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Copyright in Relation to This Thesis* r The University of Sydney Copyright in relation to this thesis* Under the Copyright Act 1968 (several provision of which are referred to below), this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing for the purposes of research, criticism or review. In particular no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. Under Section 35(2) of the Copyright Act 1968 'the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work'. By virtue of Section 32( I) copyright 'subsists in an original literary, dramatiC, musical or artiStic work that is unpublished' and of which the author was an Australian citizen, an Australian protected person or a person resident in Australia. The Act, by Section 36( I) provides: 'Subject to this Act. the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is .nfnnged by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Australia, or authorises the doing in Australia of, any act comprised in the copyright'. Section 31 (I )(a}(i) provides that copyright includes the exclusive nght to 'reproduce the work in a material form'.Thus, copyright IS Infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright. reproduces or authorises the reproduction of a work, or of more than a reasonable part of the work, in a material form, unless the reproduction is a 'fair dealing' with the work 'for the purpose of research or study' as further defined in Sections 40 and 41 of the Act. Section 51 (2) provides that "Where a manuscript, or a copy, of a thesis or other similar literary work that has not been published is kept in a library of a university o r other similar institution or in an archives, the copyright in the thesis o r other work is not infringed by the making of a copy of the thesis or other work by o r on behalf of the officer in charge of the library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies an authorized officer of the library o r archives that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or study'. *'Thesis' includes 'treatise', dissertation' and other similar productions. JOHN KELLEY BOOKBINDER 6/12 CALROSSIE AVE MONTMORENCY VICTORIA 3094 TEL:9434 4480 Anamuxra A language of Madang Province, Papua New Guif!ea Andrew Ingram January 2001 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney Except where otherwise acknowledged, this thesis represents the original research of the author. Andrew Ingram ii Language is a wide field, and the grammar of a language is not only wide but intricate, and how many different, and even conflicting views may be entertained on the grammar of the same language is strikingly illustrated in the same number of English Grammars, and particularly modern ones that are to be met with ... One moral lesson at any rate is taught by seeing so many learned and other writers differing on the same subject, viz. that each one should be modest of his own opinion as well as respect the opinion of others. (Richard Lyth, letter to David Hazlewood, 19 August 1845 cited in Schlitz 1972: 37). iii Acknowledgements This work could not have been completed without the love, friendship, professional support and practical help of a great many people. And so, I say thanks to: the people of Papua New Guinea who through the national government and the National Research Institute allowed me to come and pursue my research in the first place. the people of Josephstaal, particularly the Waiateng, Mindivi, Ikundun, Apovind, Swanzambi, Tuamandapuar and Moie communities for accepting me so warmly and enthusiastically. In Waiateng, special thanks to Peter and Alice Swakai and their family for sharing their home, food, stories and laughter. Also to yiv Gabby and yam Lucia and family, Joseph and Barbara Waia and family, yiv Anton and yam Getrude for making sure of my path. In Ikundun, yiv Patrick and yam Alice and their family for giving me a place to stay for two weeks, and in Mindivi yiv Joseph and yiv Anton for their encouragement. my main language teachers in Waiateng, Gabby Waia, Peter Swakai and Anton Swakai for giving so much of their time to endure countless verb paradigms and questions, always with humour and insight. to others who taught me something of their language, especially yam Alice, avav Thomas Karakai, avav Bonny Kuraka, yasimga William, yiv Joseph, yiv Anton, yiv Patrick, yam Lucia and Avo. to all those in the community who offered their friendship and helped me in many different ways, particularly yasmga William, yasuvaxai Adolf and Chris (for some heavy bass and kick), Kevin and Daniel, yamidaxai, yiv Stephen, Andrika, Paulina, Kimam, Stanis, Pastor Maria and avav Benny. Gabby again for breaking a bone and being a true friend and for humouring me in my earnest attempts to spear a fish. my supervisors: Bill Foley, Andrew Pawley, Jane Simpson, Toni Borowsky and Chris Manning. Thanks to Toni and Chris, who each made valuable contributions to my work in the short time I was fortunate enough to have them as supervisors. Many thanks to Bill for providing me with the necessary funding for fieldwork, for always providing challenging comments and for giving up IV Christmas to read the final draft. Jane for being there throughout my PhD to offer valuable advice, support and stimulating feedback. Very special thanks to Andy for providing moral and intellectual support and a positive environment in which to work; and, for the incredibly detailed comments on both the penultimate and final drafts. This thesis could not have been finished without his patience and encouragement. Michael Walsh who, although not my supervisor, stepped into the breach on many occasions to give support and direction. those who read and/or listened to various parts of my analysis, and gave me thoughtful responses particularly Mark Donohue, Brett Baker, John Bowden, Mark Harvey, Harold Koch, Avery Andrews, Sasha Aikhenvald, Anna Wiersbicka, Michael Walsh, and Louise Baird. Special thanks to Brett who gave a mountain of insightful comments on my phonology chapter and who gave up many nights to discuss Anamuxra phonology over the phone (thanks Karan for understanding); and, to Mark D. who also gave generously of his time to comment on a number of earlier drafts of different chapters. Les Ingram, Samantha Simmons, Helen Ingram, Luisa Micelli and Louise Baird for proof-reading through the Christmas break and Kay Dancy for producing such good maps so quickly. the staff and students at Sydne~ University particularly, Wayan Arka, Lyn Berry, Lea Brown, Chris Cleireigh, Rod Gardner, Arlene Harvey, Phillipa Horton, Jason Johnson, Bill Palmer, Nick Riemer and Nicoletta Romeo for sharing many fun linguistic and extralinguistic times. all at RSP AS in the dungeons and above for making me feel so welcome, and making it all fun: Louise Baird, John Bowden, Beth Evans, Eleanor Kettle, Doug Marmion (and Genevieve and the kids), Meredith Osmond, Andy Pawley, Phil Quick, Malcolm Ross, Roberta Ruffolo, Martin Steer, Darrell Tryon, Basil Wilson, Apoi Yarapea, Ritsuko Yoshimura and Tatsuya Yanagida. Lou, Brett, Stephen, Karan for always being there. Bob, Lillian, Maree and the children for taking me out of the CW A and always making me welcome in their home, feeding me, picking me up, dropping me off and generally making my stay in Madang so enjoyable and comfortable. v Father Barry Nobbes, for friendship and support, Josepstaal spaghetti, cold water and cricket updates. the Ingram, Marston, Simmons and Whitcomb clans for their love and helping keep things in perspective. Mum and Dad, who have always sacrificed so much without ever letting on. I can't imagine ever being able to repay the love, prayers and friendship, but we will repay the money. Isaac, who didn't know what he was arriving in the middle of, for keeping me sane at times when sanity sometimes seemed a long shot. Its time to grab our guitars, and hit the road Jack .... my best friend Sam, who has stood by me (even when I wasn't there), nurtured our family and has taken care of much more than her share, always with love and loyalty. The 'six months' are finally up! - Naypam dararamam nagnagdntn! - vi Abstract This thesis describes the grammar of Anamuxra, a Papuan language spoken in the Josepstaal area of Madang Province Papua New Guinea. Anamuxra belongs to the Josphestaal branch of the Southern Adelbert Range subgroup of the Madang group which is a major division of the Trans New Guinea Phylum. The thesis is in four parts. Part I consists of chapters I to 3 which prepare the way for the grammatical description. Chapter I details the social and linguistic background of Anamuxra as well as the basis of the study. Chapter 2 treats phonology, describing the phonemes, allophonic variation, phonotactic constraints, general phonological processes and stress assignment. It also introduces the orthography used in the grammar. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the morphological, syntactic and semantic characteristics of word classes. Part II, consisting of chapters 4 to 7, is concerned with morphology. Chapter 4 introduces the set of classifiers suffixes and describes their semantic characteristics. Chapter 5 treats the derivational and inflectional properties of nominal words.
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