O Dissenso Norte-Americano Levado Aos Tribunais (1983-1988)

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O Dissenso Norte-Americano Levado Aos Tribunais (1983-1988) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUTOS DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA ALEXANDRE GUILHERME DA CRUZ ALVES JUNIOR INTERPRETAÇÕES DA LIBERDADE: O DISSENSO NORTE-AMERICANO LEVADO AOS TRIBUNAIS (1983-1988) NITERÓI 2015 1 ALEXANDRE GUILHERME DA CRUZ ALVES JUNIOR INTERPRETAÇÕES DA LIBERDADE: O DISSENSO NORTE-AMERICANO LEVADO AOS TRIBUNAIS (1983-1988) Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção ao Grau de Doutor. Área de concentração: História Social. Orientador: Prof. Dra. Cecília Azevedo Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Thaddeus Blanchet NITERÓI 2015 2 ALEXANDRE GUILHERME DA CRUZ ALVES JUNIOR INTERPRETAÇÕES DA LIBERDADE: O DISSENSO NORTE-AMERICANO LEVADO AOS TRIBUNAIS (1983-1988) Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção ao Grau de Doutor. Área de concentração: História Social. BANCA EXAMINADORA: _______________________________________ Prof. Dra. Cecília Azevedo – Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Thaddeus Gregory Blanchette – Co-orientador Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Tatiana Poggi – Arguidor Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva – Arguidor Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro (IUPERJ) _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mary Anne Junqueira – Arguidor Universidade de São Paulo (USP) _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Limoncic – Arguidor História da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) NITERÓI 2015 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Eu gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente, ao esforço, ao carinho e a paciência de toda a minha família, pilar fundamental para que eu pudesse desenvolver e terminar este trabalho. Sem vocês eu não teria saído da primeria página. Gostaria também de fazer uma menção especial à minha orientadora Cecília Azevedo, que esteve ao meu lado desde a graduação. Cecília com certeza é uma pessoa ímpar, sempre disponível para as dúvidas acadêmicas e as dúvidas da vida. Uma verdadeira amiga. Sou grato ainda ao co-orientador, Thaddeus Blanchett, que acreditou no projeto e se dispôs a contribuir de todas as formas possíveis, com sua mente extremamente instigante. Não poderia deixar de falar dos meus amigos, peças importantes para a manutenção da sanidade mental em projetos difíceis como este. Cabe ainda uma menção especial aos “americanistas cariocas”, Tatiana Poggi, Rodrigo Farias, Roberto Moll, Barbara Mitchell, Thiago Gomes e Carlos Santos, com os quais teci uma amizade particular e acadêmica, que espero deem muitos frutos no futuro. Agradeço ainda à Suzi Gilbert, que intermediou a negociação para a realização da entrevista com Larry Flynt, e à Susan Harding, que abriu seu arquivo particular para ceder documentos não mais disponíveis em arquivos públicos. Gostaria ainda de agradecer ao meu cartão de crédito, que financiou os primeiros 24 meses desse projeto, e à CAPES, que contribuiu de modo fundamental para os outros 24 meses. Não poderia deixar de agradecer a todos os professores e aos funcionários administrativos do Programa de Pós-graduação em História da UFF, pela parceria e cooperação. Fica um obrigado especial para todas as pessoas que de algum modo contribuíram para o desenvolvimento desde projeto. 4 RESUMO O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a disputa judicial entre o pastor fundamentalista cristão, Jerry Falwell, e o editor da revista pornográfica Hustler, Larry Flynt, entre 1983 e 1988, acerca dos limites da Primeira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos. O caso ensejou uma nova interpretação constitucional por parte da Suprema Corte daquele país, refletindo uma ampliação dos discursos protegidos pela Primeira Emenda, resultado de décadas de lutas de grupos dissidentes. A vitória da interpetação defendida por Larry Flynt não representou apenas uma conquista individual, mas também a vitória de uma interpretação contrária à limitação da liberdade de expressão e de imprensa, assim como, indiretamente, a defesa veemente da separação entre igreja e estado. É possível demonstrar ainda, que contexto dos anos 1980, caracterizado pela historiografia como a “revolução” conservadora da Era Reagan, conviveu com discursos mais progressistas, que muitas vezes lograram vitórias importantes, tornando necessário uma permanente problematização do período. Palavras- chave: Estados Unidos, Primeira Emenda, Liberdade de Expressão 5 ABSTRACT This work aims to examine the legal dispute between the Christian fundamentalist pastor, Jerry Falwell, and the editor of the pornographic magazine Hustler, Larry Flynt, between 1983 and 1988, about the limits of the First Amendment to the US Constitution. The case gave rise a new constitutional interpretation by the Supreme Court of that country, reflecting a broadening of speech protected by the First Amendment, the result of decades of struggles of dissident groups. The victory of Larry Flynt´s view did not represent only an individual achievement, but also the victory of a constrary interpretation to the limitation of freedom of speech and press, as well as, indirectly, the vehement defense of the separation between church and state. The work demonstrates that the context of the 1980s, characterized by historiography as the conservative "revolution" of Reagan Era, lived with more progressive speeches, which often succeeded important victories, requiring a permanent questioning of the period. Keywords: United States, First Amendment, Freedom of Speech. 6 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union. AU´s - Americans for Separation of Church and State CDL - Citizens for Decency Through Law CORE – Congress of Racial Equality. ERA - Equal Rights Amendement. FACT - Feminist Anti-Censorhip Taskforce. NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NLRA - National Labor Relations Act. POAU - Protestants and Other Americans for Separation of Church and State TRBC - Thomas Road Baptist Church 7 “Prefiro morrer de pé do que viver de joelhos” Stéphane Charbonnier (Charb) 8 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO: ........................................................................................................................10 1.QUESTÕES E PROCESSOS:..................................................................................................25 1.1.A SUPREMA CORTE NORTE-AMERICANA E A INTERPRETAÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL . 25 1.2.LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO E DE IMPRENSA ....................................................................... 32 1.3.A SEPARAÇÃO ENTRE RELIGIÃO E ESTADO. ........................................................................ 56 2.JERRY FALWELL: UMA NAÇÃO SOB DEUS. ......................................................................65 2.1. OS PRIMEIROS ANOS E O ENCONTRO COM DEUS ............................................................... 71 2.2. TORNANDO-SE UM BORN AGAIN .............................................................................................. 75 2.3. O FUNDAMENTALISMO CRISTÃO E A THOMAS ROAD BAPTIST CHURCH ...................... 82 2.4. ENTRE DAMASCO E A CASA BRANCA: ASCENÇÃO DA DIREITA CRISTÃ ................... 103 3. LARRY FLYNT: UMA NAÇÃO SOB O SEXO ...................................................................... 123 3.1. OS PRIMEIROS ANOS E O ENCONTRO COM A PORNOGRAFIA: ...................................... 135 3.2. A REVISTA HUSTLER, PORNOGRAFIA E POLÍTICA: .......................................................... 147 4. DEBATES JUDICIAIS E CULTURAS POLÍTICAS:..................................................... 179 5. CONCLUSÃO: .................................................................................................................... 206 6 - FONTES: ........................................................................................................................... 209 7 – BIBLIOGRAFIA:............................................................................................................... 211 9 INTRODUÇÃO: Em setembro de 2010 surgiu uma grande polêmica na cidade de Nova York sobre a possível construção de um centro cultural islâmico a poucos metros do Marco Zero, ou seja, próximo ao local as Torres Gêmeas foram destruídas. A reação negativa de parte da sociedade norte- americana, considerando tal projeto um insulto à memória dos mortos nos ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001, foi amplamente noticiada pela mídia norte-americana e internacional. O ponto alto da polarização social foi a ameaça do pastor evangélico Terry Jones, líder de uma pequena igreja chamada “Dove World Outreach Center”, de queimar vários volumes do Alcorão, livro sagrado dos islâmicos, caso a mesquita fosse construída1. Ao mesmo tempo que visões similares elaboravam um discurso preconceituoso e simplificador, uma vez que sob esta ótica, todos os islâmicos seriam culpados pelos atentados em 2001, vozes contrárias emergiram na sociedade norte-americana, denunciando o absurdo que seria embargar a obra por questões de intolerância religiosa, colocando inclusive o próprio presidente Barack Obama no centro do debate, quando em uma declaração pública, defendeu o livre exercício religioso no país. Importante apontar que mesmo após a Interpol ter lançado um alerta global sobre o risco de ataques terroristas em represália
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