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Pitching New England April 24, 2021

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Pitching New England April 24, 2021 Midcoast Senior College Sea-Change: Shakespeare, John Smith, and the New World Republic Spring 2021 Richard Welsh The Not So Common Capt. John Smith: Pitching New England April 24, 2021 John Smith made embarked on three New England voyages, but only the first, in 1614, made it across the Atlantic. The second, the next year, after first being dismasted and returning to port for repairs, was subsequently captured by an English pirate vessel, but released (the pirates recognizing and respecting Smith from previous lives); and then seized again by a French privateer, on which Smith became a well-treated captive. He escaped from that ship shortly before it went down in a storm off the coast of France, and that was the end of that expedition. The sojourn on the French craft did give him time, however, to write his Description of New England, which he published in 1616. With some difficulty – some earlier patrons having lost confidence in his luck at sea – he secured backing for a third voyage, but this one was stuck in port in Plymouth (in Devonshire, part of England’s West Country) for months on end, as strong westerly winds bottled up all westward shipping. His funding running out for maintenance of supplies and crew, he was forced to abandon this third attempt. He had not given up, however. His next step was to hit the pavement and the printing press, pitching his project ideas to various levels of government, business organizations, and high-ranking influentials, to excite support for a further attempt. These all failed, leaving us with a procession of his writings from 1618 to 1622, and him with nothing to show for his efforts. The full sequence, from his first publication on the subject, are: 1616 A Description of New England 1618 Letter to Sir Francis Bacon 1620 New England’s Trials 1622 New England’s Trials (2nd edition) The publications, including the progress of Smith’s own thoughts and sources that they evidence, are described in the introductions to each in Philip Barbour’s Complete Works of Captain John Smith (the standard modern edition), which are appended below. These are taken from the digital version of Barbour’s books, as published on the Virtual Jamestown web site, and may have some minor scanning errors. Barbour’s footnotes have been removed. The web page is here: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha- js/SmiWorks1 As noted in part in Barbour’s introductions, other people and institutions were making moves into New England during this period. These included West Country and other fishing interests; colonial projects of a starkly aristocratic temper (the model Sir Ferdinando Gorges’s Council for New England, organized in 1619 and chartered in 1620); and religious separatists – small congregations that had broken all ties with the Church of England. Smith comments on the latter – America’s “Pilgrims” – in the 1622 book, commending them for their fortitude through the two winters they had survived (with huge mortality) since arriving at Plymouth, Massachusetts, while clucking over their foolishness in preferring his book to his actual services, which had been under negotiation prior to their departure. He is also able to reflect on the 1622 Powhatan Indian uprising in Virginia, which had taken the lives of a third of the settlers, and revealed the illusions under which the colony had been operating. Here are Barbour’s introductions to the New England writings. Letter to Sir Francis Bacon 1618 INTRODUCTION Background Prince Henry, heir to the thrones of England and Scotland, received a tenth-birthday gift in 1604 from the lord high admiral in the form of a small, but seaworthy, vessel. Two years later the boy's uncle, King Christian IV of Denmark, gave him the best fighting ship in the Danish royal navy, in token of the prince's nautical bent. Toward the close of that same year Prince Henry's gunner sailed for Virginia with Smith and the other original planters. The sea had already turned Henry's mind in the direction of British expansion overseas. When Henry died at an early age, and his brother Charles seemed not to have like interests, "suitors" for royal favor such as John Smith turned instead to wealthy noblemen, knights, and merchants for practical help, while continuing to pay token homage to Prince Charles. Thus, after soliciting the latter's grace in the matter of "English names for Indian" in the Description of New England, Smith dedicated a personal copy to the lord chancellor, Thomas Egerton, Baron Ellesmere (since 1603), who was created Viscount Brackley on November 7, 1616, some five months after the Descrip- tion of New England was run off. Regrettably for Smith, the viscount, aged seventy-seven, died in March 1617. Sir Francis Bacon immediately took up Egerton's duties. Sir Francis had been attorney general, then privy councillor, but he first received the great seal of the lord chancellor with the lesser title of lord keeper (his father had held the same post under Queen Elizabeth). Then, early in 1618, Bacon was raised to the chancellorship, and on July 12 to the peerage as Baron Verulam. Smith resolved to take a bolder step than he had with Egerton. Bacon, a scholar who had written about plantations, now a politician in a position to promote them, was certainly a most promising backer. Smith rapidly set to work to make at least a booklet out of some notes and something he had read. Obviously, Smith was not the only Englishman to think of approaching the new peer. William Strachey, the ex-secretary of the Jamestown colony,1 still hoped in 1618 for employment in Virginia. He, too, turned to Bacon. But neither he nor Smith knew that the great man was plagued by creditors, as well as suitors, and was tarnishing the splendor of his high office by accepting emoluments of a nature not unlike bribes. It is small wonder, then, that Bacon paid no heed to Smith or to Strachey. Smith's plea-proposal to Bacon holds a watershed position in his career as a writer. From the descriptive, narrative, and explanatory (or justificatory) modes of the True Relation, the Map of Virginia, and the Proceedings (so far as he was involved in this work), Smith seems to have moved in the Description of New England3 to the role of publicist. Although he made a final (and unsuccessful) try at active seafaring life late in 1616, by 1618 he appears to have become at least halfway content with propagandizing for, and pleading the cause of, colonization. This theory is admittedly at odds with the considered opinions of some modern critics who tend to regard the three New England writings as three versions of a single tract.4 The editor believes rather that the Description of New England should be regarded as a turning point, with the "Letter to Bacon" as the preface to a new presentation of the question of plantations (i.e., the settlement of Englishmen) in New England. Seen in this light, the two versions of New Englands Trials are an extended exposition of his proposal to Bacon. It may even be that Smith was already considering rounding out this work with the "history of the Sea," to which he referred years later in his Advertisements.5 If so, the Generall Historie came as an interlude, unexpected, yet welcome and surely encouraging; but his thoughts immediately turned again to the sea. He produced the Accidence and the Sea Grammar, then, under persuasion, the True Travels -- vainglorious memoirs of all-but-forgotten soldiering a quarter century before, eked out with scraps of recent information from the colonies. This book was still in press when Smith's fiftieth birthday came (possibly with the impact of a modern man's eightieth), and suddenly Smith produced his final warning and encouragement to colonial adventurers and entrepreneurs -- the Advertisements. Significantly, its stress is on New England, not Virginia. This long digression has seemed to the editor worth inserting, for without some theory or conjectural commentary the "Letter to Bacon" and the twice-printed New Englands Trials seem to form mere collections of fragments tossed off after the 1616 work, while Smith was Micawberishly "waiting for something to turn up." […] Summary The "Letter to Bacon" and the two editions of New Englands Trials have the same basic content and the same general arrangement, though expanded in each new version. The "Letter to Bacon" opens with a brief explanation of the geographical location of New England, followed by a few words on what Smith has seen and done there. Next, without further ado, comes a compendium of statistical information on fishing and the profits to be made thereby, with seven paragraphs of supporting proofs. The information is presented in a straightforward way and is obviously based on facts or the published testimony of another author. The rest of the "Letter to Bacon" is taken up with side-advantages, particularly the traffic in furs, coupled with an apology of sorts for presenting so unglamorous a proposal to so noble a peer. In short, the "Letter to Bacon" is but a sketch that did not take final form until the second edition of New Englands Trials in 1622. New England’s Trials 1620 INTRODUCTION As has been explained in the Introduction to Smith's "Letter to Bacon," the earliest possible date for that appeal would be after July 12, 1618, when Bacon was raised to the peerage. The latest likely date for the first edition of New Englands Trials is December 11, 1620, when it was entered for publication in the Stationers' Register.
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