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I I I I I June, .J 1969 I .. • - . - - . ·-- --· -- - ----- ··-·-·--·-·····--··-· ----·---· · ··-·· ·-·--·-- ···-- . ------ ---------- -- ---- ----··- - ---- - [ - ! San Fernando Valle,y State College i jI I EFFECTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES UPON SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA jI I \i I I A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in i Climatology I by I �dchael Ford Harris Ii I I I I June, .j 1969 I I I I I Ii - - · - ________ ···-- ----·- ------ -- ------·--·- .. ----.. -·.... ....... .. .. - - · . [ ___ _____ -·------------ -· - . - . _ ... - -- . .. ,_ . ....... .... ..... ... .. I . .. ... .. .. · · The thesis of �cha.el Fqrd Harri� is approved: Co:rmidtt.ee Chairm.a.n San Fernando Valley State College June 1969 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE List of Tables •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v List of Figures .................. ......... ...... ... ..... ... vi Acknowledgments . ... ..... .... ....... ... .................. vii Abstract .................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . ...... ........ ............... .... ... .... 1 1.1 Tropical Qyclone Importance 2 1. 2 Definitions . ... ................. ............... 6 PART I: BACKGROUND II . LITE!l.A.TURE REVIEVJ' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 2.1 Growing Recognition ............ ... ..... ..... 9 2.2 nsonoran Storm.s •••.••••••••••••••.••••••.••••.•• 13 ! III. CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPJ:,CAL CYCWNES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 I J.l Tropical G,yclone Frequenc,y •••••••••••••••••••••• 16 3.2 Tropical G,yclone Origin Areas . .................. 19 3·l Tropical G,yclone Movement ••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 3.4 Tropical G,yclone Intensity •••••••••••••••••••••• 27 TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY PRIOR TO 1961 . ..... ... .... 30 IV. 4.1 Tropical G,yclone Activity in Southern California .••••••••.•••••••.••••.•••... 30 Tropical Qyclone Activity in Baja California and the l1exican Mainland .... ......... 33 iii CHAP.rER II: PRECIPITATION P.ll.RT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES . ... ... ..... .... ..... ...... v. 5.1 Need for Subjective � sis 36 y 5.2 Precipitation Station Network .... ... ..... .... 37 5.3 Precipitation Identification . .. ...... ... .... ... 42 5.4 Supplemental Techniques . .... ....... ....... ... 44 5.5 Statistical Methods ... .. ...... ....... ........ ... 46 DISCUSSION •••••..••.•••.•.••.••••••.•••..•.••••••••••• 51 VI. 6.1 The Seven Storms .. ... ...... ... .... .......... 51 . 6.2 Areal Distribution ... .... .... ... ....... 54 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS ........ ...... ...... .. .... VII. AND BIBLIOORAPHY ... .. .... ..... .... ....... ..... ........ ........ 65 APPENDIX A ..... ..... ......... ..... ........... .... .... ..... 73 APPEl'l'DIX B • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 II IlI II �•-••·•- --v---·••---·------·----•••----•·••-• L .. ••••••-·-··•-·•-·•�·�-·••-·-·-·-·------·---·--.-·-- ••-·----•••-•·-----·--·---••••- iv LIST OF T.ABLES T.ABLE PAGE Beaufort Wind Scale . ....... .................... ... 8 2. Monthly and Annual Tropical Qyc1one Frequencies as Presented by Various Authors ••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 3. Hurricanes and Tropical C,yc1ones, 1961-1968 ••••••••••• 19 4. Hurricane Frequency ................................... 28 5. Precipitation Stations Per Elevation Intervals • • • • • • • • 38 6. Precipitation Stations Used in T'nis Study • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 7. Tropical C,yc1one Precipitation, Annual Precipitation, and Tropical C,yclone Precipitation as a Percentage of the Annual Precipitation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 8. Total Annual Precipitation, Total Tropical C,yc1one Precipitation, and Tropical Qyclone Precipitation Percentages ••••••••.•••.•••••••.••••••.•••••.••••.•••. 49 9. at Six Desert Stations, 1961-1967 •••••••••••• 61 Rainfall v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity Region. • . • .. .. .. 3 2. Principal Shipping Routes Through the Ea stern North Pac:i.fic.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 3. P�rcentage of Tropical CIJclone Origins Per · 5 Squai:'es. • . • • • . • . • • • • • . • . • • . • . • • . • • • • • .. 21 4. Mean Summer Sea Surface Temperatures................... 22 5. Percentage of Tropical Cyclone Occurrence Per Squares, 1961-1968.............................. 23 5° 6. Hean uly �ftugust Positions of the Eastern J and North Pacific Wind Shear Line.......................... 25 7. Storm Duration in Days, 1961-1968...................... 27 8. Hurricane Wind Speeds, 1961-1968............... 29 �aximum 9. Precipitation Station Network Used in this Stuqy....... 41 10. Potential Zone and Potentially Effective Storms.• • • • • • • 43 Total Precipitation .Associated with the Seven 11. Tropical C,yclones from 1961 to 1967.................... 56 12. Mean of .Annual Percentages, Seven Years, (Ya).......... 57 13. Mean of .Annual Percentages, Six Years, (Yb) • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 14. Percentages of Total Precipitation (Seven Years) Associated with Tropical G,yclones, (Yc)................ 59 15. Percentages oi' Total Precipitation (Six Years) Associated with Tropical C,yclones, (Y )................ d 60 .. .. .. ------- ----- ------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- --- --- --- -------- ------- ---------- - - L____________ --�------------_ ______ _____ vi ... ·�- -�-----· ------ . ---- - ���--·--- --� ----- -- -------- - - --- ------- -- -- - -- -- -- - --- - - --- - - - - -- �-----·- - -- - - -- - --- Ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is an outgrmrth of a paper prepared during a course hydrometeorology at San Fernando Valley State College. The extent in of the paper and its findings indicated that further study of the subject was necessary. In completiJ."'lg the present work, the author has come to better understand the problems 1dthin the fields of meteorology and climatology. the course of this study, assistance was offered by During many and grate.fully accepted. My sincere appreciation is extended to my thesis committee, • .Arnold Court, David A. Henderson, and Dr Dr. Dr. Peter F. Mason. I express deepest thanks to Court for his my Dr. untold hours of encouragement and unending patience. Acknov;rledgment is given to Robert DeViolini, Duane Lea, and Jay Mr. lf.i!'. Mr. Rosenthal of the A·�ospheric Science Section at Point Mugu Vdssile Center for their satellite photographs and advice; and to George l1r. Kalstrom and his associates at the Los Angeles Weather Bureau Office for unlimited use of their files. Personal thanks is addressed to my typists, Shelly Lorraine, and also to James A. Roberts for and Dr. his moral support. To "Little One", without whose love, patience, and occasional rey kicks to derriere this work would never have begun, I lovingly my I'II dedicate this thesis. ______________________________________ ------- ------·-·----------· ----------- --- -----·-·- ----- --- lL ----·- ·--··· ---· --·· ····-·- -- - ·-·- --·-··---·-·- vii .ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES UPON SOUTHERN CALIFOR�ITA by Michael Ford Harris Master of .Arts in Climatology_ June, 1969 The effects of tropical cyclone rainfall upon the late summer and early autumn precipitation regimes in ;'Southern California have been investigated. Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones occur on an average of 11 per year, with about one pe r year producil"'.g noticeable effects in Southern California. Effects, other than increased out-of-season p�ecipitation, are evidenced by damages in excess of $25 million to both agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Rainfall associated with these storms accounted for sir;nificant percentages of the annual precipitation at most of the Southern California stations exai'llined. At many stations 10 percent to 15 percent of the annual total precipitation was attributed to this activity, while amounts in excess of percent were noted 20 at, several desert stations in southeastern California. Tropical cyclone precipitation also accounted for 40 percent to 70 percent of the 1 seasonal--June through October--precipitation at these same l stations. I I l.-·---·· ·--------·-- -· --- - - - viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Hurricanes and their lesser counterparts, tropical storms, form :a considerable portion of the atmospheric system. Landsberg (1960) i i 1strongly felt that hurricanes played a major role in the general circulation by dissipating large amounts of energy in condensing water vapor. Not only do the tropical cyclones produce precipitation �dthin . their area of existence, but they also transport moisture from the 1 ' low latitudes to the high latitudes. and Miller stated Dunn (1964) ,that, without the hurricane, precipitation over the Great Plains !would be greatly reduced, while Rosendal (1962) stressed the fact 1 i that the benefit of attendant rains frequently outiveighs the destructive forces of the stonns. The precipitation attendir� tropical cyclones has seldom been studied as a factor in the climatology of an area. Only Cry (1967) has dealt with this problem, for the East Coast of the United States. The thesis here presented offers an analysis of the effect. of eastern North Pacific hurricanes and tropical storms upon the Southern California area. The effects of these tropical cyclones will be shown in detailed accounts of individual storms. Their significance will be measured by the percentage of total annual precipitation that is associated with tropical cyclones. 1 2 1.1 Tropical 9yclone nnportance 1), The eastern North Pacific ( Figure although mentioned in
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