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Mathematics and Natural Sciences MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES Proceedings of the Sixth International Scientific Conference – FMNS2015 10 – 14 June 2015 Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences The conference is supported by the Ministry of Science and Education VOLUME 3 GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION South-West University “Neofit Rilski” Blagoevgrad Sixth International Scientific Conference – FMNS2015 South-West University, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences 10 – 14 June 2015 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: Honorary Chair: Prof. Ivan Mirchev, DSc, Rector of the South-West University “Neofit Rilski” Chair: Assoc. Prof. Stefan Stefanov, PhD, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences Vice-Chairs: Assoc. Prof. Elena Karashtranova, Vice-Dean Assoc. Prof. Dimitrina Kerina, Vice-Dean Members: Iliya Gyudzhenov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Ivan Trenchev, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Ivanka Stankova, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Konstantin Tufekchiev, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Lidia Sakelarieva, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Luben Mihov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Mitko Stoev, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Petr Polyakov, Moscow State University "M. V. Lomonosov", Russia Stanko Shtrakov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Valentin Hristov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Grigor Iliev, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Vasilisa Pavlova, Regional Educational Inspectorate, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria PROGRAM COMMITTEE: Chair: Prof. Borislav Toshev, DSc GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Members: Aidar Aitkulov, Karaganda State University, Kazakhstan David Havlichek, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Evgeny Golovinsky, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Ivan Drenovski, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria Kenzhebek Rustembekov, Karaganda State University, Kazakhstan Krasimir Stoyanov, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria Maria Shishmanova, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria Michail Michailov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Stefan Manev, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Tazhbayev Yerkeblan, Karaganda State University, Kazakhstan Todor Nikolov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Tzanko Tzankov, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Tzenka Milkova, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria Zhivko Velkov, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria ISSN 1314-0272 Plenary reports Състояние на Планетата – Поглед от Миналото към Бъдещето Тодор Николов Национален институт по геофизика , Геодезия и география при БАН ул . „ Акад . Г. Бончев “, бл . 3, 1113 София The State of the Planet - a Look From Past to Future: a Review Todor Nikolov National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 3, 1113 Sofia Abstract . This article is a r еview of the general aspects of the geological evolution as a base to assess the actual state of the planet. Threats to life on Earth come not from the crises and natural disasters. They are related with impact of human activities on the natural balance of the ecosystems. These are: Intensive population growth (one billion in 1800, 7 billion in 2011 and forecast for 2030 - 8.1 billion); Intensive urbanization; Intensive exploitation of natural resources; Massive deforestation, expansion of desert areas and destruction of habitats; disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity; Pollution of land, air, sea and space near the Earth; Reduction of drinking water; Genetic manipulation that leads to intervention in the genetic code of organisms that can cause loss of unique genetic identity of native species; Increased greenhouse gases and climate change - global warming trend. Key words: geological evolution, crisis, catastrophic events, population growth, natural resources, global warming. „А навън славеите все тъй се заливаха с песни . Нямаха си проблеми , както не си е имала проблеми природата преди да създаде човека “ Павел Вежинов 3 Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences – FMNS 2015 УВОД През 2011 г. имах честта да говоря в тази зала по близка тема , която бях озаглавил „ Застрашената Земя . Днес си позволявам на привлека вашето внимание върху състоянието на нашата планета като люлка на живота и като източник на ресурси за по -нататъшното развитие на човечеството чрез кратък поглед от миналото към бъдещето . В течение на 4,5 милиарди години Земята се е развивала със своя динамика , която е създавала и създава разнообразна структура на земната кора – континентите , моретата и океаните са дали простор на разгръщане на организмовата еволюция и формиране на биосферата . Това дълготрайно развитие позволява да се правят обосновани оценки за състоянието на нашата планета и по -обосновани прогнози за бъдещето – REMEMBER OF PAST EVOLUTION! Най -съществените уроци от геоложката еволюция на Земята са следните : Произходът на Земята е част от еволюцията на Вселената и на Слънчевата система , а възникването на живота е резултат от усложняването на химичните съединения , формирането на сложни високополимеризирани органични вещества , които дават начало на праорганизмите . Няма значение къде е станало това – на Земята или на друга планета . Фиг . 1. Спиралата на биологичната еволюция като продължение на еволюцията на една галактика Източници : Мъглявината Messier (Source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060302.html , NASA) като условен фон за раждането на планетата , възникването и развитието на живота ; Спиралата на еволюцията (Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2008/58/ , USGS – public domain). Клип : Т. Николов 4 Plenary reports Нашата планета е предложила най -добри условия за осъществяването на този процес . Това са абсолютно необходимите условия както за възникването на живи организми , така и за тяхното по - нататъшно развитие и разнообразяване на живия свят . В течение на милиарди години динамиката на Земята непрекъснато е обновявала облика на планетата чрез ярко изразени промени в структурата на литосферата , които са обуслявяли нови конфигурации на континентите и океаните и поява на нови обстановки . Еволюцията е реагирала на тези промени и с това е осигурила планително разнообразие на организмовия свят в историята на планетата . При една обща изходна химична основа, която има материалния свят , най -удивителното е, че живата природа показва много по -голямо и невероятно разнообразие в сравнение с неорганичния свят . Единството на живия свят очевидно е резултат на общ произход , а разнообразието е формирано при еволюцията на материята в течение на милиарди години . Еволюцията на живота протича в неразривна връзка с променящата се неорганична среда , т.е. сцената , върху която се реализира “ драмата на живота ”, е непрекъснато променящата се геологична панорама на нашата планета . Така до нашето съвремие достига невероятното биоразнообразие , което трябва да се съхрани . Ускорение на еволюцията е обща закономерност в развитието на всички динамични системи – от звездите до организмите . Този въпрос е разгледан обширно в предходната лекция . Тук ще подчертаем отново , че с ускорение се разширяват също масовата профанизация , арогантността и агресивността в съвременното общество . В историята на Земята се проявяват циклични явления и процеси с различна продължителност . Определена цикличност се установява в промените на климата и в проявата на кризите и катастрофалните явления в геоложката история на нашата планета . Това е много важна особеност на тези събития и тя свидетелства за влиянието на глобални , в т.ч. и астрономични фактори върху тяхната проява . Важно и неотменно значение в процеса на еволюцията има ролята на поведението и на групата . Поведението е насочено към увеличаване вероятностите за преживяване на индивида , а също и на вида в цяло . Обща особеност на всички типове поведение е тенденцията към изменение на взаимоотношенията между организмите и външната среда . Изследванията на палеонтоложкия летопис показаха , че поведението също претърпява еволюция . В много случаи организмовата еволюция е правила пробиви благодарение и на 5 Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences – FMNS 2015 промяната в поведението . Корените на много черти в поведението на човека могат да се намерят в предшестващата еволюция на бозайниците . Какво е мястото на човека в сложната и многообразна система от форми на поведение ? Палентоложките находки показват , че съвременният човек е рожба на родословието на човекоподобните маймуни . Днес знаем , че човек не е произлязъл от маймуните , но има общи прадеди с тях . "Новите " качества , които наблюдаваме при Homo sapiens имат свои корени в еволюцията на животинското царство . Мнозина учени отбелязват , че при животните с развито групово (обществено ) поведение може да се открият предшестващи черти на някои наши морални норми . Това трябва да бъде добре разбрано от всички ни във време , когато общочовешките ценности трябва да имат приоритет над етнически , религиозни и национални привързаности . Независимо от канибализма и агресивността , които се наблюдават в историята на човечеството , още в ранните етапи на еволюцията на човека се е очертало особено голямото значение на алтруистичното поведение . То се оказало еволюционно перспективна поведенческа стратегия . Защото в борбата за съществуване побеждават не само най - силните и съобразителните , но и онези които се грижат за жените и децата - бъдещето на рода , а също за възрастните
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