extension. Als diese vor circa 10 Ma eine WSW-ONO Richtung einnahm, begann sich das Spannungsregime innerhalb seines ursprünglichen Rahmens neu auszurichten, was letztendlich zu der Entstehung neuer NNW-SSO streichender Störungen und vulkanischer Rücken wie der Monaco Bank südlich von São Miguel führte. Dies zeigt deutlich, dass das Terceira Rift einem in sich neu-justiertem Rift-System entspricht, dessen Entwicklung stark an die Kinematik der eurasischen und der nubischen Platten geknüpft ist. Das Fehlen von rezent aktiven Störungen südlich von São Miguel zeigt zudem, dass sich die krustale Dehnung im Arbeitsgebiet, die sich aus der relativen Bewegung der beiden tektonischen Platten zueinander ergeben, allein auf den Bereich des südöstlichen Terceira Rifts konzentriert. Daraus kann auch abgeleitet werden, dass sich die Insel über einer ehemaligen Transformstörung entwickelt haben muss, die heute schräg zur Dehnungsrichtung liegt und die beiden an São Miguel angrenzenden Riftbecken untereinander verbindet. Tektonische Bewegungen, die mit der Riftbildung einhergehen, beeinflussen zudem die submarinen Sedimentationsprozesse. So werden einerseits Bodenströmungen und Trübeströme durch Bruchflächen und vulkanische Lineamente abgelenkt; andererseits werden lokal mächtige Ablagerungen, wie z.B. Turbiditabfolgen oder Driftkörper, durch seismische Schocks destabilisiert. Die Seismizität führt zudem zu einem retrograden lokalen Einbrechen der Schelfkante und zur Bildung sich in den submarinen Hang einschneidender Schluchten. Demzufolge sind Massenumlagerungen ein weitverbreitetes Phänomen im Arbeitsgebiet und bilden das gesamte Spektrum vom Kollabieren einer Rückenflanke, dem plötzlichen Abrutschens von Sedimenten bis hin zu einem sukzessiven Kriechen ab. Die entsprechenden Sedimente sind dabei das Ergebnis von subaerischer und küstennaher Erosion São Miguels oder, in weit geringerem Ausmaß, Ablagerungen von äolisch verfrachtetem vulkanischem Auswurfmaterial. Der durch die Wellenerosion erzeugte Schelf der Insel weist eine durchschnittliche Breite von ca. 4.500 m auf und wurde vermutlich in seiner heutigen Form während des letzten Meerespiegeltiefstandes angelegt. Demnach deutet die durchschnittliche Tiefenlage der Schelfkante (140 m) auf eine Langzeit-Subsidenz der Insel von ca. 0,6 mm/a hin. Die Küsten- bzw. Schelferosion und die Remobilisierung von Schelfsedimenten ging/geht dabei einher mit flächenhaften Trübeströmen, die entlang des Hangs unterhalb der Schelfkante zur Ablagerung ausgedehnter Sedimentloben führten/führen. Da diese Loben nur im Norden der Insel zu beobachten sind, werden die flächigen Trübeströme mit den Stürmen des Nordatlantiks und deren Dünung, der insbesondere die Nordküste ausgesetzt ist, in Verbindung gebracht. Die Sedimentloben werden wiederum von Kanalsystemen durchschnitten. Diese haben ihren Ursprung an den Einschnitten der nördlichen Schelfkante und führen die kontinuierlich anfallenden terrestrischen und fluvialen Sedimente in Form von punktueller Trübeströme in Richtung Tiefsee ab. Im Gegensatz dazu führen die Trübeströme, die den südlichen Inselhang hinabfließen, zur Ablagerung von kleinskaligeren Turbiditloben und Sedimentwellen – wobei ii sich die letzteren dort herausbilden, wo sich die Hangneigung und damit die Fließgeschwindigkeit stark verringert (sogenannte cyclic steps und chutes-and-pools). Diesen destruktiven Erosionsprozessen steht Vulkanismus als konstruktiver Prozess gegenüber. Dass dieser auch explosive vulkanische Phasen umfasst, wird schon anhand der Tatsache deutlich, dass São Miguel aus drei als aktiv geltenden Stratovulkanen aufgebaut ist. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt, in wie weit explosiver Vulkanismus im submarinen Bereich des südöstlichen Terceira Rifts ein Rolle spielt, wie er sich verteilt und in wie fern er ein Gefahrenpotential darstellt. In diesem Zusammenhang ermöglichte die hochauflösende Batyhmetrie dieses Datensatzes die Identifizierung und Kartierung von 252 submarinen vulkanischen Kegeln, deren morphologische Charakteristiken und seismischen Abbilder eine explosive Natur belegen. Die Kegel weisen im Durchschnitt einen Durchmesser von (743±405) m, eine Höhe von (139±77) m bzw. einen Böschungswinkel von (20±4)° auf. Da das morphologische Erscheinungsbild einerseits nicht von der Wassertiefe abzuhängen scheint und andererseits denen von Schlackenkegeln auf São Miguel ähnelt, lassen sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen ziehen: die Eruptionsgeschichten sind 1) für alle Wassertiefen ähnlich, und 2) vergleichbar mit denen der Landstrukturen. Die submarinen Kegel liegen dabei entweder auf tektonischen Störungen, repräsentieren parasitäre Strukturen im submarinen Bereich der drei großen Stratovulkane oder bilden zusammen ein eigenständiges submarines Vulkansystem. Da die Kegel in Wassertiefen von weniger als 300 bis 400 m geringfügig niedrigere Höhen-zu- Durchmesser-Verhältnisse zeigen, wird angenommen, dass die Eruptionen diese Vulkane mit der Meeresoberfläche interagieren und damit eine Gefahr für Mensch, Tier und Technik oberhalb des Meeresspiegels darstellen können. Diese Arbeit bietet demnach eine umfassende Studie der Prozesse, die die Entstehung der Azoren Inseln und deren submariner Umgebung prägen. Diese Prozesse umfassen die Geodynamik im Bereich des Archipels und die Plattenkinematik der angrenzenden tektonischen Platten, lokale Tektonik, Vulkanismus, ozeanische Strömungen, Trübeströme sowie destruktive Vorgänge, wie z.B. Schelferosion, Subsidenz und Massenumlagerungen. iii Abstract The Terceira Rift is located at the westernmost tip of the Eurasian-Nubian (African) plate boundary where it links a major transform fault (Gloria Fault) with the Mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR) oblique to the regional extension induced by plate kinematics. The rift is defined by a succession of deep basins and bathymetric highs or islands, all of them of volcanic origin. Southwest of the rift system, strong volcanism caused the generation of an unusual shallow plateau which is overprinted by several volcanic complexes, ridges and further volcanic islands altogether representing the central and eastern group of the Azores
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