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Universidade De São Paulo - Usp Faculdade De Economia, Administração E Contabilidade Departamento De Administração Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Administração UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO - USP FACULDADE DE ECONOMIA, ADMINISTRAÇÃO E CONTABILIDADE DEPARTAMENTO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO REGULAÇÃO E COMPETIÇÃO NO SETOR ELÉTRICO BRASILEIRO Thaís Mélega Prandini Orientador: Prof. Dr. Moacir Miranda de Oliveira Junior SÃO PAULO 2014 Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Zago Reitor da Universidade de São Paulo Prof. Dr. Adalberto Américo Fischmann Diretor da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade Prof. Dr. Roberto Sbragia Chefe do Departamento de Administração Prof. Dr. Moacir Miranda de Oliveira Junior Coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração THAÍS MÉLEGA PRANDINI REGULAÇÃO E COMPETIÇÃO NO SETOR ELÉTRICO BRASILEIRO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Moacir de Miranda Oliveira Junior Versão Corrigida (versão original disponível na FEA-USP) SÃO PAULO 2014 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Elaborada pela Seção de Processamento Técnico do SBD/FEA/USP Prandini, Thaís Mélega Regulação e competição no setor elétrico brasileiro / Thaís Mélega Prandini. -- São Paulo, 2014. 164 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. Orientador: Moacir Miranda de Oliveira Júnior. 1. Energia elétrica – Brasil 2. Competição 3. Mercado I. Universida- de de São Paulo. Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabili- dade. II. Título. CDD – 338.4762131 ii Aos meus pais Maria Estela e Mirto pela dedicação e valores tão importantes na minha criação e formação. A meu companheiro João pelo seu intenso apoio e pela valorização recorrente de minhas qualidades profissionais. A minha filha Sophia que compartilhou com ternura todos os meus momentos de ansiedade e dedicação na confecção deste trabalho. iii A dedicação do autor AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. Moacir de Miranda Oliveira Junior pelo apoio e incentivo ao desenvolvimento do tema de competitividade no setor elétrico, ao qual dedicamos mútuo entusiasmo. A todos os colegas da Thymos Energia pelo apoio e orientações seguras sobre os padrões de competitividade do Setor Elétrico brasileiro, especial ao amigo Ricardo Savoia que sempre dedica parte de seu tempo para debater novidades regulatórias. Ao Dr. João Carlos Mello que sempre compartilhou com todos, e em especial comigo, a importância de uma formação acadêmica sólida, em sincronia com suas metas profissionais, e que ao mesmo tempo contribua na capacidade de debater e pensar em novos conceitos e formulações. Ao Prof. Dr. Alceu Salles Camargo Junior pelas valiosas sugestões para enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos executivos do setor elétrico que colaboraram em entrevistas objetivas com foco no conteúdo deste trabalho acadêmico. À minha família enfim, que mais uma vez soube dividir e compreender minha dedicação à vida profissional e acadêmica. iv O liberalismo economico e a competitividade "Assim, o mercador ou comerciante, movido apenas pelo seu próprio interesse egoísta, é levado por uma mão invisível a promover algo que nunca fez parte do interesse dele: o bem-estar da sociedade". Adam Smith Escrito na segunda metade do século XVIII em "A Riqueza das Nações" v RESUMO Este trabalho procura investigar ações para estimular a competição no mercado livre de energia brasileiro, através do levantamento do desenvolvimento e status de mercados internacionais, com foco no desenvolvimento do mercado livre de energia, tendo como meta o incremento da competitividade como forma de garantir preços e serviços adequados aos consumidores finais e atraindo investimento para esta indústria. Dentre os aspectos relevantes que o trabalho aborda está a identificação de estratégias e mecanismos para viabilizar a competição dos mercados no atacado e no varejo, acompanhada da implantação de modelos de negócios e preços que reflitam de modo mais fiel à realidade dos custos marginais de operação e expansão através da competição para o mercado. Este trabalho utiliza como metodologia, a pesquisa exploratória e a pesquisa descritiva, que tem o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento nos temas e investigar informações que são objeto do estudo. Além disto, se adotou a experiência da autora em seus trabalhos atuais no setor elétrico brasileiro com vistas à proposição de melhorias na regulação e nos modelos de negócios para obter uma melhoria da competitividade. Por fim, o trabalho faz uma avaliação da resposta da demanda com a ampliação gradativa da competição ao mercado de varejo, assim como já estabelecido pela demanda no atacado, e os efeitos necessários na oferta para que sejam atendidas as reais necessidades do consumidor. vi ABSTRACT This work investigates actions to stimulate competition in the liberalized Brazilian electricity market, by raising international markets development and status, focusing on the development of liberalized market with the goal of increasing competitiveness in order to ensure adequate services and prices to final consumers and attracting investment to this industry. Among the relevant aspects that the work addresses is to identify strategies and mechanisms to facilitate electricity market competition in the wholesale and retail, followed by the arrangement of business models and prices that reflect more realistically the true marginal costs of operation and expansion through competition for the market. This thesis uses as methodology, exploratory and descriptive research that aims to deeply capture the knowledge and investigate information on topics that are the subject of the study. In addition, it has been adopted the author's experience in her current jobs in the Brazilian electricity sector with a target to propose some improvements in regulation and business models for real life competitiveness. Finally, the paper makes an assessment of demand response with the gradual expansion of the competition to the retail market, as well as already established by the wholesale demand, and the necessary effects on the supply to meet the real needs of the consumer. 1 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ................................................................................ 3 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................. 5 ÍNDICE DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................. 7 1 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Caracterização do Problema e Relevância do Tema.................................................... 8 1.2 Motivação .................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Objetivo ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Revisão da Literatura ................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Metodologia ............................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Estrutura da Dissertação ............................................................................................ 16 2 MODELOS COMPETITIVOS E A RESTRUTURAÇÃO DO SETOR ELÉTRICO .... 18 2.1 Estruturas da Indústria de Energia – Evolução .......................................................... 18 2.1.1 Modelo – O Monopólio ...................................................................................... 20 2.1.2 Modelo – Agência Central de Comercialização ................................................. 22 2.1.3 Modelo – A Competição no Atacado ................................................................. 24 2.1.4 Modelo – A Competição no Varejo ................................................................... 25 2.2 Estruturação do Modelo Competitivo no Setor Elétrico Mundial ............................. 26 2.3 Os Principais Ingredientes das Reformas .................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Estruturas Regulatórias ...................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Acesso Aberto à Rede e Mecanismos de Preço do Transporte .......................... 31 2.3.3 Organização e Estruturas dos Mercados ............................................................ 33 2.3.4 Espaços Mercantis Internacionais ...................................................................... 37 2.3.5 O Grau de Abertura do Mercado – Consumidor Livre ...................................... 40 2.3.6 Os Principais Problemas Pendentes ................................................................... 42 3 MERCADOS MUNDIAIS – OS EFEITOS DA COMPETIÇÃO ................................... 44 3.1 União Europeia .......................................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 Diretivas da Comunidade – Definição do Mercado Europeu............................. 45 3.1.2 A Situação Atual do Mercado de Energia Elétrica Europeu .............................. 52 3.2 América do Norte ...................................................................................................... 56 3.2.1 A Estrutura do Setor Elétrico Americano........................................................... 57 3.2.2 A Regulação nos Estados Unidos ......................................................................
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