Rap Américain, Stop Ou Encore: La Naissance, La Vie Et La Mort Possible Du Mouvement Hip-Hop Une Histoire En 3 Temps: Rapsters, Gangsta, Bling-Bling

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Rap Américain, Stop Ou Encore: La Naissance, La Vie Et La Mort Possible Du Mouvement Hip-Hop Une Histoire En 3 Temps: Rapsters, Gangsta, Bling-Bling UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LE RAP AMÉRICAIN, STOP OU ENCORE: LA NAISSANCE, LA VIE ET LA MORT POSSIBLE DU MOUVEMENT HIP-HOP UNE HISTOIRE EN 3 TEMPS: RAPSTERS, GANGSTA, BLING-BLING MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN COMMUNICATION PAR MARIE-CATHERINE DUMONT- POUPART MAI 2010 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteu r] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Le mémoire de maîtrise est une étape déterminante dans la vie de tout étudiant. J'ai eu la chance d'être entourée de gens aimants et compréhensifs. Merci en premier lieu à mes parents Serge et Marie-Claire pour leur soutien indéniable tout au long de mes études. Ils ont toujours été là pour me supporter et maintenir mon moral malgré les doutes et l'incertitude. À mes amis qui ont été présents pour m'inciter à procrastiner et à déroger de ma mission, vous avez su me garder souriante au cours de l'épreuve difficile qu'a été la rédaction de ce mémoire qui a semblé, par moment, interminable. À Mazel Bidaoui, du Département de communication, qui sait appuyer les étudiants et est excessivement généreux de son temps et de sa perSOIll1e. Il s'intéresse authentiquement aux étudiants peu importe leurs profils et leurs aspirations, nous prête documents et oreille, peu importe nos interrogations. Il nous suit avec gentillesse tout au long de notre parcours à la maîtrise et sa disponibilité est vitale. C'est grâce à son intérêt marqué pour mon champ d'études qu'il a su me conseiller dans le choix d'un directeur. Plus que quiconque il avait vu juste dans la décision de contacter Monsieur Jean-Pierre Boyer. Je suis une étudiante comblée, en ce sens que j'ai eu le grand privilège de rencontrer le professeur fait pour mon tempérament indépendant et mon sujet. En effet, j'ai pu travailler avec, comme mentor, un enseignant qui ne craint pas de parrainer les sujets marginaux et atypiques et qui sait nous rassurer dans nos aspirations. Monsieur Boyer était là à tout moment, par-dessus mon épaule pour me guider et m'encourager par sa poésie et sajoie créatrice contagieuse. J'ai rarement rencontré un être aussi encourageant et humaniste dans sa manière de transmettre son savoir et de faire des critiques constructives. Il m'a laissé toute la latitude désirée et m'a témoigné son enthousiasme alors que je ne croyais plus parvenir à rendre le manuscrit. Il m'a permit de croire en mes capacités en fin de parcours alors que je déprimais, bercée par la solitude, sur le bord de sombrer dans la folie par des courriels quotidiens toujours plus hilarants et réconfortants. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES TABLEAUX VI RÉSlJMÉ , , : , " VIl 1 INTRODUCTION '" ' . PROBLÉMATIQUE '" 3 CHAPITRE 1 DÉFINITION DE CONCEPTS , '" 6 Terminologie du sujet. .. 6 1.1.lCulture ,. 6 1. 1.2Cu lture populaire , . 7 1.1.3Culture de masse , , " . 9 1.2 La culture hip-hop, les arts du mouvement hip-hop , , 10 Il 1.2.1 Les arts visuels , . 12 1.2.2 Danses rituelles et breakdance . 1.2.3 Le son, la musique, le rap . 13 1.2.4 Musique , . 14 1.2.5 Rap . 15 CHAPITRE II CADRE TffÉORlQUE ,.. , . 17 19 2.1 Une méthodologie exploratoire . 2.1.1 Analyse du discours, étude du contenu................................................. 20 2.1.2 Entre savoir et pouvoir................................................. .. 22 2.2 Cultural Studies «zoom in » .. 23 2.2.1 Le refus d'abdiquer. : 23 2.2.2 Le rappeur comme « intellectuel organique» " . 25 2.2.3 Le rap choqu~ mais interpelle ,....... 29 2.3 Une approche interprétative ;................................................. 31 2.3.1 Qu'en est-il maintenant?..................................................................................... 32 2.3.2 Un changement imminent: de réactionnaire à perdition?.................................. 37 iv CHAPITRE III MOUVEMENTS PRÉCURSEURS ET EMBLÉMATIQUES 43 3.1 Les Negro Spirituals et la musique gospel............................................... 44 3.2 La Négritude............................................................. 46 3.3 La Harlem Renaissance :................. 48 3.4 La mort des héros................... 50 3.5 Les balbutiements d'une culture adolescente................................................ 52 CHAPITRE IV LES TROIS TEMPS DU RAP : LA NAISSANCE, LA MATURITÉ ET L'AVENIR DANS LA VIEILLESSE DU MOUVEMENT '" 58 4.1 L'âge d'or du rap '" 58 4.1.1 Lafraternité 59 4.1.2 Les héros anonymes 61 4.1.3 Les ennemis publics................................................................. 62 4.1.4 Les ghettos de l'Amérique.................................................... 64 4.2 Gangsta Rap , 69 4.2.1 Côte Ouest. '. 72 4.2.2 Il n'y a plus de frères d'armes? 75 4.2.3 Rodney King, un héro récalcitrant...................................................... 77 4.2.4 Le Grand « James Dean» du rap 2Pac............................................... 79 4.2.5 Les banlieues vanilles. 81 4.3 Bling-Bling .. 90 4.3.1 Mo' Money, Mo' Problems '. 91 4.3.2 Jayz-Z « Best rapper alive »? . 93 4.3.3 Le hip-hop infeste l'Amérique '. 96 4.3.4 Big Boss, Big Business '. 99 4.3.5 Produits dérivés 'et dérivants , 101 4.3.6 Le rap et le sport: monuments du monde noir? . 105 4.3.7 L'instinct du rappeur: la tendance avant la tendance . 110 4.3.8 Le bling ne fait pas l'unanimité . 111 4.3.9 Le rap indépendant est un miraculé . 113 CHAPITRE V ANALySE . 117 5.1 Paradoxal: le rap ne veut pas être dompté! Aucun carcan accepté . 117 5.1.1 Les possessions matérielles de la réussite . 118 5.1.2 De la dégradation à l'appropriation . 122 5.1.3 Querelles dans le ventre de la création . 124 v 5.1.4 Discorde chez les intellectuels noirs et la classe supérieure. 128 5.2 Le rap comme influence sur la société et vice-versa....................................... 130 5.2.1Antonio Gramsci, un précurseur encore d'actualité 130 5.2.2 Le rap comme chose d'État: les affaires publiques et le politically incorrect.. 133 5.3 Barack Obama oule rêve américain hybride et futuriste.... 139 5.3.1 Amérique post-raciale?........................................................................................ 140 5.3.2 La nomination rap............. 142 5.3.3 In God We Trust. 142 5.3.4 Cocktail musical 143 5.4 Run DMC « La superstructure ou la passerelle entre les époques »..................... 144 5.4.1 De la moquerie du rappeur blanc au respect, de Vanil1a Ice à Eminem '. 146 5.4.2 Le hip-hop comme référence, la mouvance des modes d'expressions face au rap 147 5.5 Le rap accepté par l'establishment blanc.................................................... 150 5.5.1 Universalité du mouvement hip-hop de la troisième mouture..................... 151 CONCLUSION..... .. .. 154 PERSPECTIVE '" , 156 159 LEXIQUE HIP-HOP " , .. APPENDICE A RAPPEURS MARQUES ETMÉDIAS 164 APPENDICEB CHANSONS DE LA PREMIERE. EPOQUE. .. 165 APPENDICE C ., 168 CHANSONS DE LA DEUXIEME EPOQUE , . APPENDICE D CHANSONS DE LA TROISIEME. EPOQUE. 175 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 186 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 1.1 Le discours « l have a dream » de Martin Luther King Jr. 55 1.2 La première décennie du mouvement hip-hop (1970-1982) . 56 2.1 Le discours de Jesse Jackson, candidat à la présidence américaine .. 65 2.2 La quinzaine d'années décisives pour le monde hip-hop (1983-1999) ......... 66 3.1 Le discours « A More Perfect Union» à Philadelphie de Barack übama . 87 3.2 La décennie rap actuelle (2000-2008) , , . 88 RÉSUMÉ La culture est universellement industrialisée avec ces réseaux de mondialisation et son économie productiviste. Le rap comme mode d'expression ne fait pas exception à cette généralité par ses pratiques et ses productions. Nous nous sommes intéressé au mouvement hip-hop américain de ses balbutiements dans les années 1970 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Il a traversé trois phases principales que nous décrivons comme rapster, gangsta et bling qui ont chacune leurs propres mutations et dérives. Notre réflexion se veut interprétative et exploratoire d'un phénomène dans ses articulations par rapports aux médias et au monde des communications et plus largement dans ses rapports sociaux et ses relations de pouvoir qui la traversent et qu'elle informe. C'est une étude de la culture rap en tant que production d'identités d'appartenance et de son récent basculement dans la sphère marchande. Le rap est devenu un divertissement de masse grand public mais son identité première demeure liée au social et au politique. Mots-Clés: Musique, Culture, Race, Identité sociale, Identité politique, Industrie de la culture, Capitalisme, Action politique, Résistance, Changement. INTRODUCTION EXPOSÉ DU SUJET DE RECHERCHE Il Ya beaucoup d'appréhension face au mouvement hip-hop qui est souvent perçu à tort comme dépourvu de philosophie, de valeurs spécifiques ou dénudé de discours critique porteur d'une volonté de changement social.
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