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Uso De Lombrices De Tierra En La Remediación De Suelos Contaminados Por Hidrocarburos

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Uso De Lombrices De Tierra En La Remediación De Suelos Contaminados Por Hidrocarburos UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA INSTITUTO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA APLICADA USO DE LOMBRICES DE TIERRA EN LA REMEDIACIÓN DE SUELOS CONTAMINADOS POR HIDROCARBUROS TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN ECOLOGÍA Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA PRESENTA BENITO HERNÁNDEZ CASTELLANOS DIRECTOR DR. ÁNGEL ISAURO ORTIZ CEBALLOS CODIRECTOR DRA. SILVIA MARIBEL CONTRERAS RAMOS XALAPA, VERACRUZ MAYO 2013 Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada Dirección General de Investigaciones Universidad Veracruzana Programa de Posgrado ECOBIOT-14RETD RESULTADO DE LA EVALUACIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO DE TESIS DOCTORAL C. BENITO HERNÁNDEZ CASTELLANOS Estudiante del Posgrado INBIOTECA, Doctorado en Ciencias en Ecología y Biotecnología, con salida laterla de maestría PRESENTE Por este conducto se hace de su conocimiento que el JURADO doctoral ha evaluado su Tesis doctoral intitulada “Uso de lombrices de tierra en la remediación de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos” y ha emitido el veredicto de aprobado ya que si reúne los elementos suficientes de fondo y forma. Se autoriza continuar con los trámites administrativos para la obtención del grado en la Coordinación del Posgrado INBIOTECA. Xalapa de Enríquez a 14 de Mayo de 2013 “Lis de Veracruz: Arte, Ciencia, Luz” Presidente: Dr. Sergio Martínez Hernández _______________________ Secretario: Dr. Ángel Isauro Ortiz Ceballos _______________________ Vocal 1: Dra. Silvia Maribel Contreras Ramos _______________________ Vocal 2: Dr. Juan Carlos Noa Carrazana _______________________ Vocal externo: Dra. Dinora Vázquez Luna _______________________ Suplente: Dr. José Antonio García Pérez _______________________ C.c.p. Expediente correspondiente Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Campus para la Cultura, las Artes y el Deporte, Zona Universitaria. Av. Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101. Col. Emiliano Zapata. Xalapa de Enríquez, Ver., Ap. Pos. 250. Tel. 01-228-8422773, 01-228-8421700 ext 10856 correo-e: [email protected]. 3 INSTITUTO DE BIOTECNOLOGIA Y ECOLOGIA APLICADA UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA ECOBIOT-18DAR DECLARATORIA DE AUTORIA Quien suscribe Benito Hernández Castellanos (Número de matrícula S09015738) estudiante del Doctorado en Ciencias en Ecología y Biotecnología con salida lateral de Maestría, hace constar que es autor del Trabajo para la obtención del Grado de (Maestría o Doctorado) intitulado: “Uso de Lombrices de tierra en la remediación de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos” (Núm. de registro 007), el cual constituye la elaboración personal realizada únicamente con la dirección del Comité Tutoral siguiente: Dr. Ángel Isauro Ortiz Ceballos Dra. Silvia Maribel Contreras Ramos Dr. Sergio Martínez Hernández Dr. Juan Carlos Noa Carrazana Dr. Joel Zavala Cruz En tal sentido, manifiesto la originalidad de los conceptos, base de datos registrados (Bitácora), interpretación de los datos, conclusiones y recomendaciones. Por último, dejo establecido que los aportes intelectuales de otros autores se han referido debidamente en el texto y en la sección de literatura citada de dicho trabajo. ___________________________ Benito Hernández Castellanos Xalapa de Enríquez, Veracruz, 31 de Mayo de 2013. 4 “En la utopía de ayer se incubó la realidad de hoy, así como en la utopía de mañana palpitarán nuevas realidades” José Ingenieros 5 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Ángel Isauro Ortiz Ceballos por aceptar ser el director de este trabajo de investigación, por su apoyo para la realización del mismo, así como por sus regaños y sabios consejos. A la Dra. Silvia Maribel Contreras Ramos Codirectora de este estudio, por enseñarme que el trabajo y la dedicación son la llave para conseguir las metas, por compartirme sus conocimientos y por brindarme su amistad. A los miembros del comité tutorial: Dr. Ángel I. Ortiz Ceballos, Dra. Silvia Maribel Contreras Ramos, Dr. Joel Zavala Cruz, Dr. Sergio Martínez Hernández, Dr. Juan Carlos Noa Carrazana, por sus consejos y comentarios a lo largo de este estudio y por ofrecerme su amistad. A los miembros del jurado externo: Dr. José Antonio García Pérez y Dra. Dinora Vázquez Luna, por su valiosa revisión al documento de tesis. Al Dr. Joel Zavala Cruz del Colegio de Postgraduados, por apoyarme en el muestreo de campo y la realización de los análisis físicos y químicos del suelo. Al Dr. Luc Dendooven del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav) por permitir la realización del segundo trabajo de investigación en su laboratorio, por el apoyo para realización de los análisis cromatográficos de las muestras de suelo, por compartirme sus conocimientos y por su amistad. Al Dr. Carlos Fragoso del Instituto de Ecología (INECOL) por la identificación de las especies de lombrices. A Delfina Pérez y Armando González por permitir el acceso a su propiedad para la realización del muestreo de campo. A los profesores del INBIOTECA que me compartieron sus conocimientos durante sus cursos: Dr. Lázaro R. Sánchez, Dra. María del Rosario Pineda, Dr. Alejandro Castro, Dra. Lourdes Iglesias, Dr. Jorge Galindo, Dra. Norma Flores, Dr. Francisco Díaz, Dra. Diana Pérez, Dr. Dinesh Rao. Así como al personal técnico que apoyaron de alguna manera para la realización de este estudio de investigación: Patricia Gerez, Clara Córdova, Rogelio Lara. A mis compañeritos del doctorado y grandes amigos del alma: Chava, Dulcecita Galván, Angelita, Dulcecita Murrieta, Marquito, Suria, Sué, Jorgito que comparten el gusto por el alcohol y la ciencia; y a todos los demás amigos que me apoyaron y estuvieron presentes en la realización de esta tesis. 6 DEDICO ESTA TESIS A mi madré María Por ser mi inspiración y por guiar mis pasos a cada instante. A mi hermano Héctor Por los momentos inolvidables que hemos compartido, por su apoyo incondicional y su enorme cariño. A Lulucita Por ser una personita especial en mi vida y por su cariño. 7 INSTITUTO DE BIOTECNOLOGIA Y ECOLOGIA APLICADA UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA ECOBIOT-17A AGRADECIMIENTOS Y CREDITOS INSTITUCIONALES El presente trabajo se realizó bajo la dirección del Dr. Ángel Ortiz Ceballos dentro de la Línea de Generación y Aplicación del Conocimiento: Ecología y Manejo de la Biodiversidad Forestal y Agrícola, pertenecientes al Cuerpo Académico: Clave “CA- UVER-173” Nombre “Ecología y Manejo de la Biodiversidad Forestal” registrados en el Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada de la Universidad Veracruzana en Xalapa, Veracruz. El trabajo doctoral se desarrolló dentro de los proyectos: Supervivencia de lombrices de tierra en suelos contaminados con petróleo y Cuidado parental en dos especies tropicales de lombrices de tierra, Aprobados por el fondo SNI-CONACyT (104289) y SEP-CONACyT (10,003-8335) mismos a los que se les agradece su apoyo. Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por su apoyo al estudiante con una beca académica bajo con No de becario 229668. Se agradece al Dr. Luc Dendooven del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de IPN (Cinvestav) por su colaboración y por permitir la realización del segundo trabajo de investigación en su laboratorio y al Dr. Carlos Fragoso del Instituto de Ecología (INECOL) por la identificación de las especies de lombrices. Se agradece al programa de posgrado Doctorado en Ciencias en Ecología y Biotecnología, con Salida Lateral de Maestría, siendo el Coordinador el Dr. Francisco Díaz Fleischer y al Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada siendo director el Dr. Juan Carlos Noa Carrazana. Xalapa de Enríquez, Veracruz, 31 de Mayo de 2013. 8 CONTENIDO DECLARATORIA DE AUTORIA ........................................................................................ 3 DEDICO ESTA TESIS ........................................................................................................... 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Y CREDITOS INSTITUCIONALES ............................................. 7 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................ 10 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .......................................................................................................... 11 ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................ 13 RESUMEN GENERAL ........................................................................................................ 15 CAPITULO I ........................................................................................................................ 17 Introducción .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Concepto e importancia del suelo ................................................................................... 18 1.2 Contaminación del suelo ................................................................................................. 20 1.3 Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos ........................................................................... 22 1.4 Metodologías para la remediación de suelos contaminados ........................................... 26 1.5 La biorremediación ......................................................................................................... 28 1.6 Importancia de las lombrices de tierra como conductores de procesos en el suelo ........ 29 1.7 La asociación mutualista entre lombrices de tierra y microorganismos del suelo potencia su capacidad digestiva ............................................................................................ 33 1.8 Estudios ecotoxicológicos y de remediación
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