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On Marketable Yields of Field-Grown Strawberries in North-Central Florida Author(S): Teresia W

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On Marketable Yields of Field-Grown Strawberries in North-Central Florida Author(S): Teresia W Effect of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on Marketable Yields of Field-Grown Strawberries in North-Central Florida Author(s): Teresia W. Nyoike and Oscar E. Liburd Source: Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(4):1757-1766. 2012. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EC12033 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Effect of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on Marketable Yields of Field-Grown Strawberries in North–Central Florida 1,2 1 TERESIA W. NYOIKE AND OSCAR E. LIBURD J. Econ. Entomol. 106(4): 1757Ð1766 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12033 ABSTRACT Understanding the impact of a pest species on a particular crop is critical for the success of a pest management program. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of the twospot- ted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on marketable yield of strawberries during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 growing seasons. Low, medium, and high mite infestation levels were established by initial inoculations of 5, 10, and 20 twospotted spider mites per strawberry leaf, respectively. A control treatment maintained at near zero mites through applications of an acaricide, bifenazate (Acramite 50 WP), was also included. Weekly records of motile twospotted spider mites were obtained over 13 and 16 wk during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 growing seasons, respectively. Degree-days and weather parameters were monitored to determine their effect on mite population. In addition, mite-days were calculated for each year from weekly mite counts to determine the effect of mites on marketable yield of strawberries. In both years, twospotted spider mite population increased through- out the growing seasons. More degree-days were accumulated during the 2008/2009 growing season, and mite population was higher in 2008/2009 than in 2009/2010. Mite population density per leaf increased up to 278 motiles per leaf in 2008/2009 growing season as compared with 137 in 2009/2010 within the high-infestation-level treatment. The divergence in mite population between the two growing seasons was attributed mainly to temperature differences between the two seasons that affected mite population development and establishment. During both growing seasons, the high mite infestation level had lowest marketable yield. A negative correlation between cumulative mite-days and harvested marketable yields was detected in both seasons, but it was only signiÞcant during the 2008/2009 growing season. Strawberry yield reduction was detected when plants attained 80 mites per leaf in 2008/2009 and 50 mites per leaf in 2009/2010 within the high mite infestation treatment. Factors that affect mite population establishment and management for twospotted spider mites on straw- berries are discussed. KEY WORDS Fragaria ananassa, action threshold, degree-day, mite-day, six-spotted thrip The market value of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa leaves by spider mites (Tomczyk and Kropczyn´ ska Duchesne) depends on the quality of fruits produced, 1985) results in loss of chlorophyll and reduced pho- which is inßuenced by a number of factors, including tosynthetic rates, leaving the leaf with white or yellow physical injuries from insect pests and pathogens. spots, a condition termed as “stippling” (Sances et al. Management strategies that will reduce strawberry 1979, DeAngelis et al. 1982, Park and Lee 2005). At injury from pests and pathogens are therefore critical high infestation rates, twospotted spider mites can in enhancing the quality of strawberries produced. suppress ßower and leaf development, and ultimately Such efforts require adequate knowledge of the straw- affect the quality and quantity of berries produced berry pest complex and beneÞcial insects and their (Sances et al. 1982, Fraulo et al. 2008). The economic biology. loss caused by twospotted spider mites and associated The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae damage is enormous, making it a major target for Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most dam- integrated pest management (IPM) in strawberry sys- aging and persistent mite pests that affect Þeld-grown tems (Sances et al. 1982, Liburd et al. 2007). strawberry in Florida (Poe 1971; Mossler and Nesheim The principles of IPM demand that pest manage- 2003, 2007; Chandler et al. 2008) and elsewhere (Oat- ment actions be delayed until it is economically sound man and McMurtry 1966, Sances et al. 1982, Walsh et to implement them. The term economic threshold al. 1998, Greco et al. 2005, Sato et al. 2007). The (ET) is used to deÞne the pest population density piercing and removal of cell contents from strawberry level at which management actions should be applied to avoid economic losses (Pedigo 1996). Thresholds are determined based on the relationship between 1 Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Bldg. 970 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611. pest population levels and the damage they cause to a 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: nyoiket@uß.edu. crop. Once the ET level is known, management tactics 0022-0493/13/1757Ð1766$04.00/0 ᭧ 2013 Entomological Society of America 1758 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 106, no. 4 are applied at this level to prevent the pest from yield began to be affected by mite densities to estimate reaching economically damaging levels. a threshold. Our ultimate goals were to determine the ET levels for twospotted spider mites in strawberry mite numbers that would cause economic losses on vary from region to region, cultivar, stage of crop Þeld-grown strawberries in northÐcentral Florida, and growth, time of the season, control options, and mar- to quantify how various environmental factors inßu- ket prices (Pedigo 1996, Walsh and Zalom 1996). An enced mite populations. Twospotted spider mite den- ET of 150 mites per trifoliate leaf was reported for a sities were manipulated in strawberries under Þeld short-day strawberry variety in California (Wyman et conditions, and their effect on marketable yields of al. 1979) compared with one mite per leaf for the strawberries were quantiÞed. day-neutral cultivar, Selva (Walsh et al. 1998). Simi- larly, an ET of 15 mites per mid-tier trifoliate leaf was Materials and Methods reported during the Þrst 5 mo of growth in winter compared with 30 mites per mid-tier trifoliate leaf in Twospotted Spider Mite Colony. Twospotted spider summer and 60 mites per trifoliate leaf after harvest mites were obtained from the Small Fruit and Vege- was initiated (Walsh and Zalom 1996). Finally, table IPM Laboratory colony at the University of Flor- twospotted spider mite densities higher than 15 mites ida, Gainesville, FL. The colony was maintained on per trifoliate leaf during the early growth stages of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants and strawberry strawberry can negatively affect the number of berries transplants contained in 3.8-liter polyethylene pots for produced and hence the overall yield (Sances et al. Ϸ5 mo before the start of each experiment. The plants 1982, GimenezÐFerrer et al. 1994). were kept under two 60-watt incandescent bulbs with Mite densities, and therefore the ET levels, are also a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h and 60% relative hu- sensitive to prevailing weather conditions that inßu- midity (RH). Old mite-damaged plants were replaced ence mite growth, survivorship, and fecundity, includ- with new bean plants every other week. Plants were ing temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity watered manually three times per week or as needed. (Boyne and Hain 1983, Bounfour and Tanigoshi 2001, Field Experiment Study Site. The study was con- White and Liburd 2005). Developmental period for ducted at the University of Florida, Plant Science twospotted spider mites decreased from 25 to 6.5 d and Research and Education Center located in Citra, Mar- the intrinsic rate of increase rose from 0.08 to 0.321 ion County, FL, during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 when the temperature was increased from 15 to 30ЊC strawberry growing seasons. The growing season in (Bounfour and Tanigoshi 2001). Temperature is also northÐcentral Florida runs from mid-September to known to affect the fecundity and longevity of March or April the following year, depending on the twospotted spider mites (Herbert 1981). Therefore, environmental conditions. Experimental plots were these factors should be considered when developing 7.3 by 6.1 m with 11-m buffer zones between plots. pest management programs for spider mites on straw- Each plot had six double rows of strawberries (six berries. beds) spaced at 0.35 m between plants (along the
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