Story As an Organizing and Inquiry Tool for Educational Partnerships
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Story as an Organizing and Inquiry Tool for Educational Partnerships Committed to Social Justice, School, and Community Change A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) In the Department of Educational Studies College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services 2013 by Mark Kohan Miriam B. Raider-Roth, Ed.D., Chair Mary Brydon-Miller, Ph.D. Holly Johnson, Ph.D. Chet H. Laine, Ph.D. i Abstract This dissertation is an arts-based action inquiry into a grassroots educational partnership for social justice in an era of high-stakes standardized testing and teaching. Drawing on educational research in the public interest and multicultural theory (Ladson- Billings & Tate, 2006; Banks, 2006), I examine how students, teachers and educators who participate in an educational partnership organized by story describe and address the challenges, barriers and constraints they face in public schooling. It unites the work of a variety of social justice workers in education by organizing through stories and other arts- based inquiry activities (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 2009; Gruwell & Freedom Writers, 2007; Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2002) to create a dystopian novel about the current and future issues facing public education. Using arts-based qualitative research guides (Barone, 2006; Maxwell, 1996; Vickers, 2010; Winter, 1991) and action research principles (Brydon-Miller, 2007; Cammarota & Fine, 2008; Freire, 1970; Anderson, Herr, & Nihlen, 2007), I inquire into current and past educational practices, policy, and partnerships and theorize future ones based on the expressed experiences of students, teachers, and teacher educators, as well as through dominant paradigms for schooling and teaching. In a brave new world of public education seeing the erosion of state funding and increased dependence on foundation grants and private entities, partnerships guided by social justice stories of students, teachers, and other educators, offer an important way to communicate across organizations and contexts more effectively, enable a shared culture of empowerment, share costs and resources, and develop social innovations in schools that are community- based and globally aware. ii iii Acknowledgements “Who wouldn’t be well served by some time for introspection?” ~ Alison Kohan Thank you to those who dare to question, teach, and advocate for childhood and for future generations. iv Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….iv Section One: Introduction…..…………………………………………….……………….1 Introduction: Setting the Stage for Story & Partnership Assumptions Stories Of Positionality Section Two: Conceptual Lenses & Research Goals……………………..……..……….19 Conceptual Lenses Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal 3 Section Three: Research Methods…………….……………………………………...….30 Research Questions Relationships & Sites of Research Methods of Data Collection Methods of Analysis Trustworthiness Section Four: A Dystopian Story.………………………………………………………43 Chapter 1: Winter Chapter 2: Resistance Chapter 3: The Test Chapter 4: The Philosopher & the Fighter v Chapter 5: A Way In Chapter 6: Fissures Chapter 7: Cracks Chapter 8: Breaking… A Way Out Chapter 9: Seeing Stars Chapter 10: The Flood Chapter 11: Driftwood Chapter 12: Ascent Chapter 13: Hilltop Chapter 14: Fish Out of Water Chapter 15: Tributaries Chapter 16: Reading, Writing, & Rocking Chairs Chapter 17: Lightning Flashes Chapter 18: Autumn Brilliance Chapter 19: Knightwatch Chapter 20: In the Shade of the Falls Chapter 21: Kookaburras and Crows Chapter 22: Blinking and Believing Chapter 23: Little Fingers Letter from Hilltop Epilogue: Call to Action vi Section Five: Reflections on Process of Interpretation, Writing, & Revision….………358 On Interpretation On Writing On Revision Section Six: Implications……………………………………………………………….372 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………...379 References………………………………………………………………………………384 vii Section One I. Introduction “Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.” ~William Butler Yeats Humans are hard-wired for story (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990; Gottschall, 2012; MacIntyre, 1981), having used narrative for teaching and learning since first walking the earth. Stories are both personal and cultural, individualistic and communal, and they have been the centerpiece of many social movements in the United States (Davis, 2002; Ganz, 2001; Horton & Freire, 1990; Loseke, 2007), which have relied on forms of partnership work and commitments. In recent decades, stories of schooling, teaching, and inequity continue to reveal the rigid, regimented, and high-stakes day-to-day reality our nation’s students and teachers face (Alonso, Anderson, Su, & Theorharis, 2009; Kozol, 1991, 2005; Ravitch, 2010). A paradigm shift is needed (Cammarota & Fine, 2008; Greene, 1997; Gutierrez, 2008) to reassert the importance of story telling (or re-telling), narrative writing, and listening in education (Ball, 2006; Bell, 2010; Freedom Writers & Gruwell, 1999; Goodson, Biesta, Tedder, & Adair, 2010; hooks, 1994; Hopkins, 1994; Johnson & Freedman, 2001; Milner, 2010; Postman, 1999; Strong-Wilson, 2007). Calls for attending to unity and diversity in democratizing schools, as well as a focus on seeing, supporting, and celebrating assets or strengths rather than deficits in the public sphere are many in educational research (Ford, 2006; Gonzalez, Moll, & Amanti, 2005; Parker, 2004). Few, however, have been heeded by political and business leaders “invested” in public education and the crafting of its policy. The majority of educational research – especially qualitative and action research forms – has been underappreciated, inaccessible, or insignificant in informing public and 1 policy conversations. While the history of education and educational reform play an important role in this marginalization, many current issues stem from the disinterest of the Board of Governor’s Association coupled with the power of testing, textbook, and technology lobbies on state and national politicians as well as educational administrators (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 2009; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 2006; Ravitch, 2010; Spring, 2011, 2012). This dissertation is an attempt to address the need for more academic writing to be written in and for the public interest so as to capture their imaginations and concerns about what schooling, teaching, and learning are, have been, and could be in and beyond an era of high stakes standardized testing and regimented instruction. This writing is predicated on engaging story in two ways – story as an organizing process for educational partnerships for social justice (i.e., as a method for youth participatory action research, supporting teacher education, and inspiring school reform) and as a method of inquiry and analysis through dystopian story writing (i.e., creation of fiction). Educational partnerships that make story and counter-narratives central to their organization can help address the marginalization of qualitative inquiry and action research traditions in the public sphere (Evans, Lomax, & Morgan, 2000; Griffiths, 2003; Magolda, 2001). Part of a broader call for post-modern arts and humanities research (Barone, 2006; Brown & Jones, 2001; Greene, 1977; Diamond & Mullen, 1999; Leavy, 2012a), focusing on story acknowledges that life in schools and communities are dynamic, temporal, and contextual, and that understandings of one another and our institutions are only ever partial. Story offers a way to rethink dominant schooling, teaching, learning, and research paradigms, and inspire an education of possibility rather than for certificate or credential. These understandings stand on a foundation of 2 sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978) and expect that the reading of – and listening to – one another’s stories is a transactional, exploratory, and subjective process (Rosenblatt, 1938/1991) with transformative potential. This includes the process of writing stories encompassing the Self, the Other, community and/or society, and current issues (Sunstein & Chiseri-Strater, 2002; Leavy, 2013). Of all story genres, science fiction dystopia has been used as one of the most powerful forms of social critique written to/for the public for nearly one hundred years (London, 1908/1975; Huxley, 1932/1989). Its roots lie even further back in utopian and satiric literature, such as Plato’s Republic, Arthurian Legend, Thomas More’s Utopia, and Swift’s Gullivar’s Travels, intertwining with the epic genre. George Orwell, in particular, wrote essays and dystopias that meditated on the role of social structures (1949), including schools (1992). This genre is a form of research akin to self-study, autoethnography, writing as inquiry, and arts-based inquiry movements in education primarily because it attempts to make sense of individuals and communities involved in complex social structures from subjective and intersubjective stances (Davis, 2004), but with one important difference. Science fiction dystopias have captured the public’s imagination and trust in recent decades in film (e.g., Star Wars, the Matrix, The Hunger Games, District 9), fiction (e.g, Clockwork Orange, Kindred, Handmaid’s Tale, 1984, We, I am Legend, Fahrenheit 451, A Canticle for Liebowitz, Anthem, and the myriad stories of Ursula K. Le Guin, Kurt Vonnegut, and Phillip K. Dick), and young adult fiction/literature (e.g . The Hunger Games, Divergent, The Giver, House of