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Gürol Baba Australia, Turkey, and the US, C.1975-2018: Testing

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Research School of Humanities and the Arts HISTORY MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Gürol Baba Australia, Turkey, and the US, c.1975-2018: Testing the "Wobbly Cross" A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF THE MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY May 2019 © Copyright by Gürol Baba 2019 All Rights Reserved Declaration of Originality I, 16.May.2019 hereby declare that the thesis here presented is the outcome of the research project undertaken during my candidacy, that I am the sole author unless otherwise indicated, and that I have fully documented the source of ideas, references, quotations and paraphrases attributable to other authors. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While I must take responsibility for this project, many people, both intellectually and emotionally, have contributed to the production of this thesis. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them. While I can only name a few here, I hope they all recognize my appreciation of them. I consider myself a very privileged student to have had the chance to work with my friend, my supervisor, and provider of relentless wisdom Professor Bill Gammage. Since I’ve started my PhD at the ANU in 2006, he has always been a father figure to me. His deep insights helped me at all stages of my research. I also remain indebted for his and Jan Gammage’s understanding and support during the times when I was really depressed due to personal family problems. I am also grateful to Helen Usher for her support during those difficult times. My sincere gratitude is reserved for Professor David Horner for his invaluable insights and suggestions. I really appreciate his willingness to meet me at short notice every time and going through drafts of my thesis in a very short amount of time. His archival records at the Australian War Memorial, and his books and articles provided vital information for the Australian component of this project. I also appreciate the advice and assistance of Professor Paul Pickering, who was extremely supportive and encouraging. He has always been an inspiration. Very special thanks to the ANU Research School of Humanities for giving me the opportunity to carry out this project. I also would like to thank Social Sciences University of Ankara administrators for letting me take leave with pay and my colleagues who took my administrative duties. I thank the archivists in the National Archives of Australia and the Australian War Memorial for helping me to get clearance for “not examined” folders and providing these records in my very limited archival research phase. iii At the ANU and in the Research School of Humanities, I am grateful to friends and colleagues, past and present, for their support and collegiality. My family in Turkey and many friends in both Australia and Turkey have been understanding and supportive in my preoccupation with this work. iv ABSTRACT This MPhil compares Turkish and Australian foreign policy relations with the United States (US) between c.1975 and 2018. This comparison will investigate whether these bilateral relations resemble the “wavy cross” explored in my doctoral thesis. From the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s Turkish-American relations followed a fluctuating downward curve, while Australian-American relations followed a fluctuating upward curve. Turkey moved away from the US, Australia moved closer, a pattern like a “wavy cross”. This thesis begins where my PhD concludes, c.1975. The thesis will test whether the divergence between global priorities of a great power and the local/national priorities of two middle powers, together with the imbalance in their bilateral relations, continued to affect the stability of the arms and the tendency of the “wavy cross”. Although the metaphor in my PhD is the “wavy cross”, wobbly seems more appropriate in illustrating the fluctuations of the arms. Each chapter examines reasons inducing the wobbles and sustaining the tendency of the Turkish and the Australian arms, to test the validity of the “wobbly cross”. The rationale behind comparing Turkey and Australia is threefold. First, both Turkey and Australia are well known examples of middle powers, but little research has been conducted on their comparison. Second, my ultimate aim is to combine the PhD and the MPhil theses and make them a book. Third, for International Relations and Political History literature middle powers’ foreign policy actions is still an unclear area. Hopefully, this work could cast light on commonalities and differences of two significant middle powers’ foreign policies. This is a Political History rather than an International Relations project, since it aims to compare foreign policies, primary records on policy makers’ statements, and actions which are a reliable basis for analysis. As I experienced during my PhD research, International Relations theories and patterns do not explain middle powers’ actions for such a big span of history. v CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... V ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION: TESTING THE “WOBBLY CROSS” ............................................................................................ 1 PART 1: ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 TURKEY-US & AUSTRALIA-US IN THE 1970S: INCURABLE AND CURABLE WOBBLES .......................................... 6 PART 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 RELATIONS IN THE 1980S .............................................................................................................................. 20 A. TURKEY: DIALOGUE OF THE DEAF ............................................................................................................. 20 B. AUSTRALIA: ALLIANCE OVERSHADOWS SELF-RELIANCE ............................................................................. 34 PART 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 50 RELATIONS DURING THE GULF WAR (1990-1991) .......................................................................................... 50 A. TURKEY: MISMATCHING PRIORITIES ......................................................................................................... 50 B. AUSTRALIA: TOO EAGER TO CLING ............................................................................................................ 66 PART 4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 84 RELATIONS DURING PREPARATIONS FOR THE IRAQ WAR (2001-2003) .......................................................... 84 A. TURKEY: ALL DOWN THE DRAIN ................................................................................................................ 84 B. AUSTRALIA: ALL THE WAY ONE MORE TIME ............................................................................................ 102 PART 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 120 RELATIONS DURING THE SYRIAN CRISIS (2011-2018) ................................................................................... 120 A. TURKEY: AN INEXORABLE TREND ............................................................................................................ 120 B. AUSTRALIA: PAYING A PREMIUM ............................................................................................................ 150 CONCLUSION: TESTING THE “WOBBLY CROSS” ............................................................................................ 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 182 vi ABBREVIATIONS AFAD: Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Authority AUSMIN: Australia-US ministerial meeting AWM: Australian War Memorial Records CENTCOM: US Central Command CIA: US Central Intelligence Agency DECA: Turkish-American Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement () EC: European Community FSA: Free Syrian Army ISAF: International Security Assistance Force ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria JCFAD: Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence KDP: Kurdistan Democratic Party () MFA: Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs MND: Turkish Ministry of National Defence NAA: National Archives of Australia NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCSROF: Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces OFAC: US Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control PKK: Kurdistan Workers’ Party PM: Prime Minister PYD/YPG: Democratic Union Party vii RAAF: Royal Australian Air Force RAN: Royal Australian Navy RDF: US Rapid Deployment Force RPP: Republican People’s Party SACEUR:
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