16 October, 2015

The Committee Secretary Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs PO Box 6100 Parliament House CANBERRA ACT 2600

Dear Committee Secretary,

Re: Submission to the Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee Inquiry into the Social Services Legislation Amendment (No Jab, No Pay) Bill 2015

I am a Solicitor who has practiced in areas of law that have pertained to the issue of . Consequently, having conversed with professionals in various scientific and medical fields of practice on this issue and prepared matters for hearing based on their expertise, I make the following submission to emphasize the extent that the proposed legislation breaches fundamental human rights and the government’s responsibilities to it’s families and children.

According to the Social Services Legislation Amendment (No jab, No pay) Bill 2015 Explanatory Memorandum and Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights:

“This Bill will introduce a 2015 Budget measure relevant to families.

This Bill amends the immunisation requirements for child care benefit, child care rebate and the family tax benefit Part A supplement. The changes will tighten the existing immunisation requirements for these payments, reinforcing the importance of immunisation and protecting public health, especially for children.

From 1 January 2016, this measure makes these payments conditional on meeting the childhood immunisation requirements for children at all ages. Exemptions will only apply for valid medical reasons, or if the Secretary has determined in writing that a child meets the immunisation requirements.

The Secretary will be able to determine that a child meets the immunisation requirements after considering any decision-making principles set out in a legislative instrument made by the Minister.

Individuals with a conscientious objection will no longer meet the immunisation requirements under subsections 6(3) and 6(4) of the A New Tax System (Family Assistance) Act 1999 (the Family Assistance Act).

Immunisation requirements will also be extended to include children of all ages. At present, a child’s vaccination status is only checked at ages one, two and five for the family tax benefit Part A supplement, and up to age seven for the child care payments.”

The Financial impact statement further asserts that:

“This Bill is expected to produce savings of $508.3 million over the forward estimates.”

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The Bill is flawed in two respects:

1. Lawfully:

a. It’s statements of purpose are incompatible; b. It’s proposed method of application potentially uncertain and arbitrary; c. It is discriminatory, unfair, unjust and violates basic human rights and freedoms; and

2. Methodology:

a. It is based on the assumption that are proven to be safe and effective and that one size fits all; b. There is less need than ever due to high vaccination coverage and very little risk from the diseases vaccines are purported to prevent (as well as those diseases for which no was introduced en masse).

Consequently, and as I expand on further in this submission, the limitations to human rights proposed by this Bill are not in all the circumstances and in the public’s interest reasonable, appropriate or necessary.

1. Legality of the Bill

Incompatible statements of purpose

1. The purpose of the Bill is stated as being:

“The changes will tighten the existing immunisation requirements for these payments, reinforcing the importance of immunisation and protecting public health, especially for children”,

but also,

“This Bill is expected to produce savings of $508.3 million over the forward estimates.”

It can only be assumed such savings are the consequence of parents choosing not to (or to continue not to) vaccinate their children. Thus, there can be no expectation the legislative changes will in fact reinforce “the importance of immunisation and protect public health, especially for children”, as asserted.

2. The expected savings being a measure of the Bill’s anticipated failure is reason alone to conclude that it should not be legislated.

3. Further, has the cost of these vaccines (and potential harm that can ensue, as detailed below) been taken into consideration in the event these parents do decide to vaccinate on the compulsion of a financial penalty, in which case there may be a significant cost rather than savings produced.

Lack of certainty

4. The implementation of the proposed legislation leaves open the question as to what vaccines will be imposed upon Australians and in potentially arbitrary circumstances.

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Human Rights, fairness and equality

Summary

5. This Bill is being quietly introduced into parliament with little or no media discussion of the human rights that will be derogated or analysis of the benefits and risks surrounding the invasive medical procedure that vaccination entails: which current schedule includes around 86 antigen doses contained in 8 injections before 12 months of age, and another 2 by 4 years of age. The linked vaccines and doses are listed in the Standard for family assistance here: http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/subjects/immunising-your-children

6. In particular, no consideration has been given to the constituents of vaccines; acknowledged links to serious adverse events following vaccination (set out in government publications and manufacturer’s product insert sheets) and mounting health issues, particularly autoimmunity, Spectrum Disorder and Alzheimers disease (identified in expanding published scientific literature). And in comparison to the very low risk of not only contracting a disease but suffering a complication from it, as disease impact has considerably reduced since the early 1900’s and there is over 90% vaccine coverage of the population 1 so as to provide the asserted desirable “herd immunity” & REFERENCES 7, 8, 21 & 67.

7. The Bill proposes to coerce families financially dependent upon government benefits to accept all vaccines for their children and all those that come onto the market and are added to any recommended schedule, ignoring the risks. Consequently, facilitating our children becoming human guinea pigs, due to surrogate endpoint rules relied upon to evaluate efficacy of a vaccine for licensure and lack of requisite study of long term health outcomes. For the large proportion of Australians who are recipients of government benefits there will be no opportunity to refrain from even one scheduled vaccine without financial penalty.

8. Those benefits are: Family Tax Benefit Part A supplement, child care benefit and child care rebate. As is evident from the expected savings, the financial impact is a significant one.

9. The right to refuse a medical procedure totally freely, with no form of penalty, would be denied. A form of compulsion not authorised either expressly or by implication in the Australian Constitution and contrary to our human rights. In effect freedom of choice will remain only with the wealthier sections of society and, consequently, equality denied, with no justification (as set out in more detail below); at potentially great expense to the public and great risk to our children.

10. The proposed reforms raise significant concerns regarding Australia’s international law obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights, in particular the rights set out in the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which covenant recognises “the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family (as) the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world”.

Informed consent to a medical procedure

11. The Australian Government itself instructs that patients’ right to informed consent must be upheld [at 2.1.3 – of the Australian Government Department of Health, Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th Edition (2013) (AIH)]:

“2.1.3 Valid consent Valid consent can be defined as the voluntary agreement by an individual to a proposed procedure, given after sufficient, appropriate and reliable information about the procedure, including the potential risks and benefits, has been conveyed to that individual.2-6 As part of the consent procedure, persons to be vaccinated and/or their parents/carers should be given sufficient information (preferably written) on the risks and benefits of each vaccine, including what adverse events are possible, how common they are and what they should do about them7 (the table inside the front cover of this Handbook, Side effects following immunisation for vaccines used in the National Immunisation Program (NIP) schedule, can be used for this purpose). 3

For consent to be legally valid, the following elements must be present:6,8

1. It must be given by a person with legal capacity, and of sufficient intellectual capacity to understand the implications of being vaccinated. 2. It must be given voluntarily in the absence of undue pressure, coercion or manipulation. 3. It must cover the specific procedure that is to be performed. 4. It can only be given after the potential risks and benefits of the relevant vaccine, risks of not having it and any alternative options have been explained to the individual.

The individual must have sufficient opportunity to seek further details or explanations about the vaccine(s) and/or its administration. The information must be provided in a language or by other means the individual can understand. Where appropriate, an interpreter and/or cultural support person should be involved.

Consent should be obtained before each vaccination, once it has been established that there are no medical condition(s) that contraindicate vaccination. Consent can be verbal or written. Immunisation providers should refer to their state or territory’s policies on obtaining written consent (refer to Appendix 1 Contact details for Australian, state and territory government health authorities and communicable disease control).” 2

The Australian Constitution

12. All rights of the Australian people are protected except where the Constitution expressly provides otherwise. Pursuant to the Annotated Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia (Quick & Garran, 1900, page 346):

“… laws passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth.... must be within the limits of the delegation of powers or they will be null and void. To be valid and binding they must be within the domain of jurisdiction mapped out and delimited in express terms, or by necessary implication, in the Constitution itself. What is not so granted to the Parliament of the Commonwealth is denied to it. What is not so granted is either reserved to the States, as expressed in their respective Constitutions, or remains vested but dormant in the people of the Commonwealth.”

13. It is not clear as to whether or not the jurisdictional authority contained in Section 51 (xxiiiA) of the Australian Constitution, ie:

“The provision of maternity allowances, widows' pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorize any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances:"

and also in Section 51 (xxxix), whereby power is conferred upon the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to –

"Matters incidental to the execution of any power vested by this Constitution in the Parliament or in either House thereof, or in the Government of the Commonwealth, or in the Federal Judicature, or in any department or officer of the Commonwealth."

would extend to making laws incidental to the provision of Family Tax Benefit Part A supplement, child care benefit and child care rebate and, also, to the recipients of medical services. 14. However, Kirby J, in the High Court of Australia decision Wong v. Commonwealth; Salim v. Professional Services Review Committee (2009) 236 CLR 573) (at [124] and [125], though going further than majority when interpretating the Constitution, was of the view it should extend to the recipients of medical and dental services. In regard to the words “medical and dental services” in Section 51 (xxiii A) Kirby J stated, “also include, of necessity, the patients who are the recipients of the provision of such services” and “.. including a protection extending to the patient. It is designed to ensure the continuance in Australia of the individual provision of such services, as against their provision, say, entirely by a government-employed (or government-controlled) healthcare profession”. 4

15. In regard to the Bill’s proposed penalty measures attached to benefits, Webb J (at p 293), in the High Court decision of British Medical Association v Commonwealth [1949] HCA 44; 79 CLR 201 (7 October 1949),stated ”If Parliament cannot lawfully do this directly by legal means it cannot lawfully do it indirectly by 3 creating a situation… in which the individual is left no real choice but compliance.”

16. Murphy J, in the High Court case General Practitioners Society v. The Commonwealth [1980] HCA 30; (1980) 145 CLR 532 (at p565), states: "In my opinion, practical compulsion, as distinct from legal compulsion, is enough to satisfy the concept of "civil conscription ". and

Aitkin J (at p566): “Other forms of "practical compulsion" are easy enough to imagine, particularly those which impose economic pressure such that it would be unreasonable to suppose that it could be resisted. The imposition of such pressure by legislation would be just as effective as legal compulsion, and would, like legal compulsion, be a form of civil conscription. To regard such practical compulsion as outside the restriction placed on this legislative power would be to turn what was obviously intended as a constitutional 4 prohibition into an empty formula, a hollow mockery of its constitutional purpose."

17. Hence, coercion or compulsion via financial penalty (taking away government benefits), as is relied upon in this Bill, is tantamount to ‘practical compulsion’ for those reliant upon government benefits, for the purpose of implementing the governments (continually changing) . It must then be asked, what human rights and freedoms will be impacted if this Bill becomes law, as a consequence of forcing emerging government vaccination policy on the people.

The Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights

18. A Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights was prepared for the Bill in accordance with Part 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011. This Act commenced on 4 January, 2012 and introduced a requirement for statements of compatibility to accompany all new Bills and disallowable legislative instruments. It also established a new Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights.

19. A statement of compatibility must contain an assessment of whether the Bill or legislative instrument is compatible with the rights and freedoms recognised in the seven core international human rights treaties which Australia has ratified, ie:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

20. The asserted purpose of this Bill given in the compatibility statement is “to encourage parents to immunise their children. The changes will reinforce the importance of immunisation and protecting public health.” Whilst ignoring the irreconcilable statement contained in the Bill’s explanatory memorandum: “This Bill is expected to produce savings of $508.3 million over the forward estimates.” The implication being that the only way this money is to be raised will be by refusing benefits to those refraining from vaccination and, hence, the Bill’s intended purpose won’t be met.

21. The Bill does not provide encouragement of it’s asserted purpose, rather it is punitive on two levels (financial – if you don’t vaccinate and physical – if you do vaccinate).

22. The conclusion reached in the Statement of Compatibility that “this Bill is compatible with human rights because it advances the protection of the right to physical health, and, to the extent that it may also limit human rights, those limitations are reasonable, necessary and proportionate” does not reflect the true situation in respect to the risks from disease as well as vaccines safety and effectiveness and discounts or ignores completely important human rights and freedoms. 5

23. I will address in more detail further on in my submission the risks from disease, together with vaccine safety and effectiveness.

Human Rights

24. It is asserted in the compatibility statement that this Bill engages the following human rights:

The right to physical and mental health (Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).

25. Assumptions have been made to conclude that it is necessary to extend the immunisation requirements, ie, that all vaccines for all individuals are safe and effective and will afford “the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” or are necessary for the “reduction of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child” and the “prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases”

26. A similar assumption is made when applying the provisions of article 24 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CR0C), which recognises the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, and measures ‘to diminish infant death and child mortality’ and to ‘combat disease’.

27. As explained in more detail below, there are significant gaps in vaccine safety research in both preclinical animal testing and in clinical trials. Such omissions make most current estimates of vaccine safety unreliable. In addition, vaccine efficacy data may be similarly flawed. In both cases, clinical trials often make fundamental scientific errors in comparing either safety or efficacy of vaccines against either other vaccines or against the adjuvant used, rather than a true placebo control. Such studies are basically scientifically uninterruptible.

28. Bear in mind that a lack of evidence is not evidence of safety or effectiveness.

29. In my experience from having conduct of legal matters and examining the government and scientific literature provided by professionals from the fields of both medicine and science, it is assumed vaccines are safe, effective and necessary because they are being sheltered from public scrutiny in the furtherance of vaccine policy. Hence, propagating the claims made.

30. This is dangerous due to, amongst other things, the conflicts of interest that exist; licensure requirements (that apply to all pharmaceutical drugs including vaccines); limitations on follow up of health outcomes; passive reporting of adverse events; in addition to information contained in the manufacturer’s product insert sheets, medical publications and peer reviewed published scientific research enunciating the potential risks from vaccines and the vaccination procedure, which are provided in more detail below.

31. This is without even taking into account the countless anecdotal evidence of parents, doctors and recipients of vaccines observing a wide spectrum of serious health issues, including Autism Spectrum Disorders and other autoimmune disorders, following the administration of vaccines and who for the most part are ignored due to the bias that pervades. Whilst we fund and treat symptoms, the research that is conducted as to the causes is left to be conducted by independently financed scientists. 32. Accordingly, by extending the immunisation requirements and encouraging families to have their children vaccinated, this Bill will not promote the right to physical and mental health.

33. Whilst vaccination may be asserted in current mainstream practised health policy to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases, “most effective” also being a relative term, does not necessarily make it effectual or, for that matter, safe, which must also be taken into account.

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34. It cannot be correct to assert or infer that all vaccines promoted by this Bill will provide protection both to individuals who receive or to the wider community, for instance the pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine does not prevent the recipient contracting and transmitting whooping cough. The government has determined that there is no clinical effectiveness of the whooping cough vaccines for reducing disease spread5 (only the assertion that the vaccine reduces the duration of a typical cough, but which requires 4 or 5 doses before the age of 4 to afford the requisite protection, if any, in this regard). 6

7 8 35. Fully vaccinated rates are at record highs: 97% and 90% in under 19 year olds (just reached), plus many adults are now vaccinated, Yet pertussis is on the rise in Australia. 9 Whooping cough notifications and deaths have risen in vulnerable age group(s).,1011 Medical research finds vaccination may result in “silent reservoirs”12 of “readily transmitted”13 .

36. The Government has frequently found the vaccination rate amongst reported cases of disease to be 90% to 100%, similar to, or higher than, the vaccination rate in the population, including whooping cough, mumps, chickenpox, Hib and pneumococcal.14, When original sources are identified in disease cases, they are almost always found to be vaccinated, and often recently.15

37. It cannot be said that scientific medical research, that is, the application of rigorous scientific method, supports sufficiently either the effectiveness of vaccines or their safety, so as to warrant, when there is very little risk from disease (which appears to have been ignored), legislative coercion of vaccination policy. Surely when weighing up the benefit of a medical procedure or pharmaceutical drug (which a vaccine is) both effectiveness and safety have to be weighed together. Consequently, encouraging vaccination will not necessarily benefit the Australian community as asserted in the compatibility statement.

38. There has been no gold standard blinded controlled randomised placebo trial conducted comparing vaccinated versus unvaccinated and their total long term health outcome.

39. Similarly, whilst there may also be a lack of evidence as to the toxicity and synergistic toxicity of the numerous constituents of vaccines, there is a growing body of evidence as to the potential harm some of those constituents, such as aluminium, can do. Other constituents dictate the use of commonsense.

40. The Australian Government Department of Health TGA here https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au makes available the manufacturers’ product information for each vaccine. The product information for each vaccine includes their ingredients (though not all ingredients are required to be listed) and adverse events reported in previously healthy recipients.

41. Those ingredients include, besides viral antigens, bacterial and cell components: 2-phenoxyethanol, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amino acids, ammonium sulfate, bovine derived materials, calf serum protein, casamino acids, chick embryo cell culture, Eagle MEM modified medium, EDTA, embryonic guinea pig cell cultures, Fenton medium (containing bovine extract), foetal bovine serum, formaldehyde, gelatin, glutamate, glutaraldehyde, human embryonic lung culture and WI- 38 human diploid lung fibroblasts, lactose, Latham medium derived from bovine casein, Minimum Essential Medium, modified Latham medium (derived from bovine casein), modified Stainer-Scholte liquid medium, monkey kidney cells, monosodium L-glutamate, neomycin, phosphate, phosphate buffers, polymyxin B, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), potassium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate monobasic, recombinant human albumin, recombinant yeast protein, residual components of MRC-5 cells including DNA and protein, semi-synthetic medium, sodium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dehydrate, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate monobasic, sorbitol and hydrolysed gelatine, soy peptone broth, streptomycin, succinate buffer, sucrose, trometamol, yeast.

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42. All ingredients in this list are classified as “inactive” so can be in “placebos” in vaccine trials, including 16 Aluminium a demonstrated neurotoxin that is transported in to the brain , even used in the HPV vaccine 17 () licensure trials It is evident from the vaccine manufacturers product inserts (REF 66) that vaccines are compared to vaccines in their clinical trials for licensure and true placebo’s are not used.

43. Potentially numerous toxic constituents are injected into the body to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies for the purpose of preventing disease, via an invasive route and, thereby, avoiding our bodies physical barriers and first lines of defence against invaders such as the skin; the cornea of the eyes; Membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

44. Aluminium is used as an adjuvant in vaccines to stimulate the immune system into action, which “may 18 be much greater in magnitude than resulting from natural .”

45. Since about 2005 there has been research focused on aluminium adjuvants in vaccines and the potential for them to cause damage to the central nervous system.19. The research has provided detailed analyses of aluminium adjuvant neurotoxicity and the potential for this compound in widespread pediatric vaccine formulations, to contribute as a significant etiological factor in the rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Western world. The cumulative body burden of aluminium statistically significantly correlates with the rising rates of ASD, fulfilling 8 out of 9 of the Hill criteria for establishing causality (between exposure and outcome). Consequently, there potentially exists “a causal relationship between the amount of Aluminum administered to children at various ages through vaccinating and the rising prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders” over the last two decades in the US, UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, though excluding the 21 for Australia. 20

46. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are serious multisystem developmental disorders. Dysfunctional 22 immunity and impaired brain function being core deficits in ASD. Due to the high rates, result in a significant cost to our society.

47. The US Government has also awarded claims for autism, conceding that vaccination can cause autism in children with an underlying mitochondrial disorder 23 and has “compensated cases in which children exhibited an encephalopathy, or general brain disease” including where that illness has been “accompanied by a medical progression of an array of symptoms including autistic behaviour, autism, or seizures.”24 andhas been quietly underwriting autism treatments such as ABA (applied behavioural analysis) for children in its vaccine-injury program25

48. US CDC Senior Scientist researcher Dr. William Thompson who made a statement, read into the US Congress record on 29 July 2015 by Congressman Rep. Bill Posey (R-Florida), that his research team at the U S Centre for Disease Control had tried to hide research data that had indicated a causal link of vaccination to autism. He stated that: “the omitted data suggested that African American males who received the MMR vaccine before age 36 months were at increased risk for autism”…“The…co-authors… [put the relevant documents]…into a huge garbage can. However,… I kept hardcopies of all documents in my office, and I retain all associated computer files. I believe we intentionally withheld controversial findings from the final draft of the Pediatrics paper”.26

49. Further it is the manufacturer’s (pharmaceutical companies) themselves who conduct the clinical trials for presentation to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for licensure, who stand to make considerable profit from the sales of their products (potentially from everyone on the planet it is proposed receives the current and constantly growing number of vaccines being prepared for market and we the tax payer are paying for it, in possibly more ways than one).

50. The Bill also won’t promote the mental health of the parents compelled to vaccinate their children or suffer financial hardship, who are making informed choices not to. For example, the mental health impact on parents where a sibling has suffered a serious adverse event following a vaccine and that parent may have no choice but to still give all of the vaccines in accordance with the recommended schedule to their

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other children to avoid significant financial penalty. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion

51. Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICESCR), provides that everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right may be engaged by extending the immunisation requirements, as families will no longer be eligible to receive child care benefit, child care rebate or the family tax benefit Part A supplement where they have a conscientious or religious belief that prevents them from immunising their children.

52. It is provided in article 18 that these freedoms may be subject to limitations as prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect public health or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. For the above and following reasons, I submit that it there is no justification for compelling Australian children (or adults) to undergo a full schedule of vaccines to protect public health, in fact it could be the converse.

53. Not all asserted vaccine preventable diseases are transmissible (eg tetanus) or easily transmissible (eg hepatitis B), just as some diseases can be and still are transmitted by the vaccinated (eg pertussis and observed during sporadic isolated outbreaks).

54. Families and, consequently, their children will be unfairly financially penalised by this proposed legislation for upholding their conscientious religious and other informed beliefs regarding vaccination, when it is far from necessary. It is tantamount to giving no choice where a family is compelled for financial reasons to vaccinate with a full schedule of vaccines as and when the government dictates they be administered, including the Hep B vaccine on the day of birth when it is the least likely time a child will succumb to the disease.

55. Where, in formulating these Human Rights compatibility statements, is the empathy with the majority of every day working Australians who live from pay to pay.

The right to social security

56. Article 9 of the ICESCR recognises the right of everyone to social security, and article 26 of the CRC recognises the right of every child to benefit from social security. This Bill engages these rights by removing eligibility to receive child care benefit, child care rebate and family tax benefit Part A supplement for vaccine objectors.

57. For my reasons stated above and the more detailed analysis of the safety and effectiveness of vaccines set out below, the limitations this Bill proposes to implement in this regard are not necessary and proportionate to any legitimate aim of promoting the right to physical and mental health.

Other Human Rights not addressed in the Statement of Compatibility

Rights of equality and non-discrimination

58. However, wealthier Australians won’t be limited in their choices. It appears the right to equality, inherent in a just and democratic society (as reflected in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), has been completely overlooked in the compatibility statement for this Bill.

59. Australian’s rights to equality and non-discrimination are contained in articles 2, 16 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Also article 2(2) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), articles 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), article 2 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), articles 2, 3, 4 and 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and articles 3, 4, 5 and 12 of the Convention on the Rights of 9

Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).

60. ICCPR Article 26 states that: “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.”

61. In the Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department Public Sector Guidance sheets 27, the overarching principles for those who have a role in Commonwealth legislation are set out as follows:

a. Equality, non-discrimination and participation are overarching principles that should inform all legislation and policy development.

b. All people are entitled to equal enjoyment of human rights without distinction of any kind, including distinctions based on sex, age, race, religion, sexual orientation, ability or other status. Everybody also has a right to freely and actively participate in decisions and processes affecting their enjoyment of rights.

c. Applying the principle of equality requires governments to ensure that all its policies, legislation and services do not discriminate between people. Achieving equality may also require Governments to take positive action to ensure particular groups have equal enjoyment of human rights.

d. When developing legislation, policy or programs a need to consider how different groups of people will be affected and how your legislation, policy or program will impact on their rights (based on the needs of different groups; barriers to exercise their rights;).The example is given in regard to the right to health, which may highlight the particular needs and experiences of lower income earners and children and for the whole community.

e. Discrimination may be direct or indirect.

f. Any limitations must be reasonable and objective.

62. So legislation drawing distinctions between people or groups based on eligibility criteria governing financial benefits that differ according to: “ property” or on 'other status', even if indirectly . Discrimination may be either direct (as described above) or indirect.

63. It would appear to me that there are no justifications (for the reasons I give above and below) for this Bill, so as to draw distinctions between people or groups based on eligibility criteria governing financial benefits that differ according to “property” or on “other status”, whether considered via direct or indirect methods.

64. In addition, underlying all these human rights for self determination and equality, is the inalienable right to make decisions in respect to an individual persons bodily integrity and health as well as their children’s. Without good health all the other rights and freedoms become immaterial or moot.

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Rights of parents and children

65. Pursuant to Section 61C of The Family Law Act, 1975 (subject to court order) each of a child’s parents has parental responsibility for that child with all it’s encompassing rights, responsibilities and obligations and decision making in that regard.

66. It would usually be considered in the best interests of the child for a parent to make decisions in regard to their children’s health and welfare.

67. There is no public emergency which threatens the life of the nation, the existence of which needs to be officially proclaimed, to enable a derogation of parent’s and children’s rights. There are no qualifying circumstances in which the best interests of the child under the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be outweighed by other primary considerations, as will be examined further on in my submission.

68. The Bill paves the way for further inroads into our freedoms and civil liberties, as evidenced by the following Bills introduced into Parliament on the 10 September, 2015:

The Australian Immunisation Register Bill 2015

The Australian Immunisation Register (Consequential and Transition Provisions) Bill 2015

Ultimately, it would indicate, preparing for adult vaccination records to come in also.

69. In the Explanatory Notes for the Australian Immunisation Register Bill 2015 it is stated: "The ACIR will be expanded in two stages. From 1 January 2016, it will be expanded to collect and record vaccinations given to young individuals under the age of 20 years. This is required to implement the Government's 'No Jab No Pay' Budget measure. From late 2016, it will be expanded further to cover all vaccinations given from birth to death. This is to accommodate the addition of zoster virus (shingles) vaccine (Zostavax) to the National Immunisation Program for persons aged 70 years....." 28

2. Methodology relied upon and purpose of the Bill

Vaccine safety and effectiveness

Generally

1. Whilst the risk from diseases for which vaccines have been introduced into the NIP schedule has reduced, vaccines and doses have been steadily increasing over the years (see appendix 7 of the Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th Edition (AIH) for a history of their introduction in Australia), wherein vaccines are now scheduled to be given for diseases like Chickenpox that carry little risk if any.

2. In 1956 it was declared that “as causes of infant mortality in Australia all the infective diseases have been overcome”.29

3. With the rise in vaccines we have also seen a rise in chronic illnesses in children, in particularly Autism 11

Spectrum Disorders (and Alzheimer’s in Adults).(REF 1 & 21)

4. in Australia (as in other developed countries) there is a negligible or even zero risk to children of contracting any of the diseases for which vaccines have been introduced in the NIP schedule, with the exception of whooping cough (which can also be transmitted by the vaccinated) and chickenpox, and then succumbing to a complication from those diseases.

5. There has been no wild-type poliovirus transmission in Australia for at least 30 years30, Australia certified Polio free since 2000. Polio is asserted to almost eradicated globally.31

6. Australia was officially declared ‘measles free’ in 2009 (less than 1 case endemic transmission per million of the whole population) as have 9 other countries globally 32 and by a stricter definition in 201433.

7. In this day and time the technology we have has the potential to irrevocable change or destroy our physical health and wellbeing, if the benefits and disadvantages of that technology are not properly evaluated.

8. The mainstream pharmaceutical practice of medicine has its own inherent problems.

9. For example: 225,000 deaths each year in hospitals and 106,000 by the correct prescribing of drugs, the country where the majority of our vaccines come from, is potentially the 3rd 34 leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer in that country .

10. In developed countries there are rising rates of autoimmune diseases, cancer, Alzheimer’s, childhood diabetes and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). ASD having risen in one generation from about 4 in 10,000 to 1 in less than 100 (for which one of the constituents of vaccines, aluminium, has demonstrably satisfied 8 out of 9 of the Hills criteria establishing the potential for a causal link).35 Autism has increasingly become an enormous burden for public health. The rate in Australia has recently reached an alarming 1 in 40 four and five year olds according to a new study conducted by researchers from the 36 Murdoch Children's Research Institute. An escalating public health cost whatever way you look at it.

11. Although it is asserted that the causes for these chronic health issues are yet to be established, it should be borne in mind that lack of a sufficiency of evidence as to a cause is not proof of a lack of causality. Vaccine safety and effectiveness has never been established via rigorous scientific method and study (ie double blinded randomised placebo trial comparing vaccinated with unvaccinated and both their short and long term health outcomes). We appear to concentrate our efforts (and money) on treating symptoms not finding causes.

12. There is no evidence to show that there has been a reduction in outcomes like meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media and convulsions related to diseases for which vaccines are administered. Whereas, there has been a significant increase in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Autoimmune Disorders.

13. In a World Health Report 2000, titled “Measuring Overall Health Systems Performance for 191 countries” the U.S. health system spends a higher portion of its gross domestic product than any other country but ranks 37 out of 191 countries according to its performance. The United Kingdom, which spends just six percent of GDP on health services, ranks 18th and Australia ranked 32nd in it’s overall 37 efficiency.

14. It has been raised by Peter Gotzsche, leading researcher and founder of the respected Cochrane Collaboration for independent research, that commonly used prescription drugs, from painkillers to antidepressants, are dangerous and are killing us off in large numbers. Professor Gotzsche says those 12

deaths are only the tip of the iceberg and are representative of a system of drug regulation that simply 38 does not protect patients.

15. The pharmaceutical drug Vioxx was withdrawn after it emerged it had caused up to 140,000 cases of serious heart disease in the US alone in the five years it was on the market - during which time its manufacturer, Merck was withholding information about its risks. About half the cases were thought to be fatal.

16. Mishaps have occurred with respect to vaccines. Vaccine recalls that have occurred, for example:  Meningitec meningococcal C vaccine was recalled on 29 September 2014. It was only after 2 years from the release of these potentially contaminated batches to the public before the testing occurred that detected their contamination “with iron oxide (rust) and oxidised stainless”39  “MSD has recalled lots of PedvaxHIB and Comvax, because it has been unable to guarantee sterility.” (7 Jan 2008) 40

17. Vaccines with problems and/or removed, for example:  A-typical measles (only from the vaccine strain)- see MMR2 product insert sheet;  Polio (the cutter incident, vaccine strain Polio 41  Pluserix-MMR (1992) (Urabe AM9 mumps component) removed world-wide (without telling the public). Some countries didn’t even use it due to concerns.42 The strain Dr Andrew Wakefield raised concerns about.  Suspension of the WA seasonal influenza vaccination program for children (WA Stokes report)43  Aaby BMJ 2012 “Vaccine programmes must consider their effect on general resistance” Cherry 2012 “Why do Pertussis vaccines Fail”.  The Journal of Toxicology also published a large-scale study looking at mortality rates regressed against vaccination doses and found mortality rates also increased with increasing numbers of vaccines. 44  Peter Aaby, one the most well respected vaccine researchers publishing for over 3 decades, has shown a very clear increase in mortality rates of children in the 6 months after receiving DPT, Polio vaccines or any of them individually.45

18. Not only is there the high cost of implementing a vaccine program, but also the potential cost of chronic illness that may ensue. Big pharmaceutical companies profiting in either instance.

19. Vaccines are no different to other pharmaceutical drugs. Recognition of the potential dangers from vaccines in manufacturer product insert sheets, the Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th Ed and other government publications and resources, together show frequencies to be far higher than the Minister appears to be advised. They are based on a subjective passive reporting system (usually temporally associated) (REF 43), wherein the expectation of the medical profession reporting same is that vaccines are not inherently dangerous.

20. What must be borne in mind is that vaccines are a growing market due to the assumption (without question) of their safety and effectiveness.

21. .The possibility that some individuals based on their genetic background may be more or less susceptible to vaccines, either in efficacy or adverse drug reactions is now established in the primary medical literature . 46Unfortunately, as there is no screening prior to vaccination for such genetic factors, vaccines 13

given to a potentially susceptible individual therefore carry an unknown risk of adverse reactions.

22. There were 395 medicines and vaccines being developed in 2010 according to a report in the Journal of Infection Diseases and about 145 of them vaccines 47 and 271 identified in PhRMA’s 2013 Medicines in Development for Vaccines report 48 and potentially available to be added to the schedule as others have th 49 been over the last two decades (Australian Immunisation Handbook 10 Ed (AIH) Appendix 7) .

23. It is proposed to add a further DTPa vaccine to the schedule on the 1 January, 2016 in addition to the 4 already on that schedule in the first 4 years of a child’s life (not a great indicator of effectiveness)50 and 51 when they have previously removed a dose.

24. It is stated in Chapter 4.12 Pertussis (4.12.3) of the AIH:

“Acellular (DTPa) replaced DTPw for booster doses in 1997, and for all doses from 1999. In 2003, the DTPa booster dose at 18 months of age was removed from the NIP, moving the 1st booster dose to 4 years of age. The removal of the 18-month booster dose from the schedule was based on evidence from an Italian longitudinal study of DTPa trial participants. The study found that a primary DTPa course at 2, 4 and 6 months of age provided 76 to 80% protection from prolonged cough disease and this was maintained until 6 years of age. “52

25. Vaccine manufacturers and the Australian government do not carry any liability for damage caused by vaccines. The Commonwealth government also provides a disclaimer in regard to information provided on its Immunise Australia website:

“Disclaimer All the material published on the Immunise Australia site is for information purposes only. The information contained on this site is not a substitute for, and is not intended to replace, independent professional advice. Users should consider the need to obtain any appropriate professional advice relevant to their own particular circumstances.

The material contained on this site may include the views or recommendations of third parties, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Commonwealth of Australia, or indicate a commitment to a particular course of action.

This site may contain references to other sites and these are provided for convenience only and should not be construed as an endorsement by the Commonwealth of Australia; conversely omissions should not be construed as non endorsement.

The Commonwealth of Australia does not warrant or represent that the information contained on this site is accurate, current or complete. Users should exercise their own independent skill or judgement or seek professional advice before relying on it. The Commonwealth of Australia does not accept any legal liability or responsibility for any injury, loss or damage incurred by the use of, or reliance on, or interpretation of, the information contained on this site.”53

26. Without evidence of clear negligence, it is difficult to obtain compensation through traditional legal mechanisms for the serious injuries that can follow vaccination. Serious adverse events and injury following vaccination are sufficiently acknowledged that as many as 19 other countries, initiated as far back as 1960’s, including the US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Finland, Sweden, Italy, China, Japan, Korea and Hungary, 54 and, having recognized this, have implemented no fault vaccine injury compensation programmes for those injured by vaccines. These programmes reflect a belief that it is fair and reasonable that a community that is protected by a vaccination programme accepts responsibility for and provides compensation to those who are injured by it.

55 27. In the United States vaccines fall under the legal classification of “unavoidably unsafe”. . In 1986, the amount of litigation was so overwhelming for the vaccine manufacturers that the US government created a no-fault compensation program overseen by a special vaccine court, just for vaccine injuries

14

56 57 and deaths , as stated by the U.S. Court of Appeals as follows:

“to stabilize a vaccine market adversely affected by an increase in vaccine-related tort litigation and to facilitate compensation to claimants who found pursuing legitimate vaccine-inflicted injuries too costly and difficult… Most importantly the Act eliminates manufacturer liability for a vaccine’s unavoidable, adverse side effects”.58

28. Since 1990 an estimated $3.2 billion has been paid out to just a fraction of those seeking damages in the US vaccine court due to vaccine injury or death (excluding those for the , an 59 average of 88 awards between 2006 -2013 and $700,000.00 for each award on average).

29. The vaccine court awards claims for death, anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock, encephalopathy, seizure and convulsion, chronic arthritis, brachial neuritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, vaccine-strain measles viral infection, vaccine-strain polio viral infection, and “any acute complication or sequela (including death) of an illness, disability, injury, or condition referred to above which illness, disability, injury, or condition arose within the time period prescribed”, as set out in the U.S. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act Vaccine Injury Table.60 As stipulated therein, claims are granted only if certain criteria are met in relation to seriousness and what is accepted as evidence of direct causality.

30. Further vaccine injuries may occur of a serious nature, but:- (1) do not meet the criteria and artificial time limits set in the U.S. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act Vaccine Injury Table, or (2) the intellectual, legal and financial resources and/or documentary evidence needed for a successful claim may be inadequate.

frequency data collected by governments are only by way of passive reporting, not active surveillance. The reporting rate for serious adverse events has been estimated by the U.S. FDA to be 1% for serious adverse reactions to drugs61. Due to the invasive, experimental and admitted toxic nature of vaccines, and the admitted restrictions in their testing, especially for adverse outcomes that may not manifest until the long term, it cannot be authoritatively asserted that there are not further serious vaccine adverse events that are omitted from package inserts and that could significantly affect the comparison

31. Australia does not have such a compensation scheme for those seriously injured by vaccines. Adverse events reported can be just as serious as suffering a complication from the disease, including death. How are these poorer families, who are compelled to vaccinate for financial reasons, going to manage should their children suffer a serious adverse event and ongoing injury. Or what will be the cost to the Australian tax payer (converse to the proclaimed financial benefits expected in the Bill).

32. These are pertinent considerations if you intend to coerce individuals into taking any kind of pharmaceutical drug, which a vaccine is, or undergoing any medical procedure, which vaccination is, particularly where the data on safety and effectiveness in the real world is lacking.

33. Consequently, I cannot see how anyone would feel comfortable, for the reasons I outline in more specific detail, to force a full spectrum of existing and potentially new vaccines on a large percentage of the population who will have to go without to exercise free choice due to the financial coercion proposed in the Bill. This is not the Australian and truly fair and just democratic way.

Efficacy issues of vaccines

34. Efficacy in vaccine terms only refers to an antibody response demonstrated in clinical trials and not to the effectiveness in reducing the incidence of disease in the real world. Vaccines only have to show antibody response in order to make effectiveness claims per the United States Food and Drug 15

Administration (FDA). Even if there is only a response in 50% of the recipients and even if the antibodies are very temporary, the FDA allows the vaccine manufacturers to make these claims (surrogate endpoint rule). Given the use of the same vaccines in Australia as in the U.S. and the same claims of 62 effectiveness in Australia, about the same degree of tolerance appears to apply in Australia.

35. Vaccine trials are conducted by the vaccine manufacturers themselves, not an independent investigator and presented to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for licensure. As stated in the manufacturers’ product insert sheets (www.abs.tga.gov.au and see direct links in the Reference List below) • The follow up monitoring periods in clinical trials range from a limited period of a few days to 6 weeks and the manufacturers usually do not provide references for their efficacy trials, so their scientific integrity cannot be scrutinised, allowing them to potentially select those trials that yielded the most favourable results; • Except for the Priorix MMR vaccines, subjects in the trials range from less than 300 to about 5000; • Generally only healthy subjects are selected for the trials.

63 36. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Association states ,

“Clinical trials…do not detect all possible adverse events because:

i. they usually do not continue for long enough to detect adverse events that take a long time to develop, ii. they do not include enough subjects to detect adverse events that occur (more) rarely, and iii. they do not include all of the… types of people who.. might be more susceptible to some adverse events...”

37. Bearing in mind Australian children require 4 doses of the DTPa vaccine by age 4 (when complying with the National Immunisation Program Schedule) with yet another dose to be re-introduced64 into the schedule at 18 months of age in January, 2016, to purportedly afford them with protection.

38. Protection from disease afforded by a vaccine may possible wane in just a few years, as vaccines are acknowledged in the Manufacturer’s Product Insert Sheets to have limited duration in efficacy. Whereas contracting the diseases confers lasting if not life-long immunity (thereby, protecting the older susceptible individuals) 65, and which also provides passive immunity (via the placenta and breast milk) to the most vulnerable (young infants) acquired from their mother having natural immunity to a disease. Thereby, avoiding the hospitalisation of the young babies the media prefers to report on.

39. It cannot be currently known how many years, if and where any, the immunity lasts from the various vaccines. The package inserts mention follow up testing, but the longest period mentioned is 66 months after Engerix-B (Hepatitis B) vaccination, 6 years for Varivax (Chickenpox) (product insert page 3) vaccination and the testing was only of antibody levels not of demonstrated protectiveness.

40. In regard to the follow up period for the “efficacy” of other vaccines stated in their respective product inserts (a list of links to same appears in the reference list at the end of these submissions)66, bearing in mind that efficacy does not necessarily equate to effectiveness in the real world:

o no follow up period stated for Infanrix-IPV (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus), the only “surrogate end point”-type measurement being a 4 year follow up for pertussis after Infanrix (product insert pages 2 and 3),

o 5½ years after Engerix-B (hepatitis b) (product insert page 3), and o 12 months for Priorix (measles-mumps-rubella) (product insert page 2), 16

o none stated for one dose of Priorix Tetra (measles-mumps-rubella-chickenpox), o 6-8 months for Neisvax-C (meningococcal C) (product insert page 5) o The manufacturer does not mention any testing done of the duration of antibodies induced by the vaccine to measles for longer than 12 months.

41. By establishing vaccine registers for children and adults, Is it going to be proposed that we are all required to have numerous vaccines (possibly every few years when considering the limited duration recorded for some vaccines) until we succumb, one way or another, to a recognized contraindication.

42. There is no guarantee that a vaccine will afford the recipient protection from the disease or that any benefits conferred by the vaccine will not wane before protection is needed. Rather than risk both injury from the vaccine and the disease, would it not be preferable to give individuals the choice of which vaccines they have and at a time when they will have the most benefit – for example Gardasil and Hep B closer to sexual maturity, others perhaps where natural immunity has not been acquired to afford protection in the later years and/or during a rare isolated outbreak ((which current surveillance methods can readily ascertain and act upon). Not to mention the much greater savings that would occur compared to the amount asserted to be expected by implementing this Bill.

Effectiveness in the real world

43. Besides there having been no proper examination of the role vaccines have played in the reduction and/or severity of disease (ie. no double blind randomised controlled studies comparing vaccinated vs vaccinated measuring their total short and long term health outcomes).

44. The 20th century saw the gradual disappearance of many infectious diseases without vaccination. Death rates had already declined substantially prior to the introduction of vaccines en masse for each of those diseases and also for diseases for which no vaccine has been used on a large scale (eg. scarlett fever, 67 tuberculosis, typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery).

45. In a 2000 article on statistics in the journal Pediatrics, we find an admission that vaccination is not responsible for the large reduction in pediatric mortality rates seen in the last century68, as the rate of decline was set long before the vaccines for those disease were introduced. In fact, mortality rates were already virtually at the low they are at currently in the first world prior to vaccination introduction.

46. Mortality rates are a better indicator of the impact and severity of disease, unlike notification rates of disease incidence, which are subject to confounders. The severity of the disease is an important factor in determining benefit.

47. Disease notification rates can be affected by a variety of confounders, such as:

 Changes in definition of disease and notification requirements (diagnosis being based for example on a laboratory confirmation rather than symptoms);  Reliance on surrogate endpoints (It is commonly accepted that an AIDS diagnosis is determined by having (HIV) antibodies, a sign perhaps of fighting a pathogen rather than the provision, at least by itself, of long term immunity. In this instance with no expectation of being cured of the disease);  System of reporting (passive or active reporting);  Observer/practitioner bias (E.g., perceived effectiveness of vaccines);  The severity of the disease, so that it may go unnoticed in the community;  Atypical symptoms of disease (where the symptoms from the vaccinated strain differ to those of the natural disease, and in the case for examples of atypical measles can be more severe) 69,70;  Change of strain (similarly to antibiotics, strains become resistant and produce new strains not contained in the antigens of vaccines); and when:-  Total health outcomes (short and long term) are not appropriately considered; 17

 Other diseases have declined in incidence and impact on their own like, Scarlett fever and typhoid.

48. It cannot, therefore, with any authority be said that vaccines have with any certainty reduced the occurrence or impact of disease, so as to require any form of compulsion to vaccinate.

49. Besides whooping cough being transmissible by the unvaccinated, the majority of outbreaks of mumps, measles, pertussis and chickenpox are occurring in fully vaccinated populations. In some cases, where memory antibodies have been examined, they are there implying that antibody production is certainly not the whole picture for immunity.71 Fatal cases of diseases have occurred in people with high levels of 72 vaccine-induced antibodies to those diseases.

50. Further, in many cases, antibodies have waned or were never evoked from the vaccines. In the case of pertussis, the vaccine does not prevent the person from contracting the bacteria (and potentially, therefore, it’s spread), only symptoms from the bacteria. Para pertussis is colonizing those vaccinated against bordetella pertussis. The diseases are identical. In Australia a new genotype of B pertussis has 73 been on the rise, authorities believing it to be favoured due to selection of the vaccine.

51. If vaccines had high effectiveness, then where there is high vaccination coverage as in Australia (over 90%) REF 7 & 8, the resultant interruption of transmission from those recipients in whom the vaccines have been effective ought to have a flow on effect of “herd immunity”, protecting the remainder of the population.

52. However, contrary to the theory, outbreaks have frequently been reported in fully and virtually fully vaccinated populations. Following are some examples in outbreaks and epidemics worldwide:

Meta-analysis of Chickenpox vaccine and its effectiveness (Bayer et al. Vaccine. 2007 Sep 17;25(37-38):6655-60. Epub 2007 Jul 27).

Houston, Texas in 1989, an outbreak of 4200 cases of measles in fully immunized populations in one high school and two intermediate schools. (Matson DO, et al, Pediatr Infect Dis J;12(4): 292-9. 1993-4-1.)

Texas recorded a 41 percent increase in cases of chickenpox from 2005 to 2006, despite an eight-year-old requirement that children be vaccinated before they can enter kindergarten. (The Associated Press, Chron.com -- 2008- 1-21.)

During 2006, a total of 6584 confirmed and probable cases of mumps were reported to the CDC. College campuses with mumps outbreaks included ones with 97% of students having had 2 doses of a mumps vaccine. Anderson, LJ, Mumps and immunity: the anatomy of a modern epidemic, Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2008 Oct;27 (10- suppl):S75-9.

The Czech Republic has had a two dose MMR vaccination programme since 1987. The last outbreak of mumps was reported in 2002, but an increase in the number of mumps cases was observed in 2005, starting in October that year. In an 18 month period examined, 5,998 cases of mumps were notified, with a peak incidence in May of 2006. The highest incidence rate was observed in those in the age group of 15 to 19 years, in which 87% of the cases had received two doses of mumps vaccine. Boxall N, An increase in the number of mumps cases in Czech Republic, 2005-2006, Euro Surveill; 2008 Apr 17;13(16).

230 cases of measles in a highly immunized population in the Qassim province of Saudi Arabia, during January- August of 2007. Jahan S, Measles outbreak in Qassim, Saudi Arabia 2007: epidemiology and evaluation of outbreak response, J Public Health (Oxf); 2008 Dec;30(4):384-90. All 66 cases in 5 to 14 year olds were in the vaccinated and 53 or 54 of the 66 had received two or more doses.

We investigated a measles outbreak that began in March 2003 in a Pennsylvania boarding school with >600 students to identify all cases, including the source; implement outbreak control measures; and evaluate vaccine effectiveness. Of the 663 students in the school, 8 (1.2%) had never received any doses of MCV, 26 (3.9%) had received 1 dose, and 629 (94.9%) had received 2 doses before the outbreak. 18

Yeung LF, Lurie P, A limited measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated US boarding school. Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. [email protected], Pediatrics. 2005 Dec;116(6):1287-91.

In 1989 the CDC reported Measles outbreaks in schools with vaccination levels greater than 98%. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report), 38 (8-9), 12/29/89.

1989, the country of Oman experienced a widespread Polio outbreak (118 cases) six months after achieving complete vaccination. -Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Oman; evidence for widespread transmission among fully vaccinated children. Lancet vol 338: Sept 21, 1991; 715-720.

United States in 1986, 90% of 1300 Pertussis cases in a Kansas outbreak were in appropriately vaccinated persons.-Neil Miller, Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective? Fifth Printing, 1994, p. 33.

Norway and Denmark in 1998, there was an epidemic of whooping cough in a nearly 96% vaccinated population.- British Medical Journal, 1998.

Of 479 Pertussis (whooping cough) cases in the United States during a 1982 outbreak, 60% of the recipients had one or two doses of the DPT vaccine, while the other 40% had been fully vaccinated.-Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control, July 2, 1982.

In Michigan in 2003 there was a chickenpox outbreak…vaccination was verified for 485 students, resulting in a vaccination coverage of 95.7% (485 of 507).-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.;53(18):389-92) -- 2004- 5-14.

"Over the past five to six years, the nation has seen a spike in pertussis, said Dr. Richard Tooker, chief medical …. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the United States has about 5,000 to 7,000 reported cases each year. The incidence of the disease has been increasing steadily since the 1980s….the vaccine has not been effective as long as was planned, he said." -Mah, Linda S, Mlive.com -- 2006- 9-22.

Arctic Greenland had an outbreak of the measles in 1968. More than 90% of the total population was vaccinated and a 94-100% seroconversion was obtained.- Pedersen IR, et al, Vaccine; 7(4):345-8. -- 1998- 8- 1.

"During December 1, 1996-September 30, 1997, a total of 20,034 cases of measles were reported to the Ministry of Health in Romania. 13 cases were fatal… the findings of the investigation suggest that high routine vaccination coverage…was not sufficient to prevent periodic outbreaks of measles. "-CCD; MMWR / 46(49); 1159-1163 -- 1997- 12-12.

"Recent measles outbreaks in highly vaccinated populations have highlighted the role of vaccine failure as a barrier to the elimination of measles."-Anders, Jennifer F. MD, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 15(1):62-66 -- 1996- 1- 1.

"In 1991, in Fukuoka, Japan, a measles outbreak occurred in which we observed 15 cases of failure (MVF). " -Hidaka Y, et al, Scand J Infect Dis; 26(6):725-30. -- 1994- 1- 1.

"The rates of secondary immune response (SIR) and secondary vaccine failure (SVF) during a measles epidemic were evaluated. In conclusion, neither prior vaccination nor detectable SIR ensures protective immunity.- G Ozanne et al, J Clin Microbiol; 30(7): 1778-1782 -- 1992- 7- 1.

From October 1988 to April 1989, a large mumps outbreak occurred in Douglas County, Kansas. Of the 269 cases, 208 occurred among primary and secondary school students, of whom 203 (97.6%) had documentation of mumps vaccination.-Hersh BS, et al, J Pediatr; 119(2):187-93. -- 1991- 8- 1.

In early 1988 an outbreak of 84 measles cases occurred at a college in Colorado in which over 98 percent of students had documentation of adequate measles immunity.-B S Hersh, et al, Am J Public Health; 81(3): 360–364 -- 1991- 3- 1.

In 1985, 69 secondary cases occurred in an Illinois high school. The school’s 1,873 students had a pre-outbreak vaccination level of 99.7%.-Chen ,R et al, American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 129, No. 1: 173-182 1989 -- 1989- 1- 1.

19

"An outbreak of measles occurred among adolescents in Corpus Christi, Texas, in the spring of 1985, even though vaccination requirements for school attendance had been thoroughly enforced. We conclude that outbreaks of measles can occur in secondary schools, even when more than 99 percent of the students have been vaccinated and more than 95 percent are immune. "-TL Gustafson, et al, New England Journal of Medicine Volume 316:771- 774 Number 13 -- 1987- 3-26.

"Fourteen of 74 seronegative students, all of whom had been vaccinated, contracted measles."-Gustafson TL, NEJM, 316:771-774. -- 1987- 3- 1.

Measles outbreak… 98.7% of students were appropriately vaccinated…. This outbreak suggests that measles transmission may persist in some settings despite appropriate implementation of the current measles elimination strategy."-Ronald M. Davis, et al, American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 126, No. 3: 438-449 1987 --1987- 1-1.

"From September 9, 1981 to January 5, 1982, a measles outbreak occurred in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The outbreak persisted for nine weeks following the implementation of a county-wide outbreak control program primarily consisting of identifying and vaccinating susceptible schoolchildren. Forty-six cases occurred among students more than two weeks after control program implementation. All 46 had a school record indicating adequate measles vaccination; " -Steven G. F. Wassilak, et al, American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 122, No. 2: 208- 217 -- 1985- 1- 1.

A clinical and serologic study of 103 children with measles vaccine failure.-Cherry JD, et al, J Pediatr; 82(5):802-8. -- 1973- 5- 1.

China’s first polio outbreak in more than a decade was caused by a virus derived from the live but weakened virus used as a , say scientists. It was the world’s fifth outbreak of vaccine-derived polio since 2000.-Hawk, J, Science and Development Network -- 2006- 8-22.

Mumps outbreak in a US Naval Medical Research Center in Peru in 2007. In total, 81 out of 106 staff members (76%) had close contact with the case. Only 6/81 (7%) had MMR, 33 (41%) reported having had mumps, and 8 of 45 (18%) of the potentially susceptible individuals did not have immunity (IgG > 20.0). All the susceptible, exposed individuals received MMR vaccine. Salmón-Mulanovich G, Rapid response to a case of mumps: implications for preventing transmission at a medical research facility. Salud Publica Mex. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(1):34-8.C.

Between September 2005 and mid-June 2006, more than 50,000 measles cases were reported in Ukraine; "many" reportedly had received two doses of measles vaccine and over 60% were among persons 15-29 years old. Velicko I, Vaccine. 2008 Dec 9;26(52):6980-5. Epub 2008 Sep 19.

In January-February 2008, one imported case of measles initiated a series of exposures with around 380 nosocomial secondary contacts. Susceptible individuals were traced early and control measures were initiated that managed to limit the consequences considerably. Only four secondary cases were identified by the end of March. This minor outbreak illustrates the importance and efficiency of early control measures as well as the fact that the risk of measles outbreaks still exists in a country that has high measles, mumps, rubella vaccination coverage among children. Follin P, Effective control measures limited measles outbreak after extensive nosocomial exposures in January-February 2008 in Gothenburg, Sweden. Euro Surveill. 2008 Jul 24;13(30). pii: 18937.

Lack of necessity of vaccines

74 53. After reviewing pertussis in 1977-9 in the United Kingdom, Stewart (1981) concluded that :

“whooping cough (and measles) are no longer important as causes of death or severe illness except in a small minority of infants who are usually otherwise disadvantaged. In these circumstances, I cannot see how it is justifiable to promote mass vaccination of children everywhere against diseases which are generally mild, which confer lasting immunity, and which most children escape or overcome easily without being vaccinated.”

54. Apart from chickenpox (a mild disease) and whooping cough (transmissible by both vaccinated and unvaccinated), new notifications in Australia of the targeted diseases either do not occur at all in some cases, or are very rare. Even rarer still to suffer a complication when properly cared for and not immune compromised. 20

Safety issues of vaccines

55. Vaccine safety issues are many with potential risks for serious adverse events such as encephalitis, Guillain-Barré or other auto-immune disease and death as per listed on the vaccine Manufacturers product inserts and posted on the U.S. adverse events reporting system (VAERS) webpage.

56. Symptoms frequently reported within 48 hours after vaccination, including fever, headache, neck stiffness, irritability, abnormal crying, anorexia, malaise, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, drowsiness, fatigue, rash, myalgia, arthralgia and convulsions are also possible symptoms of some degree of meningitis or encephalitis. Infants or small children with encephalitis or meningitis may only have two or three symptoms, such as irritability and unwell appearance, or anorexia and fever, or “drowsiness, poor feeding and high fever”75 or just fever and headache76. However, when it is following vaccination that headache and other neurological symptoms occur, doctors usually dismiss them as “normal” without investigation.

57. Gerhard Buchwald, MD is quoted to have said in 2002 in a testimony before Quebec College of Physicians Medical Board: “For every vaccination, minimal encephalopathy (does not lead to clinically overt cognitive dysfunction, but can be demonstrated with neuropsychological studies) destroys brain cells. As a result, in Germany, there are 1.2 million children who have contracted hyperkinetic syndrome who are then treated with Psychopharmeca (similar to Ritalin) used to calm them down... We have hundreds of thousands of so- called minimal cerebral dysfunction… and neurodermatitis patients."77

Risks from the various diseases compared to the vaccines

58. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio versus DTaP-IPV (Infanrix-IPV) vaccine

Diphtheria

59. From mid 1992, apart from 9 cases in adults, there have been no notifications of diphtheria in children in Australia since it became a notifiable disease in 199178 and the chance of suffering an adverse outcome from it is much lower still.

Tetanus

60. Apart from one 2-year-old infant in 200079 who did not require critical care80, there have been zero notifications of tetanus in any unvaccinated children in Australia since tetanus became a notifiable disease81,in 1991 (1994 in Queensland).Therefore the risk of tetanus to an unvaccinated child is essentially zero. Pertussis 61. In Australia there have been no pertussis deaths recorded in:

i. any unvaccinated age-eligible (i.e. over 2 month old) child since pertussis was made a nationally notifiable disease in 199182 , or ii. any child older than 4 months since 199783, or iii. any child older than 12 months since the period of 1967 to 1983, during which 17 year period there were only 5 such deaths, and all were in children under 3 years of age84.

21

Polio 62. Apart from one case notified in Victoria “in a 22-year old male student from Pakistan in July 2007” (“who had been fully immunized as a child”), “there have been no reports of indigenous wild-type poliovirus transmission in Australia for at least 30 years”85. There have, however, been cases of vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) reported during that period. In at least 30 years the only evident risk has been to those who have been vaccinated. Australia was certified Polio free in 2000 (REF 29)

Risks from DTaP-IPV (Infanrix IPV) vaccine

63. Reported after the DTaP-IPV vaccine are the following adverse events that may be symptoms of encephalitis or meningitis:

- fever (6-21% after primary course, 9.6% after booster), - headache (unknown frequency in infants after primary course, >10% after booster), - irritability (16.7% after primary course, 13.7% after booster) - abnormal crying (18.2% after primary course), and - anorexia (11-19% after primary course, 12.3% after booster) - malaise (unknown frequency in infants after primary course, >1% after booster) - nausea (>1% after booster dose), - vomiting (6.5% after primary course, 1.4% after booster) - abdominal pain (>0.1% after primary course, >0.1% after booster), - diarrhoea (>10% after primary course, >1% after booster), - drowsiness (somnolence) (24.8% after primary course, 17.8% after booster) - fatigue (>10% after booster), - rash (>0.6% after primary course, 0.11% after booster) - myalgia (>0.1% after booster dose) - convulsions (up to 0.01% after either dose).

64. Further systemic reactions reported after the primary (three) doses of the dTaP-IPV vaccine (Infanrix- IPV) include, inter alia:

“Common” (each between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100): toothache, rhinitis, pharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media “Uncommon” (each between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000): bacterial infection, fungal injection, viral infection, herpes zoster (chickenpox), candidiasis, haematoma, dermatitis, dermatitis contact, eczema, rash erythematous, urticaria, dyspepsia, hiccup, gastroenteritis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, constipation, flatulence, insomnia, asthma, coughing, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, pyelonephritis.

65. Further systemic reactions reported after a further, booster dose of the dTaP-IPV vaccine (Infanrix-IPV) include: “Very Common” (each more than 1 in 10): restlessness “Common” (each between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100): asthenia, pruritis, coughing, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis media “Uncommon” (each between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000): viral infection, dermatitis allergic, bronchitis “Rare” (each between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 10,000): lymphadenopathy, urticaria “Very Rare” (each up to 1 in 10,000): allergic reactions (including rash and pruritus), including anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions (including urticaria), thrombocytopenia, angioneurotic oedema, collapse or shock-like state (hypotonic-hyporesponsiveness episode), apnoea

Risk from hepatitis B disease 22

66. It is a difficult disease to contract as those at risk are “persons who inject drugs, sex industry workers, immunocompromised persons, and those living in communities with higher prevalence of HBV, including migrant communities and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.” (AIH page 225)

67. Of all Australian children aged 5 - 14 years, an annual average of less than 5 were notified as having contracted hepatitis B, and less than 3 hospitalised, none of whom died, in the whole 5 year period of 2003 to 2007.”86

68. “Hepatitis b vaccination was not recommended for any age group, other than the few “at risk” infants, until it was recommended for 10-16 year olds and newborns (universally) from 1998, with an average of just 7 annual notifications in the 5-14 years age group in 1993 to 1998, virtually all of which children in that age group were totally unvaccinated.” “Therefore it is not apparent that vaccination has made any difference to the incidence of acute hepatitis B.“

69. “The autoimmune disease diabetes mellitus has been linked to various vaccines, including, inter alia, the hepatitis B and Hib vaccines”.87

Risks from (not including injection site reactions)

70. Guillain-Barré syndrome (an autoimmune attack of the nerve ganglia rendering the patient partially or fully paralysed) is among the adverse effects listed on the package inserts for other vaccines, including Hepatitis B and measles-mumps-rubella. The package inserts cite a reporting frequency of less than 1 in 10,000 occurrences per dose, but because of the acknowledged problem of underreporting of adverse events after vaccination, its true frequency after vaccination may be significantly higher.

71. Systemic reactions reported after each dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B) include generally (possible symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis) include the following:

• Fever (>1%), headache (>10%), irritability (>10%) • Anorexia (>1%), vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain &/or diarrhoea (>1%), • Malaise (>1%) drowsiness (>1%) fatigue (>10%), • Rash (>0.01%) arthralgia (>0.01%) myalgia (>0.1%) • Convulsions (up to 0.01%) (Post-marketing reporting)

72. In relation to causality, it ought to be noted from Table 3 on page 9 of the Engerix-B package insert that the vast majority of adverse events reported were categorised as “Related”, which is defined under the table to mean “symptoms considered by the investigator to have causal relationship to vaccination”.

73. Other systemic reactions also reported after the Hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B) include:

• “Uncommon” (each between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000): dizziness, influenza-like illness; • “Rare” (each between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10000): abnormal liver function tests, chills, flushing, sweating, lymphadenopathy, paraesthesia, dizziness, pruritus, urticaria; • “Very rare” (each up to 1 in 10000): anaphylaxis, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, mimicking serum sickness, syncope, hypotension, paralysis, neuropathy (including Guillain-Barre syndrome, facial paralysis, optic neuritis [visual disturbance] and multiple sclerosis), encephalitis, encephalopathy, meningitis, neck stiffness, neuritis, vertigo, tinnitus, arthritis, thrombocytopenia, disturbed sleep, bronchospasm-like symptoms, pharyngitis or other upper respiratory infection, cough, severe skin disorders such as erythema multiforme, angioedema, dysuria, vasculitis, ecchymoses.

Risk from measles, mumps and rubella diseases

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74. Measles, mumps and rubella are not life threatening to children in Australia (REF 87).

75. Between 2001 and 2007, in the whole of the Australia, including cases in the vaccinated, there were on average annually 10 measles cases, 22 mumps cases and 3 rubella cases in the 5 - 14 year old age group. Complications, such as convulsions, pneumonia and middle ear infection all from measles are 88 rarer still.

76. In 2009 Australia was officially declared measles-free (less than 1 case endemic transmission per million of the whole population), as have been 9 other countries globally. It is stated in the Immunisation Myths and Realities 5th edition (“IMR”)89 that “Transmission of measles due to locally acquired cases has not occurred within Australia for some time now and recent cases have involved contact with a person(s) who has acquired measles from overseas”

77. The vaccinated have succumbed to the disease even when small isolated breakouts occur.

78. The more dangerous atypical measles occurs only in vaccinated children and could be occurring at a 90,91 much higher rate than typical measles, due to misdiagnosis

79. Similarly to vaccine strain polio viral infection, vaccine strain measles viral infection is recognized under the U.S. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. 92

80. Due to vaccines limited duration and in the event life-long immunity isn’t acquired, the logical step, for a female, would be to not vaccinate until closer to the age of planning a family, rather than following a schedule in childhood.

Risks from MMR (Priorix) or MMRV (Priorix Tetra) vaccine

81. The package insert for the PRIORIX-TETRA vaccine states that it “has not been evaluated for its potential to impair fertility” (page 8 of the insert).

82. The risks associated with the MMR vaccine reported after two doses of the MMR vaccine of convulsions, pneumonia and middle ear infection (in healthy trial subjects) are approximately 1 in 50.

83. The follow up periods to ascertain the efficacy of the MMR (Priorix) on the product insert page 2 is 12 months and there is none stated for one dose of Priorix Tetra (measles-mumps-rubella-chickenpox).

84. Vitamin A is recommended by World Health Organisation and vaccine manufacturers to prevent and treat measles93. Recent published studies have found that 72% of hospitalised measles cases in America are Vitamin A deficient, and the worse the deficiency, the worse the complications and higher the death rate. (Pediatric Nursing, Sept/Oct 1996.) Vitamin A supplementation has been found to halve the risk of death or a major complication.94

85. Reported after the MMR/MMRV vaccines are the following adverse events that [may be symptoms of encephalitis or meningitis:

fever (> 10% after primary dose, > 10% after booster dose), headache (unknown frequency in infants after primary course, >1% after booster dose), irritability (>1% after primary dose) abnormal crying (>0.1% after primary dose), and anorexia (>0.1% after primary dose) malaise (>0.1% after booster dose) vomiting (>0.1% after primary dose, >1% after booster dose) 24

abdominal pain (>0.1% after booster dose), diarrhoea (>1% after primary dose, >0.1% after booster dose), drowsiness (>0.1% after primary dose) fatigue (>0.1% after primary dose), rash (>10% after primary dose, >10% after booster dose) arthralgia (>0.01% after either dose) convulsions (>0.1% after primary). Further systemic reactions reported after the first dose of MMR vaccine include, inter alia:

“Common” (each between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100): pharyngitis, bronchitis, coughing, other upper respiratory tract infection, rhinitis, otitis media, respiratory disorder, nervousness

“Uncommon” (each between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000): allergy, eczema, injury, infection, infection bacterial, infection fungal, dermatitis, pruritis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, pneumonia, laryngitis, parotid gland enlargement, stridor, gastrointestinal disorder, toothache, enteritis, gastroenteritis, stomatitis, stomatitis aphthous, conjunctivitis, anaemia, lymphadenopathy, insomnia

Further systemic reactions reported after the second dose of MMR/MMRV vaccine

“Common” (each between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100): pharyngitis, bronchitis, coughing, upper respiratory tract infection, rhinitis, otitis media, herpes zoster (varicella), allergy, eczema

“Uncommon” (each between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000): infection viral, dermatitis, herpes simplex, parotid gland enlargement, gastroenteritis, colitis, conjunctivitis, epistaxis, urticarial, dysphonia, sinusitis, asthma Additionally reported in the post-marketing stage, after the MMR (Priorix) and MMRV vaccines are the following serious adverse events, each described as “very rare” (up to 1 in 10,000):

Infections and infestations: meningitis Blood and lymphatic system disorders: thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura Immune system disorders: allergic reactions (including anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions) Nervous system disorders: Guillain Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis, peripheral neuritis Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: erythema multiforme Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: arthralgia, arthritis General disorders and administration site conditions: Kawasaki syndrome And for the MMRV Nervous system disorders: cerebrovascular accident, cerebellitis, cerebellitis like symptoms.

Risks of chickenpox (varicella) disease

86. Chickenpox “is generally a benign, self-limiting illness in children”95. It may be for that reason that up to 2006 it had not been a nationally notifiable disease, and it is still not notifiable in NSW 96.“Morbidity and mortality rates are higher in adults,97 at the extremes of ages, and in the immunocompromised.7“98. In relation to these same persons, there is a vaccine precaution that “the risk of adverse events from live vaccines (which include the chickenpox vaccine) may be increased“,99.

87. Manufacturer vaccine package inserts for varicella and other diseases (INFANRIX-IPV, H-B-VAX II and Priorix) list shingles - a result of re-activation of latent varicella, as an adverse event reported after vaccination.

88. No decline in notifications or morbidity occurred in Australia after 2003 when the vaccine came into widespread use100 or after November 2005 when it was included on the National Immunisation Program 25

schedule,101 102 for 18 month olds and 12–13 year olds. Indeed serious morbidity, namely the complications that are reported rarely of encephalitis and pneumonitis, increased during the 2003-2007 period especially in the 5-14 year age group.

89. It has been observed that infection with the chickenpox virus protects against the development of glioma (a type of brain tumour).103

90. Vaccination may be unnecessary as 62% of 10 year olds have been found to have serological evidence of immunity104 and many without such evidence also showing apparent resistance to infection.

Risks from Varivax vaccine (for chickenpox)

91. Manufacturer vaccine package inserts for varicella and other diseases (INFANRIX-IPV, H-B-VAX II and Priorix) list shingles - a result of re-activation of latent varicella, as an adverse event reported after vaccination.There is a vaccine precaution that ‘the risk of adverse events from live vaccines (which include the chickenpox vaccine) may be increased.

92. After the vaccine came into widespread use "serious morbidity, namely the complications that are reported rarely of encephalitis and pneumonitis, increased during the 2003-2007 period especially in the 5-14 year age group." (REF 31)

93. Systemic reactions after one dose (symptoms possibly indicative of encephalitis or meningitis] of the vaccine include:

- fever (>1%),headache (>1%), - irritability (>0.1%), malaise (>0.1%) - nausea (>0.1%), vomiting (>1%) - abdominal pain (>1%),diarrhoea (>1%), - drowsiness (>0.1%), fatigue (>0.1%), - rash (>1%), arthralgia (>0.1%) - myalgia (>0.1%), convulsions (up to 0.01%) (post-marketing reporting)

“Common” (each between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100): injury, viral infection, pruritus, toothache, nervousness, upper respiratory tract infection, coughing, pharyngitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media

“Uncommon” (each between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10000): contact dermatitis, varicella like rash, pain, infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, eczema, purpura, sweat gland disorder, dry skin, dyspepsia, asthma, sinusitis, respiratory disorder, ear ache”

Risk of meningococcal C disease

94. There were an annual average of approximately 20 notified cases in the whole of Australia (less than 1 per million) of serogroup C meningococcal disease in 2006 and 2007. 105 90% of the meningococcal disease cases that did occur were meningococcal B, which is also more serious than meningococcal C disease in the younger age groups.

95. Claims made for the vaccine’s effectiveness rely on post-vaccine antibody levels, which have not been demonstrated that these provide protection. Therefore the manufacturer warns on the package insert for NeisVac-C (on page 3):

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“Protective efficacy There have been no protective efficacy studies conducted with NeisVac-C vaccine.”

Risks from Meningococcal C Meningococcal C vaccine

96. On page 6 of 13 the package insert for the Neisvac-C vaccine, the manufacturers have included the waiver that the vaccines have not been evaluated for “carcinogenic and mutagenic potential.”

97. The NeisVac-C vaccine package insert (pages 7 to 9) records that systemic reactions reported in clinical studies, performed on a total of 1911 children, include generally the symptoms that are listed in paragraph 56 herein, as follows (the reporting period after vaccination is not stated):

- Fever (4%) - Headache (15%) - Musculoskeletal stiffness (incl. neck stiffness, joint stiffness) (1%) - Irritability (1%) - Crying (0.3%) - Decreased appetite (0.6%) - Malaise (3%) - Nausea (5%) - Vomiting (2%) - Abdominal pain (3%) - Diarrhea (1%) - Sedation/Somnolence (1%) - Fatigue (3%) - Rash (0.2%) - Myalgia (0.3%) - Arthralgia (0.3%) - Convulsion (0.1%)

98. It is worth noting that with this vaccine, whose purpose is to prevent meningitis, both headache and neck stiffness, classic symptoms of meningitis, are common.

99. The NeisVac-C vaccine package insert (pages 7 to 9) also records the following systemic reactions as reported after NeisVac-C vaccine, which I list in decreasing order of frequency:

Pain in extremity (6%) Pruritus (itchy skin) (2%) Cough (2%) Ecchymosis (2%) Dizziness (2%) Dermatitis (2%) Sensory abnormalities (i.e., Paresthesia, Burning sensation, Hypoesthesia) (1%) Hypersensitivity reaction (including bronchospasm) (1%) Neck pain (1%) Lymphadenopathy (0.4%) Asthenia (0.4%) Hyperhidrosis (0.4%) Syncope (0.3%) Flushing (0.3%) Nasal congestion (0.3%) Chills (0.3%)

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Peripheral edema (0.3%) Back pain (0.2%) Agitation/Restlessness (0.1%) Eyelid edema (0.1%) Circulatory collapse (0.05%) Influenza-like illness (0.05%)

100. The NeisVac-C vaccine package insert (pages 9 to 10) further records, in addition to the aforesaid disorders, each of the following adverse events as having been reported from post-marketing:

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic, purpura, lymphadenopathy Immune System Disorders: Anaphylaxis, facial oedema and angioedema. Psychiatric Disorders: Sleep disorder (including impaired sleeping). Nervous System Disorders: hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode, meningism, hypersomnia. Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Dyspnea, wheezing. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Rash (including maculovesicular rash, vesicular rash, maculopapular rash, papular rash, rash macular, heat rash, rash erythematosus, rash generalized, rash pruritic), urticaria, petechiae, purpura, erythema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme. and that: “Relapse of nephrotic syndrome has been reported in association with administration of meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines in children.”

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Risks from Human Papilloma Virus compared to the Gardasil vaccine

101. “Cumulatively, the list of serious ADRs related to HPV vaccination in the US, UK, Australia, Netherlands, France and Ireland includes deaths, convulsions, syncope, paraesthesia, paralysis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis, facial palsy, chronic fatigue syndrome, anaphylaxis, autoimmune disorders, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms and pancreatitis.”106

102. A vaccination program was commenced in Australia for 12-26 year olds in April, 2007 in Australia. At the time Professor Shaw’s paper was published in 2011, just a few years after introduction of the vaccine, and “Gardasil has been associated with 18,727 adverse reactions in the US alone, 8% of which were serious (1498) including 68 deaths “. 107

103. MS (multiple sclerosis)-like symptoms have been reported multiple times after HPV vaccinations. A 2009 study found that five cases of patients who had such symptoms within 21 days of receiving the Gardasil (HPV) vaccine “may be explained by the potent immuno-stimulatory properties of HPV virus-like particles which comprise the vaccine.”108 and deaths109

104. The Japanese government only recently, in July 2013, withdrew its support for the HPV vaccine schedule and other countries are considering doing the same. This decision came after the government received approximately 2000 reports from women and girls suffering adverse reactions, including long-term pain, numbness, paralysis and infertility.110

105. The HPV vaccine used in Australia contains “polysorbate 80, which has also been reported to cause 111 112 infertility in rats” and that it is “admitted to be untested for (its) ability to do the same in humans” .

106. Regular pap smears have proven very effective in developed western countries in reducing the disease burden of cervical cancer (70% reduction in incidence over the past 50 years), considering also that it only protects against 2 oncogenic HPV strains out of 15:

- has not been established as yet that the vaccine will prevent the disease, only potentially surrogate endpoints (pre-cancerous lesions), when

- other co-factors are also associated with cervical cancer and

- while invasive cervical cancer takes up to 20-40 years to develop from the time of acquisition of HPV infection, that is if it does develop as

- 90% of infections resolve spontaneously.

107. In regard to the HPV vaccine (Gardasil and ) those have rates of ADRs significantly higher than that of the worst outcomes of the disease (which may include, but has not yet been demonstrated to prevent, cervical cancer) that they are designed to prevent.113 Given that the available literature suggests that the period of protection provided against pre-cancerous lesions may be short, there is little experimental rationale to vaccinate someone before the onset of sexual activity with any realistic expectation that such vaccination will persist until adulthood.

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108. In regard to the adverse reactions to the HPV vaccines, it is noteworthy that the newest research has provided a plausible biological mechanism for the observed central nervous system impacts and deaths. The recent studies of Dr. S.H. Lee (Mitford Hospital, New Haven, CT) 114and Dr. Laurent Belec (Universite de Paris; ms in preparation) have demonstrated viral DNA contaminants in the Gardasil vaccine. These DNA fragments appear to be complexed to the aluminum adjuvant. Since the Gherardi group (Khan et al., 2013) has demonstrated that aluminum adjuvants are transported into the brain, the proposed mechanism for toxic reactions is the following: the novel rDNA/Al complex is taken up by macrophages from the site of injection and taken into the brain. Once there, resident microglial cells attack any cells containing the complex.

109. DPT and HPV contain aluminum as an adjuvant. While aluminum has been used for this purpose since the 1920s, until recently the safety of this element in vaccines was not well studied 115. Indeed, it is only quite recently that medical science has begun to understand just how aluminum adjuvants provide the additional immune system stimulation that allows such vaccines to provide prolonged action and the potential of these adjuvants for causing damage to the central nervous system116.

Vaccine, ingredients, invasiveness and past mishaps

Chemicals

110. The FDA and TGA allow ingredients in vaccines that have never been studied for safety when injected directly into the body as in vaccination, which is surprising when one considers the invasive nature of the delivery.

111. For example, in addition to thimerosal, a mercury based preservative employed in many of the vaccines, some of the newer vaccines on the scene (including the Fluarix influenza vaccine) include a chemical called octoxynol-10. Safety studies for octoxynol-10 only exist for topical applications such as cosmetics or personal care products, there are no published studies looking at the safety of this product injected in live human subjects. A study in the 2004 International Journal of Toxicology was intended to support its use in cosmetic production117, but states: “in an in vitro test, Octoxynol-9 (0.24 mg/ml) totally immobilized all human spermatozoa within 20 s.”. In a 1977 study in the Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Triton 118 X-100 was listed in a table of “the (11) most potent spermicides” and it is used widely for that purpose.

Contamination - bacterial, viral, fungal and prion

112. Viruses used in vaccines require the use of (human foetus or) animal tissue culture ‘cell lines’ in which to grow the vaccine virus. Hence, one vaccine can include multiple types of serum and tissue proteins and potential bacterial or viral contaminants from several types of animals, such as bovine (cow), avian (chicken), porcine (pig) and monkey (simian). Hence one of the sources of risk arising from vaccination is contamination.

113. There is a risk of bacterial, viral, prion and other contamination in the production of vaccines as well as 119 their toxic ingredients :

• e.g. Paralysis, autoimmune disease, abscesses from bacterial contamination

114. Antibiotics are included in vaccines to prevent bacterial contamination but they are not 100% effective.

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115. Chicken embryonic material has been used for the influenza vaccine, as a consequence of which there is a possibility of contamination with the Campylobacter jejuni bacteria. Infection with Campylobacter J.is often the proceeding illness prior to Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune attack of the nerve ganglia rendering the patient partially or fully paralyzed120,121. Guillain-Barré syndrome is not only acknowledged as an adverse effect that may still occur from the influenza vaccineError! Bookmark not defined. (page 257), it is among the adverse effects listed on the package inserts for other vaccines, including Hepatitis B and measles-mumps-rubella. The package inserts cite a reporting frequency of less than 1 in 10,000 occurrences per dose, but because of the acknowledged problem of underreporting of adverse events after vaccination, its true frequency after vaccination may be significantly higher.

116. An outbreak was reported to occur of streptococcal abscesses as a result of contamination of the diphtheria-tetanus - pertussis (DTP) vaccine122 It was concluded that “Preservatives in multidose 123 vaccine vials do not prevent short-term bacterial contamination”.

• e.g. Cancer and other diseases from Viral contamination

117. As stated on the Infanrix-IPV package insert, the vaccine contains “three types of inactivated polio viruses.. The three polioviruses are cultivated on a continuous VERO cell line, purified and inactivated with formaldehyde.” Vero cells are cells that were extracted from the African Green Monkey kidney epithelial cells.124 The y are immortalized cells such as the HELA cells and are considered neoplastic (cancerous cells). Certain VERO cell lines are known to cause cancer.They are almost always grown in bovine serum, which runs the risk of contamination with other viral species or prions.

118. An example of a vaccine that is evidenced to have led to numerous cases of cancer is the contamination of polio vaccine by the Simian (monkey) Virus 40 (SV40)125. SV40 was not discovered until the 1960s, after 100 million people had already received polio vaccines from batches found to be contaminated with this virus. Laboratories around the world are researching and coming up with novel drugs for cancer that target the SV40 late transcriptase factor. The SV40 late transcriptase factor is the main stimulator of hepatocellular carcinoma, a cancer that is responsible for the fifth leading cause of all cancer deaths 126 around the world.

119. Formaldehyde used to inactivate virus contaminants, has been found to be incomplete127 and inactivation is limited in duration, as the inactivated virus is able to revert to its former virulence128 and so possibly SV may be continuing to contaminate vaccines that are produced today.

120. The extreme invasiveness of this procedure, both mechanically and chemically, is self-evident, as it involves the direct injection of organic and synthetic substances, including known and unknown pathogens, directly injected into the body. As vaccine manufacturer, Merck, states in it’s “Manual Home Health Handbook”, “the first line of defence against invaders is mechanical or physical barriers:

• The skin • The cornea of the eyes • Membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

The barriers are further defended by secretions containing enzymes that can destroy bacteria.”129

121. An “antigen” is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Autoimmunity is a condition in which the immune system destroys the host’s own tissue. The autoimmune disease diabetes mellitus has been linked to various vaccines, including, inter alia, the 130 hepatitis B and Hib vaccines .

122. MS (multiple sclerosis)-like symptoms have been reported multiple times after HPV vaccinations. A 2009 study found that five cases of patients who had such symptoms within 21 days of receiving the Gardasil (HPV) vaccine “may be explained by the potent immuno-stimulatory properties of HPV virus-like particles 131 which comprise the vaccine.”

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123. Research was published in July 2013 in relation to a genetically-engineered form of yeast that is in the Hepatitis B-containing vaccines.132 It found that: “a growing number of studies have detected high levels of ASCAs (anti-S. cerevisiae autoantibodies) in patients affected with autoimmune diseases as compared with healthy controls, including antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis” and that “ASCAs may be present years before the diagnosis of some associated autoimmune diseases” concluded that its “results strongly suggest that ASCAs’ role in clinical practice should be better addressed in order to evaluate their predictive or prognostic relevance.”

124. A recent review of this subject cited a temporal relationship of 2 to 3 months between vaccines and 133 autoimmune reactions.

125. The DPT-IPV (INFANRIX-IPV), polio (IPOL), HPV and some flu vaccines used in Australia contain polysorbate 80, which has also been reported to cause infertility in rats134 and all of these vaccines are 135 admitted to be untested for their ability to do the same in humans .

126. Evidence has continued to accumulate that vaccinations are able to contaminate the genes of humans with foreign DNA.136, In the case of some of the vaccines given to a child (including Neisvac-C, on page 6 of 13 of the package insert) the manufacturers have included on the package inserts the waiver that the vaccines have not been evaluated for “carcinogenic and mutagenic potential”. The package insert for the PRIORIX-TETRA (pg 8) vaccine states it “has not been evaluated for its potential to impair fertility”.

137 127. As documented in research published in April 2013 , it was acknowledged that

- “the mechanism by which (aluminium as an adjuvant in vaccines) stimulates the immune response is incompletely understood [3]”, and - “long-term biodistribution of nanomaterials used in medicine is largely unknown”. This includes for the alum adjuvant, which “spontaneously form(s) micron/submicron-sized agglomerates.”

What the authors found, in respect to the aluminum adjuvant in vaccines, is that it - has “strong neurotoxic potential”, - is “poorly biodegradable”, - has been “detected within monocyte-lineage cells long after in presumably susceptible individuals with systemic/neurologic manifestations or autoimmune (inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)…” and - “can be transported by monocyte-lineage cells to DLNs, blood and spleen, and, similarly to HIV, may use CCL2-dependent mechanisms to penetrate the brain.“

128. Given that vaccines encroach beyond the boundaries of scientific knowledge of the inner workings of the human body, it cannot be said, no matter how medically or scientifically qualified, to make an assumption that vaccination is safe in either the short or long term.

Indeterminable degree of toxicity in any vaccine

129. Deficiencies in manufacturing and storage of vaccines can limit control over the concentrations of various toxic ingredients from one batch to the next. Menkes and Kinsbourne (1990) in publishing the results of a Workshop on Neurologic Complications of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccination in 1990, wrote:

“Vaccines are not standard from one batch to the next… Unless the vaccine is properly prepared and refrigerated, its potency and reactivity varies with shelf life. In fact, the whole question of vaccine detoxification has never been systematically investigated.”138

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130. Problematic batches are called “hot lots” by vaccine manufacturers and distributing them widely throughout the country, manufacturers are able to minimize the risk of the resultant damage being linked 139 to the culprit vaccine batch .

131. There is further a question being raised in the scientific literature about the problem of “synergistic toxicity”, ie, simultaneously injecting two or more toxic substances, such as aluminium and mercury, may be significantly greater than the sum of the adverse effects of exposure to each of the substances separately.

132. Boyd Haley, Ph.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, wrote in his report published in 2002 by the FDA, “The Relationship of Toxic Effects of Mercury to Exacerbation of the Medical Condition classified as Alzheimer’s Disease”:

“The enhanced toxicity of ethylmercury in the presence of other toxic agents is to be expected... Perhaps co- administration of thimerosal with aluminum in the Hepatitis-B vaccine represents the “other aetiological factors than ethylmercury” that might have been responsible for… mercury like induced symptoms at such low concentrations… and this data can imply that thimerosal is more toxic in patients previously exposed to materials that sensitize them.”

And

“The chemical rationale for the neurotoxicity of thimerosal is that this compound would release ethyl-mercury as one of its breakdown products. Ethyl-mercury is a well-known neurotoxin. Further, combining thimerosal with the millimolar levels of aluminum cation plus significant levels of formaldehyde, also found in these vaccines, would make the vaccine mixture of even greater risk as a neurotoxic solution.”140

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Summary

133. Considering that:

i. there is very little (if any) risk from the diseases for which there are vaccines on the schedule (nor for those that there is no vaccine on the schedule); ii. Australia has been declared (in 2000) Polio and (in 2009) measles free. There have been no wild-type poliovirus transmission in Australia for at least 30 years (only vaccine strain); iii. those diseases prevailing to some extent, such as chicken pox, is mild and Pertussis, transmissible via both the vaccinated and unvaccinated (and despite additional doses of the vaccine and “cocooning”); iv. rates of vaccine coverage is high in the Australian population (possibly the highest ever so as to afford “herd protection” for the whole community); v. in the rare event of an isolated outbreak, we have good surveillance of disease to counteract it’s spread and afford vaccine protection to those desirous of it; vi. there is a litany of known, linked and unknown risks posed by vaccination (possibly much greater than recorded due to passive reporting and no proper scientific study undertaken to compare the total health outcomes of vaccinated versus unvaccinated in a randomised double blinded placebo trial); vii. escalating health conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders potentially having a causal link to vaccines, impacting on Australians now and into the future; viii. where there are gaps in the research as to the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, including all the constituents of vaccines, and causes of chronic illness in Western countries replacing those diseases we vaccinate against,

there is no reason or just cause for Australians to forgo equality and other human rights and freedoms for the purpose of coercing them into when and what they inject into their and their children’s bodies, giving no consideration to the likelihood that one size may not fit all or how a more flexible vaccine regimen will provide better outcomes (health-wise and financially) for individuals and Australia as a whole.

134. Further, by implementing legislation in these circumstances, it paves the way for the derogation of other human rights and freedoms.

CONCLUSION

Any limitation to human rights, as proposed by this Bill, must state the overriding public interest in limiting the right and establish that the means used are reasonable, necessary and proportionate.

The extent of the Bill’s interference with human rights and freedoms has not been shown to be reasonable, necessary or proportionate for the asserted purpose intended by the Bill and presents an impermissible interference with international human rights.

The Bill should not be passed into legislation.

Yours faithfully,

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REFERENCE LIST

1 Tomljenovic L 2011. Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: After a century of controversy: is there a plausible link? Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 23 (2011) 567-598 DOI10.3233IJAD-2010-101494 10S Press. 2 http://www.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10part2~handbook10- 2-1 3 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1949/44.html

4 http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1980/30.html 5 Government PBAS: “no clinical effectiveness” of whooping cough vaccine for preventing transmission to the vulnerable States ending free parent whooping vaccine, Australian Associated Press, 8/5/12.0 http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/states-ending-free-parent-whooping-vaccine/story-e6freuyi-1226350174856 “PARENTS across Australia will no longer receive free whooping cough vaccinations because it is not effective in protecting newborns from the potentially deadly illness, a parliamentary committee has heard… ‘The PBAC (Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee), which is totally independent and very expert, has determined that there is no clinical effectiveness of this strategy,’ Professor Brook said. He said this had made it clear the cocooning strategy should not be continued. ‘So all jurisdictions who have been in this program will be effectively ceasing the cocooning strategy as of the end of June this year’… ‘There has been a national committee meet to look at this and to make decisions on the basis of the best scientific evidence available ... the evidence is that the strategy has not been effective.’ " Consequently, upon apparent acceptance of the whooping cough vaccine’s ineffectiveness for preventing infection or transmission, the various states’ and territories’ funding of the “cocooning” program was terminated in May 2012, just 3 years after it began, with the exception of NSW which initially scaled it down but has since fully ceased the funding, and the NT which continues to provide free vaccines to “all fathers and carers in the same household of an infant under the age of 7 months”. Such unprecedented and rapid reversal of a policy may be another indication that the vaccine had been found to be not just ineffective in preventing infection or transmission but found to increase the risk of transmission to newborn infants, though that conclusion was not stated. A newly available article (accepted on 19 August 2015 for publication in Vaccine, and available online since 29 August 2015) studied the effect (if any) of the cocooning program in Western Australia during 2011-2012, further confirmed that “vaccinating parents with dTpa during the four weeks following delivery did not reduce pertussis diagnoses in infants.”

(Carcione D. et al. The impact of parental postpartum pertussis vaccination on infection in infants: A population- based study of cocooning in Western Australia. Vaccine. Received 7 May 2015, Revised 10 July 2015. Available online 29 August 2015. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.066 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15012049) (An article in Australian Doctor magazine describes the same research: Cocooning ineffective against pertussis. Australian Doctor. Michael Woodhead, 31 August 2015 http://www.australiandoctor.com.au/news/latest-news/cocooning-ineffective-against-pertussis)

6

The pertussis vaccine manufacturers themselves do not claim the vaccines will reduce risk of infection or transmission Infanrix hexa, Infanrix IPV, Boostrix and other pertussis-containing vaccines’ product inserts, available from Aust. Govt Dept of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration www.ebs.tga.gov.au/

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The pertussis vaccine manufacturers themselves do not claim that the vaccine prevents infection, transmission, cough severity, total duration of any chronic cough (which may come and go), or any longer term adverse outcomes) They claim only that the vaccine has been successfully tested for reducing, on average, the duration of a “typical” cough (which is “considered over when the child had had no cough for two full days.”). (Greco et al. A Controlled Trial of Two Acellular Vaccines and One Whole-Cell Vaccine against Pertussis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:341-349 (http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199602083340601, referenced by Boostrix product insert) Even if this claim (of reducing, overall, the duration of a “typical” cough) is scientifically valid, a cough is not a complication. It is a symptom that normally arises from the defences that the immune system may need to mount in order to protect the body from a complication or harm at a deeper level, and to develop lasting immunity. It is less desirable for the longer term to have a chronic cough, coming and going due to difficulty the body has fully resolving the infection. It is acknowledged by vaccine manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline on its US Boostrix (pertussis-containing) vaccine product insert (page 15), that “The role of the different components produced by B. pertussis in either the pathogenesis of, or the immunity to, pertussis is not well understood”. (BOOSTRIX (Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed) http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/UCM152842.pdf)

7 “No jab - no play and no pay for child care” media release by PM Tony Abbott, 12 April 2015 http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F3770236%22

8 Fully vaccinated rates at record high of 90% in under 19 year olds Immunisation coverage, 2012, Communicable Diseases Intelligence Sep 2014;38(3) http://www6.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi3803e.htm (See Figures 2, 3 and 4 for whooping cough in particular). It can be seen that references made by the Government and the media to “concern” about an increased number of registered “conscientious objectors” is misleading. In response to numerous Government measures implemented over the past 20 years, vaccination coverage itself has only increased, not decreased, and is now at a record high.

9 http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencepertussis.html

10 Disease incidence, 1993 to 2007 Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2007 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp

11 Rise of whooping cough notifications and deaths in vulnerable age groups with higher vaccination coverage A record number of 38,750 notifications had occurred in 2011 (see Reference Error! Bookmark not defined.), and nine infant pertussis deaths occurred between 2008 and 2011, which was well up from the previous rate of less than 1 death per year. (http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/08/14/3567495.htm)

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12 Medical research finds vaccination may result in “silent reservoirs” of infection Srugo et al. Pertussis Infection in Fully Vaccinated Children in Day-Care Centers, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. Oct 2000;6(5). http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/5/00-0512_article: “The whole-cell vaccine for pertussis is protective only against clinical disease, not against infection…. Our results indicate that children ages 5-6 years and possibly younger, ages 2-3 years, play a role as silent reservoirs in the transmission of pertussis in the community.” Study:Is the whooping cough resurgence due to vaccinated people not knowing they’re infectious? 24 Jun 2015 BMC Medicine (http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/althouse-scarpino-whooping-cough-asymptomatic/);

13 Medical research finds infection “readily transmitted” by vaccinated Warfel, Zimmerman and Merkel. Acellular pertussis vaccines protect against disease but fail to prevent infection and transmission in a nonhuman primate model PNAS 2014 111 (2) 787-792.(http://www.pnas.org/content/111/2/787.full

Does the vaccine increase susceptibility to infection with the targeted B pertussis strain? Researchers have identified a flaw in relation to the whooping cough vaccines, referred to as “Original Antigenic Sin”. It not only provides an explanation for the ineffectiveness of the vaccines, but explains why the vaccines may, on the contrary, increase susceptibility to the disease. (Vaccinating pregnant women “halves the risk of pertussis in infants’ first four months” ~ A critique by Dr Suzanne Humphries. 21 March 2013 (http://www.vaccinationcouncil.org/2013/03/21/vaccinating-pregnant-women-halves-the- risk-of-pertussis-in-infants-first-four-months-a-critique-by-dr-suzanne-humphries/) Does the vaccine increase susceptibility to infection with non-targeted, and widespread, B pertussis strain(s)? A 2010 study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B concluded that vaccination resulted in an approximately 40-fold increase in B. parapertussis lung colony-forming units (CFUs). (Long et al. Acellular pertussis vaccination facilitates Bordetella parapertussis infection in a rodent model of bordetellosis. Proc. R. Soc. B, 2010; published ahead of print March 3, 2010, doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0010 1471- 2954. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) Research in Australia published in 2012 has further found that the B pertussis strains that have been predominant in Australia in recent times, circulating in this country since at least 2000, are not amongst those targeted by the vaccine. (L Ruiting. Newly Emerging Clones of Bordetella pertussis Carrying prn2 and ptxP3 Alleles Implicated in Australian Pertussis Epidemic in 2008–2010. J Infect Dis. 2012 (http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/205/8/1220.full.pdf) Research in the US has made a similar significant finding. A key antigen component of the acellular pertussis vaccine is pertactin (PRN). The CDC findings have indicated that 85% of the B. pertussis strains isolated in 2012: “were PRN-deficient and vaccinated patients had significantly higher odds than unvaccinated patients of being infected with PRN-deficient strains. Moreover, when patients with up-to-date DTaP vaccinations were compared to unvaccinated patients, the odds of being infected with PRN-deficient strains increased, suggesting that PRN- bacteria may have a selective advantage in infecting DTaP-vaccinated persons.” (http://www.cdc.gov/maso/facm/pdfs/BSCOID/2013121112_BSCOID_Minutes.pdf page 6)

Has use of (either old or new) whooping cough vaccines increased susceptibility to infection with B pertussis overall? Pertussis notifications have been rising significantly in the United States ever since 1978-80, which was when vaccination was mandated for school entry. CDC MMWR: Summary of Notifiable Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_nd/)

In Australia also, since pertussis became a notifiable disease in 1991, and along with several Government incentives instituted on a number of occasions since that have increased vaccination uptake, pertussis notifications have also sustained a significant persistent overall rise in Australia.

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(National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System summary tables http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/cda-index.cfm) Immunisation Coverage Annual Reports http://www6.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-immunanrep.htm)

14

 Disease incidence, 1993 to 2007 Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2007 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp

 Medical research finds vaccination may result in “silent reservoirs” of infection

Srugo et al. Pertussis Infection in Fully Vaccinated Children in Day-Care Centers, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. Oct 2000;6(5). http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/5/00-0512_article: “The whole-cell vaccine for pertussis is protective only against clinical disease, not against infection…. Our results indicate that children ages 5-6 years and possibly younger, ages 2-3 years, play a role as silent reservoirs in the transmission of pertussis in the community.” Study:Is the whooping cough resurgence due to vaccinated people not knowing they’re infectious? 24 Jun 2015 BMC Medicine (http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/althouse-scarpino-whooping-cough-asymptomatic/);

 Vaccination rate amongst reported cases 90%-100%, similar to, or higher than, the vaccination rate in the population

There are numerous examples of this, but here are a few recent ones:

Chickenpox In 2012 (the latest year assessed) in Australia, 87% cases of chickenpox cases had been vaccinated (where vaccination status was known), which was higher than the vaccination coverage, especially given that the vaccine was only introduced in November 2005 and initial uptake was slow - 20% for the March 2006 cohort (as at March 2008), 71% for the September 2006 cohort, 79% for the March 2008 cohort, and still only 84% in the most recently vaccinated cohort in 2012

REFERCENCE SOURCES:

VACCINE COVERAGE estimates: Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2005 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp Immunisation coverage annual reports, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health http://www6.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-immunanrep.htm reports for 2007 to 2012

Disease incidence, especially after 2007 - National notifiable diseases: Australia's notifiable diseases status: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-nndssar.htm (annual reports from 1994 to 2012) (See Immunisation coverage annual reports for 2007 (Fig 8) and 2012 (Fig 3))

Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae b) In the 3 years 2009 through 2011, there were just 21 to 23 Hib notifications in vaccine eligible children under 5 years of age. Of those cases, at least 19, and potentially 100%, were vaccinated, and 18 were fully vaccinated for their ages.

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REFERENCE SOURCE:

Disease incidence, especially after 2007 - National notifiable diseases: Australia's notifiable diseases status: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-nndssar.htm (annual reports from 1994 to 2012)

Mumps “During the 2006–2007 period, there were 371 notifications of individuals born after 31 December 1980.… Of the 92 cases with vaccination status validated, 72 (78%) had been fully vaccinated, 16 (17%) partially vaccinated, 2 were unvaccinated and 2 had an unknown status.”

REFERENCE SOURCE Disease incidence, 1993 to 2007 Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2007 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp

Pneumococcal Notifications in 2006-2007 in vaccine-eligible children aged over 6 months whose vaccination status was known, 78% were reported to be fully vaccinated, and only 10% unvaccinated

REFERENCE SOURCE

Disease incidence, 1993 to 2007 Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2007 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp The full vaccination coverage in the wider population nationally (with 3 doses given to infants at 2, 4 and 6 months) was only 90% for those eligible over 12 months in the same period. REFERCENCE SOURCES:

VACCINE COVERAGE estimates: Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage reports, 1993 through 2005 - Supplements, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp Immunisation coverage annual reports, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health http://www6.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-immunanrep.htm reports for 2007 to 2012

Pertussis 1) In a 1997 pertussis outbreak in the Bonner County of the Panhandle Health District in North Idaho (US), 85% cases had 4 out of 4 doses and 15% had 3 out of 4 doses (100% vaccinated). Among those who had 2 out of 4, 1 out of 4 or even no doses there were no reported cases. The CDC concluded: "The myth of vaccine refusal played no role in this outbreak." (Testimony before Idaho Legislature, by Angie Vasquez, Director, South Idaho Chapter, Vaccination Information and Liberation. Burley, Idaho, Feb. 26, 2003 http://www.vaclib.org/news/boise.htm) 2) De Serres G, Shadmani R et al. Morbidity of Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults. J Infect Dis. (2000) 182 (1): 174-179. doi: 10.1086/315648 (http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/182/1/174.full. Table 1 shows that 78% + 19% = 97% of the 280 cases of whooping cough in 12 - 17 year olds were believed to be in the vaccinated)

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3) Chuk et al, Pertussis in infants: how to protect the vulnerable? CDI 2008;32;4:449-456. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi3204h.htm This study, published by Commonwealth Government of Australia, was conducted in relation to 55 infants hospitalised with pertussis between 1997 and 2006 in the Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane. In summary, the results were as follows: 1. Of the 30 hospitalised infants who had been old enough to be eligible for vaccination • 93% (28/30) infants had been vaccinated. Only 2 were unvaccinated, and one of those, a 3 month old, was only a little older than when the first dose is scheduled in Australia (between 2 and 2½ months). In some countries (e.g. Japan, Italy and all in Scandinavia) the first dose is not scheduled before 3 months of age14. The other unvaccinated infant was 5 months of age. The disease in neither unvaccinated infant was serious enough to require admission to intensive care (unlike 5 infants who had been vaccinated), and • 83% (25/30) had been vaccinated “on time”, meaning within 2 weeks after reaching the scheduled age. In the population at large, on average only 69% infants are given the 3rd vaccine dose “on time”.14 2. The single death among the “vaccine eligible” was in an infant aged less than 2 months who had, in fact, been vaccinated at just 6 weeks of age, a week before presenting with clinical pertussis. The infection source, which was not identified, may have been the vaccine that the infant had just been given. This would appear to be a reasonable possibility because: • pertussis is a toxin-mediated disease (Pittman M. The concept of pertussis as a toxin-mediated disease. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 Sep-Oct;3(5):467-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6093069) and • the pertussis ”toxoid” in the vaccine (both the old and new vaccines) can remain pathogenic. (J. H. Menkes, M. Kinsbourne. Workshop on Neurologic Complications of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccination. Neuropediatrics 1990; 21(4): 171-176.

https://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1071488) The infant’s susceptibility may have been further increased by the mother having been vaccinated herself in the past, as it may weaken an infant’s transplacental immunity (Mullholland K, Measles and pertussis in developing countries with good vaccine coverage. Lancet 1995.; 345: 303-307) 3. Of the 15 hospitalised infants aged 2 months, 9 (60%) had received the 1st (2 month) dose and in 7 of those 9 cases no contact was identified, so some or all of those also may have contracted pertussis from the vaccine. 4. Of the 20 infants older than 3 months, the only one who required admission to intensive care was a 9 month old who had been fully vaccinated, and on time. He also required ventilation. The generally accepted upper age limit today for the potential danger period from pertussis may therefore be higher than 6 months for the vaccinated. 5. Only one of the 6 infants who were at least 7 months of age had not had the 3rd dose (he was just 7 months, and had received the other 2 doses). The other 5 (83%) had received the 3rd dose on time. 6. In the cases of those 5 who were more than 2 weeks “overdue”, the average period of time that they were “overdue” was less than 1½ months.

There have been no deaths (or other complications) recorded in any of the around 400,000 unvaccinated “vaccine-eligible” infants born in Australia since pertussis became a notifiable disease in 1991, according to government publications.

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4) In an outbreak in the Triad (North Carolina) in 2012, it was reported in February (2012) that 100% of confirmed cases to date had received the pertussis vaccine. (Whooping Cough Is In The Triad, WFMY News 2 (Mark Geary), Feb 24, 2012 http://www.digtriad.com/news/article/216176/57/What-You-Need-To-Know-About-Whooping-Cough) 5) 15 Falmouth High Students Diagnosed With Whooping Cough. November 14, 2014 8:29 PM http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/11/14/whooping-cough-outbreak-on-cape-cod/ “A school official tells WBZ that all the students had been immunized.” 6) In January 2015 it was published that in Parana, Brazil, in 2007-2013, of the cases where vaccination status was available, 98% of the 1-9 year olds, and 96% of the 1-19 year olds were vaccinated, and 91% and 90% respectively had had 3 or more doses. (Torress et al. Resurgence of pertussis at the age of vaccination: clinical, epidemiological, and molecular aspects. Jornal de Pediatria. Received 2 June 2014, Accepted 8 September 2014, Available online 23 January 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2014.09.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021755715000066) 7) 19 kids in Summit Co. (Utah) diagnosed with whooping cough despite being up to date on vaccinations. March 27, 2015, by Kiersten Nuñez http://fox13now.com/2015/03/27/19-kids-in-summit-co-diagnosed-with-whooping-cough-despite-being-up-to- date-on-vaccinations/ “all of the children infected are up to date on their vaccinations.” 8) 70 diagnosed with Whooping Cough in Reno County (Kansas) Eyewitness News, Jul 30, 2015 http://www.kwch.com/news/local-news/70-diagnosed-with-whooping-cough-in-reno-county/34378784 “Hutchinson Schools' spokesman, Ray Hemman… says the cases the district has heard about were people who've been vaccinated”

Many more examples, in relation to both chickenpox, pertussis and other targeted diseases, can be found, inter alia, in References Error! Bookmark not defined. and Error! Bookmark not defined. and by emailing [email protected]. It is not being asserted by the citing of these examples that in all outbreaks the vaccination rate amongst reported cases is as high as (or higher than) the vaccination rate in the population. However, it is important to note that: - with respect to cases that are reported as unvaccinated, the reason for their not having been vaccinated is not included. Those who suffer from pre-existing health conditions are less likely to be vaccinated (whether or not officially medically contraindicated), and ill health itself is known to increase susceptibility to infectious diseases, and - doctors diagnose diseases based primarily upon a historically determined checklist of disease symptoms. Anyalteration by vaccination of how the body subsequently expresses a disease will hence reduce the likelihood of diagnosis (e.g. atypical measles – see adverse effects in Reference Error! Bookmark not defined.), and - doctors are taught that vaccines are effective, and hence have been found to be consequently affected by bias. This also leads to misdiagnosis and underreporting of disease cases in the vaccinated. (Harnden A. Whooping cough in school age children with persistent cough: prospective cohort study in primary care. BMJ 22 July 2006; 333:174 http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7560/174)

15 Sources of infection found to be vaccinated. Infection and transmission can occur as a direct result of vaccination A couple of publicised examples of original sources having been, or most likely been, vaccinated, and recently: 1) Travel brings fatal return of diphtheria. Janelle Miles. The Courier-Mail May 03, 2011: http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/fatal-return-of-diphtheria/story-e6freomx-1226048663339 “Because her friend had been vaccinated, he carried the bacteria… and unknowingly infected the woman.” (Further information is available from Australia’s notifiable disease status, 2011: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System - Part 3 - http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-

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cdi3704b2.htm#vpd) 2) In the case of the recent (March 2015) tragic death of 4 week old Riley Hughes in Western Australia from whooping cough, his mother “Catherine told Mamamia that her whole family is immunised and that they had also asked their friends and families to have boosters. The Department of Health says it does not know how the child contracted the respiratory disease, also known as pertussis.” (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3007109/Grieving-parents- baby-died-whooping-cough-forced-defend-anti-vaxxers.html) The advice from Catherine’s doctor had been that her vaccination “just three years earlier” would protect her during her pregnancy but she herself now believes that advice to be incorrect (http://www.mamamia.com.au/parenting/whooping-cough-vaccine-in-pregnancy/#myUsAEch0fHxBZ7Z.99), which appears to indicate that she herself contracted whooping cough during her pregnancy. "Research has found that… the single most common source of infection seems to be their mother if she has whooping cough herself.” (http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20120622_00.aspx). This indicates that, ironically, Riley appears to have contracted whooping cough from his fully vaccinated mother or, given that she had ensured that the only people with whom he came into contact were vaccinated, by way of carriage from an asymptomatic, recently vaccinated, family member or friend. (See References Error! Bookmark not defined. and Error! Bookmark not defined.)

Measles (and other?) vaccines as causes of infection and potentially transmission also: The US Government already pays compensation for “vaccine-strain measles viral infection in an immunodeficient recipient”, and complications from vaccine-associated measles have been documented also in immune-competent individuals. The US Government acknowledges, in effect, that acquiring measles from the vaccine may be much more common than previously assumed, and may have been going misdiagnosed. It recently stated that: “Because of limitations due to testing and viral properties, in most cases it is difficult to characterize wild-type versus vaccine-strain measles.” (National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program: Revisions to the Vaccine Injury Table https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/07/29/2015-17503/national-vaccine-injury-compensation- program-revisions-to-the-vaccine-injury-table) With new technology now available, recent investigations of some children with measles, mumps or rubella have indeed revealed them to be excreting, i.e. infected with, the vaccine strain of the virus. (Spotlight on measles 2010: excretion of vaccine strain measles virus in urine and pharyngeal secretions of a child with vaccine associated febrile rash illness, Croatia, March 2010. Croatian Institute of Public Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Zagreb, Croatia. Eurosurveillance, Volume 15, Issue 35, 02 September 2010. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19652. This child had been given the Priorix vaccine, which is also given in Australia. “In a patient recently MMR-vaccinated, only molecular techniques can differentiate between wild type measles or rubella infection or vaccine-associated disease”) (Differentiating the wild from the attenuated during a measles outbreak. Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services. Pediatricians and Child Health, Apr. 2012; 17(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381670/ This child had been given the M-M-R II vaccine, which is also given in Australia)

(Case of vaccine-associated measles five weeks post-immunisation, Eurosurveillance, Volume 18, Issue 49, 05 December 2013 http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20649 This child appears to have been given the Priorix vaccine, which is also given in Australia) Dr Suzanne Humphries M.D., comments: “in the past, we would have never known this. It would have either been considered a different disease… or.. a wild type virus that the person was infected with before they had a chance to mount an immune response (to the vaccine), but because we now… can distinguish between strains, we are finding that… those people have the potential to shed virus and be infective.” (Dr. Suzanne Humphries, M.D. – Vaccine Strain of Measles Virus Found in Measles Outbreaks

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http://healthimpactnews.com/2015/dr-suzanne-humphries-m-d-vaccine-strain-of-measles-virus-found-in-measles- outbreaks/#sthash.n3tOx28t.dpuf)

This possibility should be considered especially in the light that notifications of measles in the unvaccinated are rare. Could the vaccine be the cause of the disease outbreaks, which are still being reported from time to time? Transmission from vaccine-associated measles has been documented. (Hau M, Schwartz KL, Frenette C, Mogck I, Gubbay JB, Severini A, et al. Local public health response to vaccine- associated measles: case report. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-269)

16 Petrik, M et al. Aluminium adjuvant linked to Gulf War Illness induces motor neuron death in mice. 2007. Journal of Neuromolecular Medicine, 9: 83-99

17 See Reference 106 below

18 Tomljenovic L and Shaw CA. 2012b. Mechanism of aluminum adjuvant toxicity in pediatric populations. Lupus 21(2): 223-230

19 Petrik, M et al. Aluminium adjuvant linked to Gulf War Illness induces motor neuron death in mice. 2007. Journal of Neuromolecular Medicine, 9: 83-99

20 Tomljenovic L and Shaw CA. 2012b. Mechanism of aluminum adjuvant toxicity in pediatric populations. Lupus 21(2): 223-230

21 Tomljenovic and Shaw CA. 2011c. Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism? Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 105: 1489-99

22 ibid 23 J.S. Poling. Vaccines and Autism Revisited. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:655-656, August 7, 2008 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc086269 The Vaccine-Autism Court Document Every American Should Read, by David Kirby, 27/2/2008,Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-kirby/the-vaccineautism-court-d_b_88558.html

24 US Government acknowledges compensating cases of encephalopathy leading in turn to autism Email from Cheatham, Tina (US Government HRSA) to journalist Sheryl Attkisson https://childhealthsafety.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/attkisson-cbs-hrsa-email-exchanges-autistic-conditions- vaccines.pdf,

25 Vaccine Court Awards Millions to Two Children With Autism. David Kirby, Huffington Post. 15/01/2013 04:03 AEST Updated: 16/03/2013 20:12 AEST

(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-kirby/post2468343_b_2468343.html)

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26 Statement by Dr William Thompson read on Congress house floor on 29 July 2015. http://www.c-span.org/video/?327309-1/us-house-morning-hour&live. Some extracts of the transcript are in: CDC Scientist: ‘We scheduled meeting to destroy vaccine-autism study documents’ by Sharyl Attkisson. July 29, 2015. https://sharylattkisson.com/cdc-scientist-we-scheduled-meeting- to- destroy-vaccine-autism-study-documents/ Dr. Thompson was referring to this paper that had been published in 2004 and had claimed to debunk the link: DeStefano et al. Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: a population-based study in metropolitan Atlanta. Pediatrics. 004;113:259–266 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754936)

27 http://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/HumanRights/PublicSectorGuidanceSheets/Pages/default.aspx

28 http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5526

29 “As causes of infant mortality in Australia all the infective diseases have been overcome” Lancaster, H.O. 1956a, “Infant Mortality in Australia”. The Medical Journal of Australia, 2:104.

30 Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Australia, 2003to 2005, 3.11 Poliomyelitis , Notifications, hospitalizations and deaths, CDI Vol 34 Supplement – Dec 2010 http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3- vpd.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd11.htm

31 Disease incidence, especially after 2007 National notifiable diseases: Australia's notifiable diseases status: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group, CDI, Aust. Govt Dept of Health. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-nndssar.htm (annual reports from 1994 to 2012)

32 Australia declared measles free in 2009 Australia declared measles free, Wednesday, 11 February 2009, by Dani Cooper for the ABC News in Science http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/02/11/2487452.htm;

Heywood AE, Gidding HF, Riddell MA, McIntyre PB, MacIntyre CR & Kelly HA. Elimination of Endemic Measles Transmission in Australia. Bull WHO 2009;87:64-71. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/1/07-046375/en/index.html

33 Australia declared measles free in 2014 Four Western Pacific countries and areas are the first in their Region to be measles-free. WHO news release. Seoul 20/4/14. http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2014/20140320/en/

34 Journal American Medical Association July 26, 2000; 284 (4); 483-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10904513?dopt=Abstract

Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey P. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients JAMA 1998:279: 1200-1205: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187436&resultClick=3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355584

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http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/peter-gotzsche-founder-of-the-cochrane-collaboration-visits-australia-to-talk- about- dangers-of-prescription-drugs-20150204-136nqc.html

http://www.webdc.com/pdfs/deathbymedicine.pdf

35 See Reference 21 above

36 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-25/autism-cases-among-younger-children-on-the-rise/6723904

37 http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf http://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/

38 http://www.smh.com.au/national/health/peter-gotzsche-founder-of-the-cochrane-collaboration-visits-australia- to-talk-about-dangers-of-prescription-drugs-20150204-136nqc.html

39 https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/meningitec-meningococcal-serogroup-c-conjugate-vaccine-suspension-injection-single- dose-syringe

40 http://www.kiallamedical.com.au/Home/patient-information/infectious-diseases/hib

41 https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2009-PI-00703- 3&d=2015101416114622412

42 http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hanstrans.nsf/V3ByKey/LC19921127?open&refNavID=HA6_1

43 https://www.health.wa.gov.au/publications/documents/Stokes_Report.pdf

44 Goldman, G. (2009). Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? Human Experimental Toxicology, 30(9), 1420-8. 45 P, Aaby. The introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and child mortality in rural Guinea-Bissau: an observational study Int. J. Epidemiol. (2004) 33 (2): 374-380. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh005

46 Tomljenovic L and Shaw CA. 2012a. One size fits all? Vaccine. 30: 2040.

47 http://phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/infectiousdiseases2010%20%281%29.pdf

48 http://phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Vaccines_2013.pdf

49 Australian Immunisation Handbook (10th Edition) Appendix 7 - history introduction vaccines

50 http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/subjects/immunising-your-children

45

51 . http://www.ncirs.edu.au/assets/provider_resources/history/Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-history-July-2015.pdf

52 http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10- home~handbook10part4~handbook10-4-12#21

53 http://immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/copyright#disclaimer

54 No-fault compensation following adverse events attributed to vaccination: a review of international programmes Clare Looker & Heath Kelly Bull World Health Organ 2011:89:371-378

55 White v. Wyeth (1988), No. 87-1657, Ohio Supreme Court http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=198843040OhioSt3d390_1339.xml&docbase=CSLWAR2-1986-2006; Ackley v. Wyeth Laboratories (1990), 919 F.2d 397, Sixth Circuit (applying Ohio law) https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/919/919.F2d.397.89- 3821.html; Mazur v. Merck (1992), No. 91-1613, Third U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/vaccines/mazur_v_merck.htm; 56 Brief of Vaccine Injured Petitioners Bar Association et al. as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners, Bruesewitz v. Wyeth, Inc., No. 09-152 (filed June 1, 2010) [hereinafter Brief of Vaccine Injured Petitioners Bar Association] (citing H.R. REP. NO. 99-908, pt. 1, reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344). 57 Holland, M. (2010, September). Reconsidering Compulsory Childhood Vaccination. ssrn.com. Retrieved March 30, 2012, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1677565 58 U.S. Supreme Court, Bruesewitz et al. v. Wyeth LLC, Certiori to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, No. 09–152. Argued 12 Oct 2010, decided 22 Feb 2011 http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-152.pdf 59 U.S. Dept Health and Human Services HSRA Statistics Report http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/statisticsreports.html

60 U.S. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act Vaccine Injury Table. http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/vaccineinjurytable.pdf

61 Kessler, Introducing MEDWatch - A New Approach to Reporting Medication and Device, JAMA, June 2, 1993-Vol 269, No. 21 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Safety/MedWatch/UCM201419.pdf

62 Fedson, D. (1998). Measuring protection: efficacy versus effectiveness. . Developments in biological standardization, 95, 195-201. doi:april 15 2012 63 Reporting medicine and vaccine adverse events, Therapeutic Goods Association, Aust. Govt. Dept Health and Ageing http://www.tga.gov.au/safety/problem-medicine.htm#why

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64 http://www.ncirs.edu.au/assets/provider_resources/history/Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-history-July-2015.pdf

65 For measles Life – long - Panum P. Observations made during the epidemic of measles on the Faroe Islands in the year 1849. 1939. 66 MANUFACTURER’S VACCINE PRODUCT INSERT SHEETS:

INFANRIX® hexa (preservative free) (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hepatitis B, Hib) https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06624-3 INFANRIX® IPV (preservative free) (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio) https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05438-3 BOOSTRIX® (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough) https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05349-3 ENGERIX-B (Hepatitis B) https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06573-3 PRIORIX (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05279-3 PRIORIX TETRA (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella), https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2011-PI-03392-3 NEISVAC–C (Meningococcal C), https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-03082-3 PREVENAR 13 (Pneumococcal), https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-07066-3 BOOSTRIX®-IPV (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Polio) https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05642-3

67 Death rates from diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles and tuberculosis, 1907 – 2004 Australia's Health 2006, The tenth biennial report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, pg 115 (http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442467855); Commonwealth Year Books, ABS (www.abs.gov.au) The Commonwealth Year Books from the early 1900s also show that those diseases that are being targeted by vaccines are only some of the infectious diseases that used to plague mankind, and they were not even the most important. The death rate from tuberculosis was about 5 to 50 times higher. Deaths from typhoid were also more common and scarlet fever and dysentery also caused many deaths. These and other infectious diseases dramatically declined well prior to any significant medical interventions such as antibiotics, and have disappeared from developed countries without widespread vaccination or any vaccine being used;Child Health Since Federation, by Prof. Fiona J Stanley, Australian Bureau of Statistics Year Book 2001 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/3CE0381F7CBAB608CA2569DE0024ED6D

Dates widespread vaccination introduced The Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th edition (2013), Aust. Govt Dept of Health, Appendix 7: Overview of vaccine availability in Australia http://www.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10- tools~handbook10-appendices~handbook10-appendix7

68 PEDIATRICS Vol. 106 No. 6 December 1, 2000, pp. 1307 -1317 (doi:10.1542/peds.106.6.1307)

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69 http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6593 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atypical+measles+syndrome 70 St Geme JW Jr, George BL, Bush BM. Exaggerated natural measles following attenuated virus immunization. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1246490. Pediatrics. 1976 Jan;57(1):148-9. Cherry JF, Feigin RD, Lobes La, et al. A clinical and serological study of 103 children with measles vaccine failure. J Pediatr 1973; 82: 802-808 71 Cell Press (2012, March 1). Antibodies are not required for immunity against some viruses. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. 72 Crone, N.E.; Reder, AT.; Severe tetanus in immunized patients with high anti-tetanus titers. Neurology.1992; 42:761- 4, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1565228) 73 L Ruiting. UNSW, J Infect Dis. (2012) doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis178. First published online: March 13, 2012 74 Stewart G. Whooping cough in relation to other childhood infections in 1977-9 in the United Kingdom. Jrnl Epid Comm Health, 1981, 35:139-145. http://jech.bmj.com/content/35/2/139.full.pdf 75 The Australian Immunisation Handbook 9th edition (Op Cit Error! Bookmark not defined.), page 131, and 10th edition, page 191 76 Davis, L, and Katzman, J. Chronic Daily Headache: When to Suspect Meningitis. Current Pain and Headache Reports 2008, 12:50– 55.http://www.rsds.org/pdfsall/conference%20speakers%202011%20pdfs/Chronic%20daily%20headache- %20when%20to%20suspect%20meningitis.pdf 77 Testimony of Dr Gerhard Buchwald MD before the Quebec College of Physicians Medical Board. Extracted here: http://www.doctorbob.com/vd--dr-buchwald-testimony.html from The Trial of the Medical Mafia, by Jochim Schafer.

78 National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/rpt_4.cfm 79 Ming Lin, Paul Roche et al. Australia’s notifiable diseases status, 2000 - Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. CDI Vol 26, No 2, 2002:118-203 https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-2002- cdi2602-pdf-cnt.htm/$FILE/cdi2602b.pdf (page 168) 80 http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442452751 81 http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/rpt_5_sel.cfm (select years 1991 onwards);

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/CA25774C001857CACA2577FF00791B8A/$File/cdi34sup pl.pdf (See Table 5.1: Average annual morbidity and mortality from selected vaccine preventable diseases in Australia for 3

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years within 2002–2005)

82 Vaccine Preventable Diseases (and Vaccination Coverage) in Australia, annual reports (covering 1993- 2007) http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp 83 Communicable Diseases Surveillance: Pertussis epidemic continues. CDI Vol 21, No 23, 25/12/1997 (page 359) http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi2123-pdf-cnt.htm/$FILE/cdi2123g.pdf

84 http://www.ncirs.edu.au/news/past-news-events/Day%201/McIntyre-Is-Australia-world-capital-PertussisWS- 25_26Aug11.pdf 85 Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Australia, 2003to 2005, 3.11 Poliomyelitis , Notifications, hospitalizations and deaths, CDI Vol 34 Supplement – Dec 2010 http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd.htm~cda- cdi34suppl-3-vpd11.htm 86 (NOTIFICATIONS and VACCINE COVERAGE estimate and disease complication risks:) - Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007 and - Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage in Australia, 2003 to 2005 - Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage in Australia, 1993 to 1998 linked to from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp (For Vaccination Coverage - see Figures 58 and 59 of report for 2003 to 2005)

87 Paragraph 26 of Dr Bark’s report, Part A

88 Vaccine Preventable Diseases (and Vaccination Coverage) in Australia, 2006 to 2007, 2003 to 2005, and 2001 to 2002. Op Cit Error! Bookmark not defined. 89 Immunisation Myths and Realities 5th edition (2013) http://www.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/content/uci-myths-guideprov

90 http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6593 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atypical+measles+syndrome 91 St Geme JW Jr, George BL, Bush BM. Exaggerated natural measles following attenuated virus immunization. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1246490. Pediatrics. 1976 Jan;57(1):148-9. Cherry JF, Feigin RD, Lobes La, et al. A clinical and serological study of 103 children with measles vaccine failure. J Pediatr 1973; 82: 802-808 92 U.S. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act Vaccine Injury Table. http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/vaccineinjurytable.pdf

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93 http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/1/193.short; Sudfeld CR, Navar AM, Halsey NA; Effectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment. Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Apr;39 Suppl 1:i48-55. Measles fact Sheet for tsunami affected populations (WHO) (http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/General_Information_Measles100105.pdf); The Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals, by Caserta, MD (2009) (http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious_diseases/other_viruses/measles.html)

94 Stephens D, Jackson PL, Gutierrez Y. Subclinical vitamin A deficiency: a potentially unrecognized problem in the United States. Pediatr Nurs. 1996 Sep-Oct;22(5):377-89, 456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9087069 (Abstract) 95 Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007 - 3.16 Varicella-zoster virus infection http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd.htm~cda- cdi34suppl-3-vpd16.htm (first page) 96 Australia’s notifiable disease status, 2011: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/8025F365534B67EACA257C4700126FDD/$File/nnds s-annual- report-2011.pdf (page 21) 97 Adverse events following immunisation annual reports” http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-aefi-anrep.htm

98 Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007 - 3.16 Varicella-zoster virus infection http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3- vpd.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd16.htm (first page) 99 Priorix Tetra Package insert (measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox vaccine live), GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty. Ltd. 100 http://www.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/appendix7 101 Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007 - 3.16 Varicella-zoster virus infection http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3- vpd.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd16.htm (first page) 102 Kristine K. Macartney and Margaret A. Burgess. Varicella Vaccination in Australia and New Zealand. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 197:S191-5 (in particular, page S193). http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/197/Supplement_2/S191.full.pdf; Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007: Figure 3.16.4: Varicella notifications, South Australia, 2002 to 2007,* by month of notification http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi34suppl.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-

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vpd.htm~cda-cdi34suppl-3-vpd16.htm 103 Wrensch et al. Prevalence of antibodies to four herpesviruses among adults with glioma and controls. Am J Epidemiol2001;154(2):161165. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/154/2/161.long (full text) 104 Boulianne N, Duval B, et al. Most ten-year-old children with negative or unknown histories of chickenpox are immune. Pediatr Infect Dis J.2001;20:1087–1088. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734718

105 NOTIFICATIONS and VACCINE COVERAGE estimate and disease complication risks: - Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007 and - Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage in Australia, 2003 to 2005 - Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage in Australia, 1993 to 1998 linked to from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cdisupplements-1-lp (For Vaccination Coverage - see Figures 58 and 59 of report for 2003 to 2005)

106 “Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine policy and evidence-based medicine: are they at odds” 2011a published in the Annals of Medicine, Lucija Tomljenovic & Christopher A. Shaw (page 4)

107 ibid 108 Sutton I, Lahoria R, Tan I, Clouston P, Barnett M. CNS demyelination and quadrivalent HPV vaccination. Mult Scler. 2009 Jan;15(1):116-9. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805844)

109 Tomljenovic L and Shaw C A Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine policy and evidence-based medicine: are they at odds? 2011a Annals of Medicine 1-12 DOI 10.3109/07853890.2011.645353 110 http://www.tokyotimes.com/2013/hpv-vaccine-seen-differently-by-japan-and-the-u-s/ 111 In a study in Slovakia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8473002?dopt=Abstract), newborn female rats were injected with Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80) at days 4 to 7 after birth. The researchers found that Polysorbate 80 accelerated the maturation of the female rats, damaged the vagina and womb lining, caused significant hormonal changes, severe ovary deformities and ultimately rendered the young female rats infertile.

112 http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_fluarix.pdf 113 Tomljenovic L and Shaw CA. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine policy and evidence-based medicine: are they at odds? 2011a. Annals of Medicine, 1 – 12. DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.645353 114

Sin Hang Lee.2012. Detection of human papillomavirus L1 gene DNA fragments in postmortem blood and spleen after Gardasil® vaccination—A case report Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology Vol.3 No.8, 1214-1224, Dec 2012.

115 Petrik, M et al. Aluminium adjuvant linked to Gulf War Illness induces motor neuron death in mice. 2007.

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Journal of Neuromolecular Medicine, 9: 83-99 116 ibid

117 Johnson, W. (2004). Final report on the safety assessment of octoxynol-. International Journal of Toxicology, 23(1), 59-111 118 Brotherton J. Assessment of spermicides by a stripping technique against human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fert (1977) 51, 383-391. http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/51/2/383.full.pdf

119

Vaccine Epidemic, Skyhorse Publishing (2nd Edition 2012), Chapter 22: “Flu Vaccine Mandates for U.S. Health Care Workers -- Policy Without Reason”

120 Goddard, E. (1997). Campylobacter 0:41 isolation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Archives of Disease In Childhood

121 Nachamkin, L. (1997, December). Microbiologic approaches for studying Campylobacter species in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. . PubMed. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9396692 122 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?fulltext=diphtheria-tetanus+toxoid- pertussis+(DTP)+vaccine&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase

123 Harrison C. Stetler, Paul L. Garbe, Diane M. Dwyer, Richard R. Facklam, Walter A. Orenstein, Gary R. West, K. Joyce Dudley, and Alan B. Bloch. Outbreaks of Group A Streptococcal Abscesses Following Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid-Pertussis Vaccination. Pediatrics 1985; 75:299-303. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/75/2/299.short 124 Rappuoll, R. (2006). Cell-Culture-Based Vaccine Production: Technological Options. National Academy of Engineering-The Bridge. 3(3). Retrieved April 19 2012 from http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/EngineeringandVaccineProductionforanInfluenzaPandemic/Cell-Culture- BasedVaccineProductionTechnologicalOptions.aspx. 125 Cancer, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), and Polio Vaccine Fact Sheet. (n.d.). CDC.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/updates/archive/polio_and_cancer_factsheet.htm

Ren-Hua, F. (2011). Late SV40 factor: A key mediator of Notch signaling in human hepatocarcinogenesis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17(29), 3420-3430. doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3420. 126 Grant, T. (2012). Antiproliferative small-molecule inhibitors of transcription factor LSF reveal oncogene addiction to LSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. PNAS, 109(12), 4503-4508. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121601109 127 Gerber et al. 1961. Inactivation of vacuolating virus (SV40) by formaldehyde, Proc Soc Exp Biol & Med; 108: 205-

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