Greenhouse Biocontrol Guide

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Greenhouse Biocontrol Guide GREENHOUSE BIOCONTROL GUIDE 1 www.biolineagrosciencesna.com ABOUT BIOLINE AGROSCIENCES OUR MISSION To offer growers efficient and innovative biocontrol solutions to help them meet the markets high quality standards. OUR EXPERTISE Experts in Biosolutions for a natural, healthy and sustainable agriculture. 200 + 30 + 11 Products Active Patents countries 40 + 30 + 30 + Protected Beneficial crops insects R&D Team Leader in trichogramma and Ephestia eggs WE PROVIDE MORE THAN BUGS • Supporting growers to maintain their yields and quality, by providing innovative tools for sustainable agriculture • Providing the highest quality products and technical advice, for use in Integrated Crop Management • Giving all of our customers an unrivalled service and the highest standards of support • We work with the major distributors in our markets • Investing in our people, because their knowledge is the key to our future 40 YEARS OF EXPERTISE Creation of Opening of new Acquisition of a Start of Bioline in production and new site in Little greenhouse Colchester distribution site in Clacton (UK) for production in (UK) California (US) insect production Portugal Creation of Bioline Iberia in 1979 1990 1999 2011 Almeria 2016 2018 Bioline and Biotop 1975 1991 2009 merge to become Bioline AgroSciences Launch of Creation of Biotop Opening of new R&D and launch of a bio-factory in Partnership production unit in Livron (France) with INRA Valbonne (France) for Trichogrammas OUR GLOBAL PRESENCE BIOLINE ON DEMAND If you require further product support or technical tips — we have multiple ways you can stay in touch 24/7 at the touch of your fingertips. To discover further information about our products visit: www.biolineagrosciences.com For technical advice, and tips to strengthen your IPM programme download the Bioline App from mobile app stores. Or, if you have a question, don’t hesitate to tweet us at @BiolineAgScNA. Target lifestage key CONTENTS Egg Adult Identify your crop’s pest(s) and biological control agent... Larvae All life stages Please be aware that not all products are available in all countries and licence restrictions may apply to some products. Consult your Bioline expert for more information. Spider Mite Control Phytoline Anderline Californiline Feltiline Macroline Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius californicus Feltiella acarisuga Macrolophus pygmaeus P. 6 P. 6 P. 7 P. 7 P. 7 Stetholine Stethorus punctillum P. 7 Thrips Control Amblyline Montyline Swirskiline Oriline Hypoline Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius montdorensis Amblyseius swirskii Orius spp. Hypoaspis miles P. 8 P. 9 P. 9 P. 9 P. 9 Trapline Thripline Sticky traps Pheromone Trapping P.10 P. 10 Aphid Control Aphiline Erviline Aphidoline Adaline Chrysoline Aphidius colemani Aphidius ervi Aphidoletes aphidimyza Adalia bipunctata Chrysoperla carnea P.11 P.12 P.12 P.12 P.12 Apheline Aphiline M Aphelinus abdominalis Aphidius matricariae P.13 P.13 Aphiline Mixes Five mixes of species that can control several different aphids. P.13 Broad Mite Control Amblyline Anderline Californiline Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius californicus P.14 P.15 P.15 Lepidoptera Control Tricholine Zentinel Macroline Nesiline Hesperusline Trichogramma spp. Tuta absoluta pheromone Macrolophus pygmaeus Nesidiocoris tenuis Dicyphus hesperus P.16 P.16 P.17 P.17 P.17 Podiline Podisus maculiventris P.17 Whitefly Control Montyline Swirskiline Encarline Eretline Macroline Amblyseius montdorensis Amblyseius swirskii Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus eremicus Macrolophus pygmaeus P.18 P.19 P.19 P.19 P.19 Nesiline Hesperusline Trapline Nesidiocoris tenuis Dicyphus hesperus Sticky traps P.20 P.20 P.20 Vine Weevil Control Mealy Bug Control Nemasys L Exhibitline Hb & Sc Cryptoline Anagline Heterohabditis sp. & Steinernema kraussei Steinernema carpocapsae Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Anagyrus pseudococci P.21 P.21 P.22 P.22 Leafminer Control Digline Pollination Services Diglyphus isaea Bombus spp. P.23 P. 24 Pollination services Soil Pest/ Sciarids Control Hypoline Staphyline Exhibitline Sf Hypoaspis miles Atheta coriaria Steinernema feltiae Additional Info P.25 P.26 P.26 Discover our delivery dystems P.27 Spider Mite Control SPIDER MITE CONTROL SPOTTED A SPIDER MITE? • Red or Two-Spotted Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae) feed by puncturing cells and draining the contents which produce a characteristic yellow speckling of the leaf surface. • They also produce silk webbing which is clearly visible at high infestation levels. Also at high infestation levels, reddish-brown masses of mites can be seen hanging from the tips of leaves. • When populations of spider mite are this high, the pest can be transferred accidentally to clothing, and spread around the crop by workers. • Spider mites are common pests on many vegetable and ornamental crops, including tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, strawberries, roses, gerbera and many other crops. KEY TREATMENTS Phytoline contains the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis. This species is a highly active hunter and has become a standard spider mite treatment in many crops. It develops twice as fast as the spider mite at humidity levels that are above 60% (unfavourable to spider mites, favourable to Phytoseiulus), which allows a rapid control of outbreaks. A female Phytoseiulus can destroy ten spider mite females and their progeny in just seven days under optimum conditions. It is less effective on T. cinnabarinus. Target Crops » Vegetables, Ornamentals, Berries, Fruit trees & Citrus Target Pest » Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) Target Life Stage » Delivery Systems » Bottles, Vials & Blisters Anderline contains the predatory mite, Amblyseius andersoni. This species feeds on a wide range of mites and small insects, as well as eating plant pollen. This varied diet makes it easy to establish high populations of Andersoni, which are perfect for preventive control of spider mites and other mite pests. Anderline is effective even with low temperatures. Target Crops » Vegetables & Ornamentals Target Pest » Black Vine Weevil Target Life Stage » » 6 Delivery Systems » Powder or Gel Macrolophus pygmeus (formerly caliginosus), a Mirid Californiline contains the generalist predatory mite, bug, is a highly mobile predator that is used to control Amblyseius californicus. This species can be used at higher a wide range of insect and mite pests. It is important to temperatures and lower humidities than A. cucumeris or establish strong populations of Macrolophus before pest A. andersoni, making it a great Broad mite predator in populations build up, therefore, regular releases should challenging environments. Broad mites live in the crowns be made early in the crop cycle. of plants and emerge onto the leaves in sunshine or warm temperatures. A. californicus can follow the small mites into the crown and eliminate populations easily. Use of loose product in high numbers allows an instant curative Target Crops » Vegetables treatment while CRS introductions give longer more preventative control. Target Pest » Whitefly, & Lepidoptera, Spider Mites including, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus Target Crops » Vegetables, Ornamentals, Fruit trees, cinnabarius, Panonychus ulmi) Citrus & Berries Target Life Stage » Target Pest » Broad Mite, Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites (including Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus) Delivery Systems » Bottles Target Life Stage » Delivery Systems » Sachets, Bottles & Tubes Feltiella acarisuga (formerly known as Therodiplosis Stetholine contains the predatory ladybird Stetheorus persicae), is a predatory Cecidomyid midge. This species punctillum. The adults and larvae of this species are both is highly specialist for feeding on spider mite. The larvae specialised at eating mite pests, particularly spider mites. are a translucent to yellow-ish colour and feed exclusively Adult females need to eat at least 20 spider mites per day on spider mites. This is a voracious predator which is to produce eggs but when plenty of prey is available they best suited to curative control of established spidermite will consume many times this amount. The larvae are also colonies. voracious predators; each one will consume approximately 240 spider mites during the first 8 days of its life. Stetholine is best used in combination with other products, such as Target Crops » Vegetables, Ornamentals & Berries Phytoline, Anderline or Californiline, to control spider mite populations that have increased beyond preventative thresholds. Stetholine is also suitable for use on crops Target Pest » Spider Mite which are stickier, where it can be harder to establish other predators. Target Life Stage » Target Crops » Vegetables, Ornamentals, Berries and other Target Pest » Spider Mite Delivery Systems » Trays Target Life Stage » Delivery Systems » Bottles 7 Thrips Control THRIPS CONTROL WHY YOU SHOULD TACKLE THRIPS... • Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips or Californian Thrips) are small insects originating on the West Coast of North America, which spread through much of Europe in the 1980s as a consequence of the international trade in plants. • Western Flower Thrips adults are attracted by flower odours. Once in flowers they feed on pollen and on developing petals, causing blemishes that reduce the value of cut flowers. • Eggs are generally laid in leaf tissue or developing fruit, and can cause small, hard, ‘warts’. Feeding on developing fruit also causes damage, typically seen as a roughening and hardening of the surface. • Frankliniella occidentalis
Recommended publications
  • Predatory Gall Midge (Unofficial Common Name), Feltiella Acarisuga (Vallot) (Insecta: Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)1 Ryan S
    EENY269 Predatory Gall Midge (Unofficial Common Name), Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Insecta: Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)1 Ryan S. Osborne, Norman C. Leppla, and Lance S. Osborne2 Introduction Feltiella ithacae Feltiella quadrata (Gagné 1995) The predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot), is one of the most effective and widespread natural enemies of spider mites (Tetranychidae) (Gagné 1995). Because of their Distribution flying and prey-detecting capabilities, and high feeding The genus Feltiella is virtually cosmopolitan and contains potential, it is considered an important natural enemy of 10 species: Feltiella acarisuga (worldwide, except for the the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in a Neotropical Region), Feltiella pini (Felt) (North and Central number of cropping systems (Opit et al. 1997; Refaei and America, West Indies, Australia), Feltiella curtistylus Mohamed 2013). It is also known to feed on other pest Gagné (Brazil), Feltiella occidentalis (Felt) (US—California; mites, including brown almond mite, Bryobia rubrioculus Japan—Honshu), Feltiella acarivora (Zehnter) (Indonesia- Scheuten; carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Java; Australia), Feltiella insularis (Felt) (US—Illinois, New Boisduval; and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch. Jersey, Florida; West Indies, Colombia, Argentina), Feltiella Feltiella acarisuga could be particularly useful for integrated reducta Felt (US—New York), Feltiella ligulata Gagné (Cape pest management of spider mites that attack greenhouse Verde Island), Feltiella kanchanjungaensis (India—West crops (Gillespie et al. 1998). Bengal) and Feltiella tetranychi (Germany) (Gagné 1995, 2010). Feltiella acarisuga is the most widely distributed Synonymy species in the genus and is listed from the US, Canada, Finland, Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Italy, Cecidomyia acarisuga Morocco, Greece, Israel, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Japan, Mycodiplosis minuta and New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E
    Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011E-1011 OklahomaOklahoma CooperativeCooperative ExtensionExtension ServiceService DivisionDivision ofof AgriculturalAgricultural SciencesSciences andand NaturalNatural ResourcesResources OklahomaOklahoma StateState UniversityUniversity Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011 Eric J. Rebek Extension Entomologist/ Ornamentals and Turfgrass Specialist Michael A. Schnelle Extension Ornamentals/ Floriculture Specialist ArthropodArthropod PestPest ManagementManagement inin GreenhousesGreenhouses andand InteriorscapesInteriorscapes Insects and their relatives cause major plant ing a hand lens. damage in commercial greenhouses and interi- Aphids feed on buds, leaves, stems, and roots orscapes. Identification of key pests and an un- by inserting their long, straw-like, piercing-suck- derstanding of appropriate control measures are ing mouthparts (stylets) and withdrawing plant essential to guard against costly crop losses. With sap. Expanding leaves from damaged buds may be tightening regulations on conventional insecti- curled or twisted and attacked leaves often display cides and increasing consumer sensitivity to their chlorotic (yellow-white) speckles where cell con- use in public spaces, growers must seek effective tents have been removed. A secondary problem pest management alternatives to conventional arises from sugary honeydew excreted by aphids. chemical control. Management strategies cen- Leaves may appear shiny and become sticky from tered around
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction of Two-Spotted Spider Mites, Tetranychus Urticae Koch
    The interaction of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, with Cry protein production and predation by Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) in Cry1Ac/ Cry2Ab cotton and Cry1F maize Yan-Yan Guo, Jun-Ce Tian, Wang- Peng Shi, Xue-Hui Dong, Jörg Romeis, Steven E. Naranjo, Richard L. Hellmich & Anthony M. Shelton Transgenic Research Associated with the International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT) ISSN 0962-8819 Volume 25 Number 1 Transgenic Res (2016) 25:33-44 DOI 10.1007/s11248-015-9917-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer International Publishing Switzerland. This e- offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Transgenic Res (2016) 25:33–44 DOI 10.1007/s11248-015-9917-1 ORIGINAL PAPER The interaction of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, with Cry protein production and predation by Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) in Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton and Cry1F maize Yan-Yan Guo . Jun-Ce Tian . Wang-Peng Shi .
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Assessment of Amblyseius Andersoni (Chant) As a Potential Biocontrol Agent Against Phytophagous Mites Occurring on Coniferous Plants
    insects Article A Preliminary Assessment of Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) as a Potential Biocontrol Agent against Phytophagous Mites Occurring on Coniferous Plants Ewa Puchalska 1,* , Stanisław Kamil Zagrodzki 1, Marcin Kozak 2, Brian G. Rector 3 and Anna Mauer 1 1 Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (S.K.Z.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Department of Media, Journalism and Social Communication, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland; [email protected] 3 USDA-ARS, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, 920 Valley Rd., Reno, NV 89512, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) is a predatory mite frequently used as a biocontrol agent against phytophagous mites in greenhouses, orchards and vineyards. In Europe, it is an indige- nous species, commonly found on various plants, including conifers. The present study examined whether A. andersoni can develop and reproduce while feeding on two key pests of ornamental coniferous plants, i.e., Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) and Pentamerismus taxi (Haller). Pinus sylvestris L. pollen was also tested as an alternative food source for the predator. Both prey species and pine pollen were suitable food sources for A. andersoni. Although higher values of population parameters Citation: Puchalska, E.; were observed when the predator fed on mites compared to the pollen alternative, we conclude that Zagrodzki, S.K.; Kozak, M.; pine pollen may provide adequate sustenance for A.
    [Show full text]
  • (Encarsia Formosa) Whitefly Parasite
    SHEET 210 - ENCARSIA Encarsia (Encarsia formosa) Whitefly Parasite Target pests Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Silverleaf whitefly (Bemesia argentifolia) Sweet potato whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) Description ‘Encarsia’ is a tiny parasitic wasp that parasitizes whiteflies. It was the first biological control agent developed for use in greenhouses. • Adults are black with yellow abdomen, less than 1 mm (1/20 inch) long (they do not sting). • Larval stages live entirely inside immature whiteflies, which darken and turn black as the parasites develop inside. Use as Biological Control • Encarsia are effective controls for greenhouse whitefly on greenhouse cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers and poinsettias (for information on whiteflies, see Sheet 310). • They can control silverleaf/sweet potato whitefly, but only under optimum management using high release rates. • Optimum conditions are temperatures over 20°C (68°F), high light levels (7300 lux) and relative humidity 50-70%. When daytime temperatures are less than 18°C (64°F) Encarsia activity is sharply reduced, making them less effective. • Do not attempt to use Encarsia if high whitefly populations are already established. • The predatory beetle Delphastus avoids feeding on the whiteflies that have been parasitized by Encarsia and Delphastus adults also feed on whitefly eggs therefore they can be used with Encarsia (for information on Delphastus, see Sheet 215). • The predatory bug, Dicyphus hesperus may be used with Encarsia. • The parasitic wasp Eretmocerus californicus may also be used with Encarsia. Monitoring Tips Check the undersides of lower leaves for parasitized whitefly scales. They turn black (for greenhouse whitefly) or transparent brown (for sweet potato whitefly) so are easy to tell from unparasitized scales, which are whitish.
    [Show full text]
  • Dicyphus Hesperus) Whitefly Predatory Bug
    SHEET 223 - DICYPHUS Dicyphus (Dicyphus hesperus) Whitefly Predatory Bug Target Pests Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), Tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Dicyphus will feed on two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), Thrips and Moth eggs but will not control these pests. Plants Note: Since Dicyphus is also a plant feeder it should not be used on crops such as Gerbra which can be damaged. Most of the work with Dicyphus has been on vegetable crops such as tomato, pepper and eggplant where it will not cause plant damage by plant feeding. Description The predatory bug, Dicyphus hesperus is similar to Macrolophus caliginosus, which is being used in Europe to control whitefly, spider mites, moth eggs and aphids. The use of Dicyphus is being studied by D. Gillespie (Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada Research Station, Agassiz, BC). Dicyphus should not be used on its own to replace other biological control agents. It is best used along with other biological control agents in greenhouse tomato crops that have, or (because of past history) are expected to have. whitefly, spider mite, or thrips problems. • Eggs are laid inside plant tissue and are not easily seen. • Adults are slender (6mm), black and green with red eyes and can fly • Nymphs are green with red eyes Use in Biological Control • Release Dicyphus as soon as whiteflies are found, early in the season at a rate of 0.25-0.5 bugs/m2 (10 ft2) of infested area; repeat in 2-3 weeks. • Release batches of 100 adults together in one area where whitefly is present or add supplementary food (frozen moth eggs: i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Identified Difficulties and Conditions for Field Success of Biocontrol
    Identified difficulties and conditions for field success of biocontrol. 4. Socio-economic aspects: market analysis and outlook Bernard Blum, Philippe C. Nicot, Jürgen Köhl, Michelina Ruocco To cite this version: Bernard Blum, Philippe C. Nicot, Jürgen Köhl, Michelina Ruocco. Identified difficulties and conditions for field success of biocontrol. 4. Socio-economic aspects: market analysis and outlook. Classical and augmentative biological control against diseases and pests: critical status analysis and review of factors influencing their success, IOBC - International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Controlof Noxious Animals and Plants, 2011, 978-92-9067-243-2. hal-02809583 HAL Id: hal-02809583 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02809583 Submitted on 6 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WPRS International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious IOBC Animals and Plants: West Palaearctic Regional Section SROP Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Integrée contre les Animaux et les OILB Plantes Nuisibles:
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) with Naturally Occurring Predators in Strawberry Plantings in Valencia, Spain
    Experimental and Applied Acarology 23: 487–495, 1999. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) with naturally occurring predators in strawberry plantings in Valencia, Spain FERNANDO GARCIA-MAR´ I´a* and JOSE ENRIQUE GONZALEZ-ZAMORA´ b a Departamento de Producci´on Vegetal, Universidad Politecnica, C/Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain; b Departamento de Ciencias agroforestales, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, Sevilla, Spain (Received 16 June 1998; accepted 2 December 1998) Abstract. Naturally occurring beneficials, such as the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius californicus McGregor and the insects Stethorus punctillum Weise, Conwentzia psociformis (Curtis) and others, controlled Tetranychus urticae Koch in 11 strawberry plots near Valencia, Spain, during 1989–1992. The population levels of spider mites in 17 subplots under biological control were low or moderate, usually below 3000 mite days and similar to seven subplots with chemical control. In most of the crops A. californicus was the main predator, acting either alone or together with other beneficials. Predaceous insects colonized the crop when tetranychids reached medium to high levels. For levels above one spider mite per leaflet, a ratio of one A. californicus per five to ten T. urticae resulted in a decline of the prey population in the following sample (1–2 weeks later). These results suggest that naturally occurring predators are able to control spider mites and maintain them below damaging levels in strawberry crops from the Valencia area. Key words: Biological control, strawberry, Tetranychus urticae, Amblyseius californicus. Introduction The tetranychid mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of cultivated strawberries around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) in RESPONSE to Llmlted AVAILABILITY of ITS PREY Tetranychus Urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
    LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PREDATORY MIDGE Feitieila acarisuga VALLOT (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO LlMlTED AVAILABILITY OF ITS PREY Tetranychus urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) by Heidi Nadene Sawyer Mc., University of British Columbia, 1991. THESIS SUBMllTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences O H.N. Sawyer 1998 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY January 1998 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other rneans, without permission of the author. Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Çtreet 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON KlAûN4 CaMdct canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Lhrary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenivise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the predatory midge Feltiella acarisuga Vallot as a biological control agent for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus uttïcae Koch (TSSM) in greenhouses, information is needed on its performance under conditions of prey limitation.
    [Show full text]
  • PREDATOR on Tomato Crops Is Miniscule
    The tomato crop is one of the most important crops under the protected and open environment. The plant is a favourite of many herbivores such as whiteflies, spidermites, thrips, etc. Quite often, growers have to resort to using pesticides to manage these pests because thetomato plant is not a suitable host for many of the natural enemies; the list of natural enemies that can be used PREDATOR on tomato crops is miniscule. During warm summer months, Encarsia and Eretmocerus species work well to control whiteflies, is Tough on Whitefly but they do not work for winter crops due to lower temperatures and short day lengths. There are few natural enemies available to control pests like whiteflies, spider mites, and thrips on protected Dicyphus hesperus has shown a high potential to tomato crops in particular and specially during control whiteflies and other pests of greenhouse winter; therefore, growers try to control these pests by using chemicals. tomato crops. It is native and wildly distributed Over the years, these pests have developed in North America and has a big appetite for all resistance against almost all the chemicals registered the pests on a variety of crops. to use in Canada. Because of these difficulties encountered with current IPM systems, introduction of mirid bugs like Dicyphus hesperus can be a valuable tool to add to their arsenal for fighting pests during the winter months. IMPORTANT PREDATORS, ESPECIALLY IN THE WINTER Milid bugs are important predators of these pests, especially whiteflies. Nine species of mirid bugs BY have been recorded in North America, but only DR.
    [Show full text]
  • Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae
    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 21 Dec 2018 Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Mites are small arthropods related to insects that belong to subclass Acari, a part of the class Arachnida which also includes spiders, ticks, daddy-longlegs and scorpions. Unlike insects (class Insecta) which have three main body parts and six legs, arachnids have two main body parts and eight legs. There are about 1,200 species of spider mites in the family Tetranychidae. The most common spider mite, the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), has a cosmopolitan distribution, and has been recorded on more than 300 species of plants, including all of the tree fruit crops, as well as small fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Some ornamental plants that commonly become infested include arborvitae, azalea, marigolds, New Guinea impatiens, rose, salvia, spruce, and viola. Vegetables that are often affected include cucumbers, Closuep of female twospotted spider mite. Photo beans, lettuce, peas and tomatoes, and they can also be by Gilles San Martin from https://commons. found on blackberry, blueberry and strawberry. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tetranychus_urticae_ (4884160894).jpg. Twospotted spider mites are barely visible with the naked eye – usually only 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) long when mature – as tiny spots on leaves and stems. They range in color from light yellow or green to dark green or brown, and at times can be bright red. All have two dark spots visible on the abdomen. Males are smaller and more active than females and have a narrower body with a more pointed abdomen, and larger legs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Searching Behaviour of the Predatory Midge Larva
    THE SEARCHING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PREDATORY MIDGE LARVA, Feltiella acacatisuga VALLOT (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN RESPONSE TO THE DENSlTY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ITS PREY, T&anychus u&ue KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) Marc Johnston B .Sc. McGill University, 1993 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences Q Marc Johnston SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY July 1997 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Biblioth&que nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellmgton Street 395, rue Wellington OnawaON KlAON4 Onawa ON K 1 A OW Canada Canada 4 bur !@ Norre retefence c. The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library bf Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, przter, distri buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forrne de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownershp of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in hsthesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni lalhkse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reprodiits sans son permission. autorisation.
    [Show full text]