Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No 1 August 2011

There and back again

Eve Delunas reviews Susan Nash Meredith Fuller profiles Peter Malone

Ian Ball at ICAP Nicole Gruel at AusAPT’s national conference

Philip Kerr reports from the European Type Conference Peter Malone reviews the Australian film The Waiting City Peter Geyer reports on Ty p e in Cultural History and Consilience, reviews Angelina Bennet’s Shadows of Type, and freewheels on social incongruities in modern times Australian Psychological Type Review

Published by the Australian Association for ISSN 1442-0716 Psychological Type Inc, www.ausapt.org.au Nicole Gruel | AusAPT’s National Conference Edited and designed by Philip L Kerr (INTP) Scenes from our 2010 conference in Sydney ...... Volume 13 25 Printed by Webbs Printing, QLD Number 1

[email protected] August 2011

About us Read about it The Australian Psychological Type Review is the Philip L Kerr | Walk to the Paradise Gardens national periodical of the Australian Association for Psychological Type Inc. We publish articles on Editorial ...... 2 psychological type and related topics.

The Review is published twice a year for distribution Peter Geyer | Getting there to AusAPT members, international type associations Book review: Angelina Bennett, The Shadows of Type ...... 21 and selected libraries.

Contact us at [email protected], or at Eve Delunas | An extraordinary guidebook 54 Koorong St, The Gap QLD 4061, Australia. Book review: Susan Nash, Let’s Split The Difference ...... 43

Contributions In my life If you’d like to contribute, contact the Editor, Phil Meredith Fuller | A man called Peter Kerr, at [email protected], or after hours on 07 3300 3164. Psychwords: In conversation with Peter Malone ...... 29

We prefer articles in plain English, active voice and first person. We use Australian language and Peter Geyer | Pumping up the volume style, based on the Macquarie Dictionary and the Freewheelin’: Social incongruities in modern times ...... 37 Australian Government Style Manual.

Word lengths are negotiable. We reserve the right Peter Malone | The waiting game to edit contributions for mechanical accuracy and Film review: The Waiting City, directed by Claire McCarthy ...... 41 clarity. In–text citations are not required, but please include a list of your references.

Australian Association for Come together Psychological Type Inc Ian Ball | Type in a cast of thousands International Conference of Applied Psychology, Melbourne ...... 3

Peter Geyer | Tar–heeled Seeking consilience in North Carolina ...... 7

Philip L Kerr | Ich bin ein Berliner European Type Conference, Berlin ...... 15

Opinions expressed by Review contributors are not necessarily those of AusAPT Inc or the Editor. Cover: AusAPT national conference, Sydney (photos by Meredith Fuller): ‘Myers-Briggs Type Indicator’ and ‘MBTI’ are registered Susan Nash; Peter Malone; Ian Ball; Nicole Gruel and Jill Chivers. trademarks of the Myers-Briggs Foundation, USA.

Walk to the Paradise Gardens

The flash of recognition was instant and Their dislocation to Hydra’s alien culture Philip L Kerr intuitive. The ‘pitted slopes’, ‘soaring up created marital discord for the Johnstons, from the jewelled crescent of the port’, exacerbated by George’s TB. ‘As he fined told me that the Aegean island stretched down alarmingly in weight’, Clift recalled, out below the plane was Hydra, precisely ‘he also fined down in character, persona, as Charmian Clift described it in her diary or whatever you call it’. Clift felt she was This walk he had to make for of expatriate life, Peel Me A Lotus. ‘married to someone else entirely’. Miranda’s wedding, after all, I was heading to Berlin for the European ‘Someone else entirely’ can erupt in times Type Conference, one of a trilogy of type of stress. Peter Geyer reviews Angelina could not be considered too events featured in this issue of the Review. Bennet’s book The Shadows of Type. Peter taxing — hardly more than a Nicole Gruel offers a retrospective on also reports on a type research and theory hundred yards up the street AusAPT’s national conference in Sydney, forum in North Carolina, and freewheels and Ian Ball reports on a symposium at on the theme of social incongruities. the International Conference of Applied George Johnston, My Brother Jack was published to critical Psychology in Melbourne. A Cartload of Clay acclaim in 1964, prompting the Johnstons Susan Nash was prominent in Berlin and to return to Sydney. By 1969, George’s in Sydney. Eve Delunas reviews Susan’s health had so deteriorated that walking Let’s Split The Difference, a book compiled to the end of his street for his daughter’s from her columns in this very publication. wedding became an ordeal. The second book in his ‘Meredith trilogy’, Clean Straw Charmian Clift and George Johnston fled For Nothing, came out later that year. to Hydra in 1955 to write. Clift finished Clift never read it: fearing humiliation from her semiautobiographical novel Walk To the fictionalised account of their troubled The Paradise Gardens there, and sat at her marriage, she took her own life. Johnston husband’s feet as he wrote his own semi- outlived her by a year. In the last book in autobiography, My Brother Jack. Stricken his trilogy, A Cartload of Clay, he searched with tuberculosis, Johnston’s mind drifted for meaning in the threads of his life: back to his early childhood: ‘I set myself the task of trying to remember a street in Melbourne I used to walk along’. ... he had to try very hard now to work things out. To try to plot the arabesque that linked The tale of his alter ego, David Meredith, everything together. unfolds in the streets around Elsternwick. Glen Eira Road scores a mention. That’s On the 40th anniversary of Johnston’s where you’ll find the Epicentre, a hub for death, I flew off to an island for my own Melbourne’s type community and a home daughter’s wedding—my daughter Jac. I, for Meredith Fuller. Meredith launches too, walked a hundred yards: not down a a new series, PsychWords, with a profile street, but through a paradise garden to a of type veteran Peter Malone. beach by a lagoon. My introverted thinking Peter Malone himself reviews the film is typically caught up in trying to ‘plot the Philip L Kerr (INTP) is the editor of arabesque that links everything together’. the Australian Psychological Type The Waiting City, an examination of the challenges faced by an Australian couple That day, however, I was for once wholly Review. in the moment.  [email protected] dislocated into an alien culture.

2 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Type in a cast of thousands

Report of a symposium presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

A total of 3381 participants attended the Ian Ball: International Congress of Applied Why is psychological type Psychology in Melbourne in July 2010. worth another look? About half were international delegates from 67 different countries. In recent years there have been serious ICAP 2010 presented an impressive sci- efforts to strengthen the measuring pro- entific program, including 27 state-of-the- cess, resulting in increased reliability and art lectures, 39 keynote addresses and 243 construct validity. Reliability generalisat- symposia. There were also 38 workshops, ion has been convincingly demonstrated, 22 expert panel discussions, 15 debates and with strong internal consistency and test– forums, 595 individual oral presentations, retest reliability estimates. 550 electronic posters and 690 brief oral Recent forms of both main instruments— presentations, so there was plenty of choice the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for delegates, with up to 32 events occurring and Majors Psychological Type Inventory simultaneously. (PTI)—now feature item response theory Ian L Ball The six-day event was held at the new, yielding four factors as distinct and well- impressive, technologically-advanced defined constructs. Melbourne Convention Centre, right by Additionally, advances in type theory such the Yarra River in an area called South as the identification of Interaction Styles, Wharf, reflecting its maritime history. linking of type with archetypes, and the The sailing ship Polly Woodside floats Psychological type— exploration of five facets for each of the proudly outside the Centre. it’s worth another look! four preferences, add significantly to face AusAPT life member Ian Ball convened validity for end users, as well as increased a 90-minute type symposium, bringing opportunities to recognise differences in together four speakers and a discussant to the expression of type. showcase developments in type. This was Research has indicated that although type a brave initiative, given that type struggles Ian Ball (ISTJ) is an honorary fellow at and trait explanations share some common to get adequate recognition in mainstream Deakin University where he manages variance, they are best regarded as differ- psychology. However, the quality feedback the Psychological Type Research ent conceptions of individual functioning, from attendees more than justified the Unit. This involvement has produced serving different purposes. There is now efforts put in by the team from Australia a number of published reports on wide evidence that type concepts are uni- and New Zealand. type theory and practice, as well as versal across cultures and between national conference presentations. The title Psychological type—it’s worth groups—with the caveat that the expression Ian is a fellow of the Australian Psy- another look!: Evidence from different of type may differ due to cultural influences. settings was chosen to reflect the concern chological Society and an honorary Psychological type instruments are prob- for evidence-based practice in psychology. life member of the Australian Assoc- ably best construed as useful tools for per- It was also designed as an invitation for iation for Psychological Type. His sonal and organisational development, and participants to have another look at type research interests are emotional this is reflected in training opportunities in theory and practice, to bring some bal- intelligence, type theory and practice, where more regard is now being paid to the ance to the popular trait approach used in application of type concepts for a wider and multiple intelligences. the field of personality. range of clients. [email protected] Here is an outline of the symposium.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 3 Ian L Ball: Type in a cast of thousands

This symposium explored the application Senior managers provided public support of type concepts in four settings: business, for the need for participants to develop education, community and government self–knowledge, and this set the agenda organisations. The presenters reported on for the incorporation of type concepts. Sue research conducted in Australia and New was employed as the program learning Zealand. These studies indicated the use- adviser for the five cohorts. fulness of psychological type concepts The five highest-frequency types—ISTJ, across a range of settings. ESTJ, INTJ, ISTP, ENTJ—represented The learning objectives for the symposium 70% of participants. Senior managers were: showed more introversion preferences, compared to junior managers. 1. to demonstrate how psychological type concepts can lead to a greater depth of Case studies of two business units within understanding of individual differences the firm illustrated where type knowledge and concepts from the programs resulted 2. to facilitate the process by which par- in developments in the methodology of ticipants can increase their knowledge technical work and successful management of the applicability of type concepts in of change. Outcomes relating to the issues a variety of settings and purposes of stress management, team analysis and 3. to explore connections between ideas communication styles were of particular that have practical relevance for prac- interest. These demonstrated the positive titioners. effects of incorporating psychological type knowledge within the units. Sue White: Ten years later type was still being used Incorporating psychological type in the learning curriculum, confirming the acceptance of self–knowledge through a into leadership development in a type instrument and the use of that know- professional services environment ledge on the job in daily interactions with staff and clients. This study investigated the effect of the introduction of type through leadership development programs in an organisation Dr Chris Perry: that had previously provided only technical Interaction styles and multiple education as core curriculum. It had been intelligences: Are there relation- Sue White: assumed that the natural scepticism inher- ent in their daily work might lead the par- ships? Positive effects of ticipants and organisational leaders to be The intent of this study was to see what dismissive of opportunities to apply type type knowledge differentiation might exist between the knowledge to their jobs. four Interaction Styles detailed by Linda The samples for this study were five cohorts Berens and the seven ‘intelligences’ first (total n = 114) of managers nominated for specified by Howard Gardner. The use of in-house leadership programs in a major the term ‘talents’ or ‘skills’ by both Berens professional services firm from 1996-98. and Gardner suggested that there may be The MBTI was chosen by senior manage- some overlap of their concepts. ment as the tool for self-knowledge. The The sample for this study was the entire first of the seven modules focussed fully third year cohort of a teacher education on type theory and applications. degree course at a university in Melbourne Action learning was the focus of the mod- (n = 336). In their studies of individual ules, conducted over a 12– to 15–month differences these beginning teachers com- period for each cohort. This reflected the pleted the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator desire for the small groups to take on org- and the Multiple Intelligence Checklist anisational issues that they believed needed for Adults (MICA). The students agreed solutions, and to work proactively over the to donate their results anonymously to the course of the program. study.

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The four Interaction Styles—In-Charge, Dr John Bathurst: Behind-the-Scenes, Chart-the-Course and Organisational culture: Pressure Get-Things-Going—were identified from the MBTI results. The variations in MICA to conform or opportunity for scores within subjects were examined by personal growth? MANOVA, with the Interaction Styles as the between–subjects variable. John’s study examined the culture of the Salvation Army in New Zealand, and its Distinct patterns of the Interactions Styles effects on its officers. showed different relationships for four of the seven intelligences: Musical, Logical- The officers are expected to take part in Mathematical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, and MBTI workshops in order to understand Interpersonal. These significantly differ- themselves, their congregations and their ences add to the value of including both clients. In total, 971 officers took part over concepts in descriptions of individual 18 years, providing an extensive data set differences. The data confirm that Inter- for analysis. 43 officers took part in the action Styles and Multiple Intelligences workshops twice, allowing for test–retest are distinctive concepts. comparisons. Three took part three times, providing additional checks. For 59% of Evidence from this study indicated that the participants, both reported and best–fit those with particular Interaction Styles do preferences were available. in fact show systematic differences in the use of the range of multiple intelligences. The observed preferences of the Salvation This supported the idea that these two Army are E, S, F and J, representing an constructs, Interaction Styles and Multiple outgoing, rule-based, caring organisation. Intelligences, do not overlap, but manifest If the culture pressures officers to conform, different patterns of usage of intelligences it would be expected that best–fit prefer- across the interaction styles. ences, and preferences of those attending more than once, would drift towards the The indications are that for different types organisation’s preferences. However, if the of teachers favouring the use of particular culture is supportive of personal develop- interaction styles, there seem to be variat- ment, the best–fit and repeat preferences ions and differences in the patterns of use would drift towards the individual’s true of the intelligences. preferences.

Results from this study showed that the ‘average’ preferences for Salvation Army John Bathurst: females are I, S, F and J, while those for No pressure to have males are I, S and J, with T and F prefer- ences being evenly distributed. The best– particular preferences fit preferences showed agreement of 81% with reported preferences. The patterns of type changes recorded 60 changes towards the modal preferences and 75 away from them. These results con- firm that the organisation does not exert pressure for officers to have particular type preferences.

Closer examination of the test–retest data raised some interesting questions about the Chris Perry: reliability of preferences over time. Some Interaction Styles and Multiple officers had changes to three, or even all four, preferences over five or six years. Intelligences are distinct There was no evidence that the tendencies were towards the modal or organisational preferences.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 5 Ian L Ball: Type in a cast of thousands

These results showed that the Salvation Peter Geyer: Army culture was supporting the personal Discussion, questions, issues development of its officers, rather than requiring them to conform to any group In his closing remarks, Peter first recap- expectations. itulated the main points from the intro- duction and presentations from his point Philip L Kerr: of view, and reinforced the symposium theme that, as a distinctive and coherent Seeing is believing: Affirmation approach, psychological type warrants of psychological type differences greater attention. through observation in workshop Peter then answered questions from the activities audience. These included the issue of how practitioners might deal with questions C G Jung arrived at his theory of psych- about the relevance of psychological type ological types empirically, by observation in particular settings, and how prejudice of people over two decades. The aim of from some influential persons might be Phil’s study was to confirm that the type addressed. differences described by Jung are distinct, To assist in clarifying preferences, Peter demonstrable, and consistent with the de- discussed the particular advantages of fining features described by the developers MBTI Step II administration.  of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

A group of government agencies collab- The symposium presentations are accessible orate each year to recruit graduates. The at www.AusAPT.org.au/papers.php recruits undertake an induction program which includes an introductory MBTI workshop. For most, this is their first ex- posure to psychological type. Participants self-select their preferences on each of the MBTI dichotomies, guided by descriptions of each dichotomy, and by their MBTI scores. They then split up into type–alike subgroups for each dichotomy Phil Kerr: in succession to undertake role–plays de- signed to illustrate the differences on each Behaviour consistent dichotomy. For one annual cohort of recruits (n = 29), with type literature examination of the written outputs from the type-alike subgroups confirmed that their responses were consistent with the language and behaviours characteristic of the polar preferences on each dichotomy, as described in the Introduction to Type booklet. That analysis was supported by the distinctive group behaviours observed during the workshop activities.

This study offered empirical evidence that individuals who self–identify with one or Peter Geyer: the other of each of the dichotomous type preferences as described in Myers’s and Type as a distinctive Briggs’s adaptation of Jung’s theory do in and coherent approach fact demonstrate behaviour consistent with that described in the MBTI literature.

6 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Tar-heeled

Seeking consilience in North Carolina

Faith in the window, but not in the door … explaining what an archetype is considered to be in theory, or the reasons for the names Kip Hanrahan and allocation of these particular archetypes (2005). This may be an editorial decision, Some curiosities of course. At type conferences the emphasis is on ‘Personality type’, the umbrella term for practice, for everyone is a type practitioner. C G Jung’s psychological types, Keirseyan This is a curiosity, in that these events are temperament and related ideas, is a collect- overwhelmingly attended by people who ion of theories and associated research. prefer intuition, yet are wishing to learn A reason why this approach to understand- something practical, something to use. This ing human beings may not be as successful may not be as paradoxical as it seems. as one might expect, inside and outside It’s worth recalling that Isabel Myers’s certain environments, may be that more mantra was ‘the constructive use of differ- time is spent on praxis or practice than on ences’ (emphasis added)—demonstrating Peter Geyer engagement with theory, or even research. both her affinity with American culture and Theory informing practice, how practice that she didn’t see herself as a theorist. can be explained compared to other ideas, why a particular practice is there in the first Theoretical and place, or even its situation in the market- place of ideas outside practice. other challenges Research using psychological type is pre- Attention to measurement and outcome, dominantly research with psychological rather than to the theory or underlying An international instruments, notwithstanding that neither principles of type, has always been prob- meeting on type Jung’s typology nor Keirsey’s tempera- lematic. Anna Funder, in a recent article ments are measurement theories. Most in The Monthly (to which I contributed), research and theory people who have encountered type assoc- tells a story which, amongst other things, iate it with the MBTI, and many presume illustrates how little understood the MBTI 6–8 June 2010 that it’s the questionnaire that gives them can be, let alone the theory it implements. a type preference, not their own attributes interpreted via a theory. In the type community there has always been an emphasis on the measurement side, The majority of type information is provided essentially because type associations were by type booklets. Type texts are essentially founded as a consequence of encountering explanatory rather than investigatory, de- and using the MBTI. The published type scribing what something is, and providing research is overwhelmingly quantitative, a model or framework for interpretation using instrumentation and statistics. and use. This can mean that some relevant Peter Geyer lives in Melbourne, but theoretical information is not supplied. On the other hand, none of the versions of wanders from place to place looking type dynamics and development claims a for knowledge and insight, finding it For example, an informative booklet on base in measurement: an appropriate stance, in unexpected and typical ways. the eight Jungian functions, replete with given the origins of psychological types. www.petergeyer.com.au application suggestions, can contain a chart However, their plausibility and accuracy [email protected] allocating archetypes to functions, without remain essentially unresearched.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 7 Peter Geyer: Tar-heeled

A recent challenge to this situation came After a somewhat dilatory response from from James Reynierse. In a selection of pilot and crew, assurances were given that articles in the Journal of Psychological Type connecting flights were being arranged for he published research that used MBTI our arrival, which was a relaxing thought. items and other measurement information I was heading for Greensboro via Chicago to assert that there is no evidence for type and reasoned that it wouldn’t be difficult to dynamics. In doing so, he linked his work get another flight. to the presumption that such information Unfortunately, the service at Los Angeles must be available in the MBTI and its items, International Airport was fairly lax, to say without, in my view, examining the intent the least. There were no support staff, and and purpose behind the MBTI and its com- the airline didn’t have any clear instructions ponents. to offer as to where to go and what to do. In a way this wasn’t unexpected, as the Invitation to travel United States is definitely another country. Its airlines have their own methods of op- Remember when life was North Carolina? eration, which don’t seem to involve any Two bits for Cokes and jokes at the diner obligations to customers in transit from overseas. Van Dyke Parks I was eventually given a seat on a ‘red-eye’ midnight flight to Washington, thence to Roger Pearman has been the person most Greensboro, arriving 12 hours late. 12 hours concerned with these kinds of issues over at LAX isn’t the most thrilling place to be, the years. After establishing an email dis- particularly as I’d recently been diagnosed cussion group, which became problematic with type-2 diabetes and had to manage for a number of reasons, Roger decided to an appropriate diet. But I managed to find invite a select and limited number of people a quietish sports bar that served excellent, to participate in a forum at his office. I felt if basic, fresh food. privileged to be asked to attend, and so I worked on getting to Winston–Salem in The flights were uneventful, and it was North Carolina, where the event was held interesting to see the different kinds of in early June. people on each flight. A small commuter plane, filled with people dressed for busi- The other participants were Linda Berens, ness, took me to Greensboro. Jane Kise, Bob McPeek, Mark Majors, Roger had invited Ray Moody and Elizabeth Murphy from Arrival the USA, Genevieve Cailloux and Pierre a select group to a Cauvin from France, and Danielle Poirier from Canada. Sally Campbell (UK) and You got to give up what you don’t want, forum at his office Dario Nardi (USA) has also been invited, to get what you do but were unable to attend. (What will we ever do with you?) Apart from brief stopovers on my way to CAPT in Florida, I’d never been to North Paul Haines Carolina, and so I looked forward to the trip with great interest. This was enhanced Roger picked me up from the airport and

by an invitation from Stephanie Rogers to I settled in briefly at the designated hotel, speak to her APT group in the Chapel Hill a quiet, leafy place with a spacious room. area. I’d known Stephanie as an associate It was good to freshen up after two days of Linda Berens in the 1990s, but hadn’t in the same clothes. He then picked me up seen her since that time. for a meal at a favourite place of his, the Olive Tree, which produced some agree- Getting there able Greek food. Roger explained that the area now supported a much more diverse My United flight commenced normally in population than in the past, which he felt Melbourne, but there was a lengthy delay was a good thing. This included a sizeable in Sydney due to a hole in the tarmac (!). Greek population and many Hispanics.

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The Leadership Systems / Qualifying.org • people with too much of what you office is located in a small office park, in need a stately white building occupied by vari- ous professionals. Roger’s office area was • situations of adversity smaller than I had thought—but then my • images experience on first entering Otto Kroeger Associates’ offices in 1995 was similar. There’s a lot in that which I need to con- Distance fuels fantasy sometimes. sider, even now recalling it from my notes, which have much more in them than what It was a fairly relaxed place. A feature that I’m presenting here. It was an interesting gained my attention was a coffee machine session, and Danielle was engaging. with a wide variety of coffees to choose from. I settled on Sumatran coffee, which After the session I returned to my hotel, I’d never had before. By the end of my time where I lay down to relax. An incoming there I had exhausted the supply. electrical storm arrived, cutting all power. I willingly succumbed to the quiet and dark. I was there to sit in on a presentation by Danielle Poirier. As a means of defraying The next day I presented my MBTI (Step I): our travel expenses, Roger had offered to Interpretation in depth to a small, interested promote one-day courses from any of us. group. We spent most of our time discuss- Danielle, Linda and I took up his offer. ing the type theory component and issues of interpretation, so it was a fruitful day. Danielle’s topic was The perception of immorality and other evils: The problem Linda’s session, An integral approach to of type in encountering the other. For the individual differences: Pathways to increas- time I was there, the focus was on untang- ing interpersonal agility, was on at the ling projections. Projection is a difficult same time. Roger had presented the day topic, as it’s hard to tell where it begins and before on Development and effectiveness. ends. Some people hold that everything is Linda, Elizabeth and Jane were staying in a projection, which I find to be extreme the same hotel, and that night we had an and unhelpful, depressing and frustrating interesting discussion over an enjoyable even, although it may be true. meal at a Red Lobster restaurant just up Danielle quoted Eduardo Casas, an influ- the road. ential type thinker and translator, in saying that you have to recognise the difference, The meeting understand its legitimacy, appreciate its contribution, and integrate the lesson and The next day people congregated at the Pierre Cauvin give in to the transformation. hotel to travel to the meeting. Bob and Mark had each driven up from Florida reminded me that She gave as an example of appreciation and provided extra transport. the indigenous culture of Hawai’i, where we’d met previously a person’s physical size was considered It was good to meet everyone after email attractive. I think there’s an aspect of this exchanges over some months. I knew most for many African Americans. So, different of the people. I hadn’t met Bob (director of notions of beauty and norms. I liked the research at CAPT) before. Pierre reminded notion and the example, but wondered what me that I had previously met Genevieve happens if you can’t appreciate, or when and him. appreciation doesn’t help, a concern about The age range of our group, which Roger relativism where everything may be toler- thought relevant to our task, was from 50s ated and you may lose yourself. to early 70s, with a core group in mid– to Danielle suggested that triggers for these late 50s. The atmosphere was quietly genial. issues are: Mark was the only person preferring extra- version. • people without what you don’t have Bob had brought me a box of documents • people without what you have too and audiotapes from Jamie Johnson at much of CAPT, in exchange for a disk of articles

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 9 Peter Geyer: Tar-heeled

I had downloaded, a contribution to the I thought this was a little too public for Isabel Briggs Myers Memorial Library. some reason, and was uneasy about the The standout pieces were Part I of the prospect of any disagreement becoming Briggs–Myers Type Indicator Handbook a problem for the meeting. There were (1944) and Isabel Myers’s Type as the obvious disagreements within the group, Index to Personality (1945). some of them fundamental issues from a theoretical perspective. But there wouldn’t Later in the meeting I shared part of what be much point in travelling halfway round Isabel had written about type development the world to meet people who agreed on in the latter document. Index also had a everything. long paragraph (written before VE Day) about the governing of the soon-to-be- Some key statements were around innate- defeated Germans. ness and predisposition, the difference be- tween a preference and a skill, between a I like the particular way she wrote about skill and development. The energic nature type: clear, simple, and refreshingly free of type was frequently mentioned, and the from the jargon (type and non–type) that conscious–unconscious interplay. Elizabeth features in the field these days. Funnily Murphy stated that you can see a type in enough, I don’t experience that in Gifts children, but they don’t use it—a useful Differing as much as in early editions of distinction that could be applied to adults, Introduction To Type and the wide range I thought. Measurement is not the same as of her documents in my collection. I didn’t type: type can be investigated, but not nec- set out to be an admirer of Isabel Myers essarily by the current typical methods. when I encountered type, partly because she was looked upon by many as a kind of Bob McPeek asked which audience we saint. The biography Katharine and Isabel were addressing: the academic commun- didn’t help either. I became an admirer after ity, or just those interested, which led to my own historical research. an interesting discussion. We appeared to agree we weren’t interested in convincing We selected our seats around a large oval anyone or proving a point, but in discover- arrangement. The males ended up on one ing and extending knowledge. Bob also side, the females on another. Linda, next queried the accuracy of our self-evaluations, to Roger at the top, put Interaction Styles pointing to a large body of research on this and Temperament charts on the flipchart. aspect of personality.

Roger began by quoting from the foreword For me, some of the most interesting and to the Argentinean edition of Psychological incisive comments were made by Elizabeth Elizabeth Murphy Types, contained in the Collected Works 6 Murphy and Jane Kise. Elizabeth was do- compilation. Unsurprisingly, not everyone made some incisive ing her own research, and I’d read Jane’s identified themselves as a Jungian. Linda, PhD thesis, which I found extremely in- for instance, wanted to have ‘more than comments teresting. Both are involved with children, Jung’, without specifying at the time what an area significant for claims about type that entailed. Being ‘Jungian’ was never innateness and natural differences, and closely defined, and it seemed to mean they could talk about what they’d seen and affinity with and interest in his general done. Although some of this was at times work. No-one claimed analyst status or more pragmatic than I would have liked, I anything like that. could relate my theoretical interests to what After quiet and respectful discussion about they were saying. ground rules and wants, the core activity Elizabeth suggested that for a child, the began with a question from Roger: ‘What ages 6 to 8 are more about ‘Do I get what do we hold to be true about type?’ This was you want me to do?’, whereas 11 to 13 is essentially a brainstorming session and took more about ‘truth to self’. She also pointed some time. Some interesting statements out that the dilemma in having a type dif- were placed on the butcher’s paper, and ferent from the rest of your family is that we all wandered around noting the ones even if the family provides support, they we agreed with, those we were unsure of, can’t model the type for you. I found that and those we disagreed with. personally very insightful.

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As key issues to consider regarding devel- We then reconvened to report back to the opment, Jane mentioned: whole group. We resolved to continue as a group, to communicate via email and a • self and consciousness LinkedIn site, and to meet before the next • brain and organism APTi conference. Then each person said something about their experience and what • culture and worldview they had got out of it. • social system People started to take their leave earlier The discussion turned to stages of develop- than I’d thought, but airline and other ment, which led us at times into multiple schedules have their limitations. It was a model territory, not a favoured place for genial ending to a time of interesting dis- me. There were also occasional disputes cussions, with many things to learn from, on terminology, usually around the eight and to pursue. functions or the use of code letters. For These events covered two and a half days. myself, I struggle with the making of nouns I’ve written about them as a continuous into adverbs (e.g. intuition into intuiting), experience, as that seems the best way to as I think that changes the meaning of the explain what went on. construct. Turning to issues of ego development, I Social events was a bit lost regarding Jungian definitions and those of others who use the same word The first day ended at one of Roger’s fav- for stage models and their own presump- ourite restaurants, where there was agree- tions about what’s appropriate. I read a bit able food and conversation. The large size of Jung, but ‘understanding’ what he means of the group was a bit problematic, as you by many of his terms is more than simply couldn’t interact with the whole group, but being able to get the gist of the text. there are times when you just want to sit and listen. There were some interesting insights for me, all of which I noted down. However, The second day ended in a visit to Roger’s I thought that the discussion drifted into townhouse in a leafy, relaxing environment amorphous territory and was not really with many Robin Hood and Sherwood attending to the task at hand, which from Forest names. Roger’s wife and daughter a research perspective I saw a little differ- welcomed us. It seemed a nice place to be ently. So I felt a little lost. and the evening was very pleasant. I had a lengthy discussion on religion with Mark’s Bob McPeek wanted Not knowing how to make an appropriate wife, Mary, whom I’d met at the Dallas comment, and perceiving that the group conference. Our types and belief systems some reflection and seemed satisfied with the current state of were quite different (she’d been a mission- affairs, I took my leave for a while and ary at one time), but that didn’t affect the opinion engaged myself in a book on another topic, exchange of ideas and experiences. an approachable and interesting text on the philosophers Leibniz and Spinoza. It Winston–Salem was a good decision to make. I was the only person staying on. After the The rest of the group continued with their discussions and came to some conclusions meeting, Roger took me to a favourite about the direction to go in regarding ego secondhand bookshop in another part of development and other ideas. Winston-Salem. It was like a university campus bookshop from the early 1970s, As time was drawing to a close, there were with a coffee shop and the kind of notices discussions on where we could go and what that fit that scenario. It was an excellent we could do. As part of this, we broke into bookshop with many titles I owned or had small groups to discuss research projects of owned. I spent a lot of time just looking. interest. I went to listen to Bob McPeek, Borders, over the road and not far from a who was working on an interesting idea Kangaroo gasoline station, took some of and wanted some reflection and opinion. my money instead.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 11 Peter Geyer: Tar-heeled

We ate at a Japanese restaurant, before I read some of the messages. They were heading off to the Reynolda district and heartfelt and well thought out, and so I Reynolda Gardens, associated with the reflected about Eve as well. Reynolds tobacco family and company. The bookstore was impressive and I found No longer a tobacco area, we drove past a few things of interest, including souvenir many of the fine homes in the area, and clothing. North Carolina is known as ‘the walked through the gardens with plants Tar-Heeled State’, from a comment made from all over the world. Food grown in about its troops by the British during the the gardens goes to those less privileged Revolutionary War. I presume it means they in the area. It was very interesting and stuck around and were hard to dislodge. relaxing, even in the steamy conditions. Wandering around, I saw the sportsground I was also shown the impressive campus at a distance, some nice gardens, and an of Wake Forest University, Roger’s alma attractive bell tower replete with names of mater, where he was also married. past students. I learned something of local In many ways it was hard to tell what culture when I mentioned to Stephanie that Winston-Salem is like. The hotel was in a man had greeted me as we walked past what appeared to be an isolated pocket of each other, and I’d though that perhaps he the city near a major road, but in a pleas- thought I taught there. She said that if you antly leafy environment with office-park look someone in the eyes, they will greet professional medical buildings. A single you that way. railway line ran alongside the road, still in The publications I picked up around cam- use apparently, and there was also a line pus were well put together. The Hill had near the Kangaroo gas station. a few interesting articles, all provided by Roger’s offices weren’t all that far away, students, including an incisive piece on but there were no paths to take us there if Haiti which acknowledges the USA’s we had wished to walk, which was what I unhelpful interventions over 200 years. would have liked. It was one of those places The Carolina Review provided a more where the city is circled by various major conservative perspective. roads, which you accessed in order to get Chapel Hill is apparently 70% liberal, in somewhere. the American terminology, quite different from other parts of the state. That statistic

Chapel Hill and was a key reason for Stephanie settling Stephanie Rogers near here with her husband Jeremy, a New The campus had Zealander who has never been to Australia. I was picked up by Stephanie Rogers the the familiarity that next day for the second part of my North North Carolina apparently has an excellent these places bring Carolina experience. We drove to Chapel tertiary education system, with universities Hill, not far from her home, where we had that attract people from all over the USA a pleasant lunch in a rooftop restaurant that and the world. The other parts of their reminded me of another university town, schooling system, however, are not really Ann Arbor. all that good, which doesn’t make much sense to me. We then walked to the University of North Carolina. While Stephanie went on other On the way to her home, Stephanie drove business, I walked around the campus and me through the nearby Duke University examined the bookstore. The campus was campus, a larger place and much more leafy, with that familiarity that these places impersonal that UNC Chapel Hill. It was bring, so I felt right at home. hidden by trees and demarcated by roads, apparently the only way to traverse the On the campus were self-standing notice- campus. You could drive past and not boards. One, entitled ‘In memory of Eve’, notice that anything was there. comprised messages, thoughts and feelings from students about a young woman who Stephanie and Jeremy’s home is a short had recently been murdered on campus. distance outside Chapel Hill. It is one of

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several houses spaced around a circuit, APT event, Durham the centre of which is a well surrounded by a vegetation version of the labyrinth at The APT event I was to speak at was in Chartres cathedral. The area has an entrance the nearby town of Durham, in a building blessed by both a native American and a adjacent to the Durham Bulls’ baseball Buddhist monk. stadium, site of the movie Bull Durham. The stadium and surrounds had recently Stephanie’s and Jeremy’s environmental been redeveloped, with the warehouses interests are reflected in the design of their (an American Tobacco historic area) con- home. The water supply is from the well; verted to restaurants and other places of clear, pure water that reminded me of the entertainment. A surviving water tower mountain water I drank in Switzerland a proclaimed ‘Lucky Strike’. couple of years ago. The rooms that the Research Triangle The view is quiet and serene. Woodland APT group were using offered access to more or less surrounds the circuit behind the stadium, and I got permission to walk the houses and there’s an agreeable stream around there for a few minutes. The players to walk to and around. I saw deer come were training, probably a warm-up for a out at dusk and we had to be quiet, as they game that evening. Everything looked could hear us if we made sudden noise in pristine in the evening sunshine. the house. Waking up in the morning is an extremely peaceful way to enter the day. I was pleased to be there, and the group was pleased that I could come. Karen Their eight-year-old daughter, Asha, is an Ridout and Mary-Anne Chesborough extraverted girl, and was preparing for a were people I knew of but had never met. talent quest for her school. This included I’d met Carol Linden before and Sondra finding and editing the music for her tap- van Sant a few times. I was made to feel dancing piece, Stevie Wonder’s ‘Sir Duke’. very welcome. After some random chat It was impressive to see. and food and wine, I spoke with the dozen or so people on a loose theme of Current Hillsborough thoughts on type and personality. The next day, before my presentation, I didn’t have a presentation in mind, and Stephanie took me to Hillsborough. The really it was an engaging and informed town had been considered for the capital discussion that went on for a couple of of North Carolina, but the proposition was hours. My highlight of the trip, really. rejected by the townspeople, who wanted The Durham Bulls’ things not to change. Stephanie pointed out Going home? that this made the provision and mainten- stadium adjoined ance of services problematic. The next morning Stephanie drove me to Greensboro airport, where I was to meet the APT venue We sat outside a cafe to sample the local Roger again, as I’d left my passport and food and drink, including green tomatoes. items of clothing in my hotel. It’s not the I’d heard of them, but didn’t know that first time I’ve done something like that they were naturally green in colour, not when overseas, which raises the question those that hadn’t ripened. of whether I really want to return—but I Hillsborough is a centre for writers, many always do. apparently well-known in various fields. Difficulties can get in the way, though. We went into a bookshop that featured the On checking in, I discovered I was not work of some of them. I bought a biography booked on any flight out of Greensboro, of the jazz musician Chet Baker and one and the United staff had to work hard to of William James, so admired by Jung, as get me on to a flight connecting with my well as a book on local reminiscences. homeward flights. Hurrying to the gate as The women running the bookstore were my flight was about to depart, I was halted affable, and we had a nice chat about by security staff, who proceeded to apply Australia and the Hillsborough locality. a complete search to my bags and to me.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 13 Peter Geyer: Tar-heeled

As a former customs officer, I know that This may be a broader cultural issue. A being in a hurry is one of the reasons for Fox Business advertisement in The Wall stopping someone for a check, and a beard Street Journal announced that The Willis doesn’t help either. This was a demeaning Report presenter, Gerri Willis, ‘fights for experience, to say nothing of my rising you!’ and is ‘smart, aggressive & trusted’ stress levels. And because I complained, it (2010). I don’t see being ‘aggressive’ as went on and on. It was a very military style an attribute to shout about. I would think check as well. I was interrogated aggress- that if you are aggressive, you might not ively about why I was late for my flight and be focusing on what you should be doing so on. I really couldn’t respond, just stutter. or thinking about. Eventually they let me go, and the plane And yet, for all the noise and commands, was still there: I have no idea why. But it the security process at American airports was extremely embarrassing to enter so is usually a shambles, slow, inefficient. (At publicly, particularly as I was the reason LAX you’re often in a queue that stretches why the flight hadn’t departed. outside into the street.) It disappoints me how much security and police training here At Chicago airport I sought an explanation in Australia, Tasers and the like, is based for my troubles from United staff, but I on paramilitary American methods, when couldn’t locate anyone within reasonable we’re really a quite different culture—or, walking distance. Eventually I spoke to a at least, we were. supervisor who was sympathetic and help- ful, while telling me she could do nothing So, on that basis, seeing home is a more about my immediate issues and encouraged than welcome experience, even after an me to complain. She was not allowed to sit interesting adventure.  down during our discussion. I did come to some resolution with United It’s bad for the soul to depend on certain regarding compensation, but it took a while things happening. and they only give you what they’re allowed John Cale to give, not what might be appropriate for the experience, and don’t address specific issues. Still, they’re not unusual in this kind Thanks to everyone involved, particularly Roger of thing, where customer service appears Pearman, Danielle Poirier and Jane Kise, who to be defined without considering the cus- helped me process my experiences of the event tomer. The people I spoke to and emailed as participants, and Stephanie Rogers, Meredith How militarised the were as helpful as they could be, but some- Fuller, Trudy McCutcheon and Bronwyn Rachor, country appears to thing’s missing. who listened as interested outsiders. Not long ago I read an interview with an outsiders expatriate Australian who was asked when References he knew he was home. He mentioned the differences in airport security staff—the Bley, Carla, and Haines, Paul (1971). ‘Rawalpindi Blues’ (Alrac Music BMI). Escalator over the hill: A chrono- Americans were bullying and aggressive, transduction (CD), JCOA Records. the Australians not so. It’s a reasonable Cale, John (2010). Interview, The Conversation Hour with comment to make. John Faine. ABC Radio 774, 12 October 2010. I think Americans may not realise how Carolina Review (2010), volume XVII, no 7. militarised their country appears to out- Fox Business (2010). Advertisement. The Wall Street siders. You can be bullied, shouted at and Journal, 7 June 2010, p A7. Funder, Anna (2010). Not My Type. The Monthly, October dressed down aggressively, for no reason, 2010, pp 14-16. by someone in uniform who will call you Hanrahan, Kip (1990, 1993). Faith in the pants. Tender- ‘Sir’ at the same time. Many years ago I ness. American Clave 1016/7. experienced a policeman dressing down Hartzler, Margaret T, McAlpine, Robert W, and Haas, Leona Otto Kroeger in an extremely belittling (2005). Introduction to type and the 8 Jungian functions: manner, leaning into the car window and Applications for work and life, CPP. simply shouting at him, as though it was a The Hill: Chapel Hill political review, volume IX, issue III, military parade. February 2010.

14 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Ich bin ein Berliner

A journey to the European Type Conference

Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest 23 of the 76 delegates came from German- boast is Ich bin ein Berliner. speaking nations: Switzerland, Austria and Germany itself. Scandinavia contributed 20 John F Kennedy, in Berlin (most from Denmark, the 2008 host), with a further 15 from elsewhere in Europe. The Anglosphere was represented by 8 Britons, Virtually anything important that happened 9 Americans and 1 Australian. in the arts happened here. The conference theme was Diversity Is David Bowie, in Berlin Fact: Education Is Key, a sentiment that would surely be affirmed across the type world. The host of the event was DGAT, The success of the first European Type Deutsche Gesellschaft für angewandte Conference, in Brussels in 2006, secured Typologie—the German Association for a commitment to a biennial schedule. The Psychological Type. Copenhagen conference followed in 2008, Philip L Kerr and in 2010 Berlin hosted the event. The venue was Prenzlauer Berg, a trendy district just inside the former East Berlin. Having been to Copenhagen, I signed on The German Language School was well– again for Berlin. En route, my wife, Chris, equipped for a conference, with auditorium, and I stopped off in Egypt. The sweeping classrooms, even its own restaurant. Plus sands, searing heat and chaotic streetlife student volunteers—‘scouts’—on hand to served as a starkly contrasting prelude to help with anything delegates needed. cool, leafy, ordered Germany.

From Frankfurt, a fast train transported us in comfort past villages and verdant fields. 3rd European In the Mitte Berlin Holiday Inn we reunited with Clare Howard, our partner in crime in Type Conference Copenhagen (and London and Provence) Berlin, 27–29 May 2010 in 2008. The arrival of Katherine Hirsh and Jane Kise made for convivial company.

‘Diversity is fact’

Our hotel TV offered only local programs: no CNN, BBC, or other English–language channels. It felt surreal to hear Marge and Philip L Kerr (INTP) works in ICT Homer Simpson conversing in German. strategy and policy to finance his A different story at the conference where, travel habit. For Phil, type confer- as in Copenhagen, English predominated. ences are places for learning and A few sessions were offered alternatively for reconnecting with friends. in German, but it was assumed that most [email protected] delegates could cope with English.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 15 Philip L Kerr: Ich bin ein Berliner

Day 1: We can be heroes In the afternoon, Clare Howard (ENTP) led a session on ‘Fostering Talent’.

… he’d never have a clue what he’d sing Clare consults in training and development from her bases in the UK (where she con- about until he actually walked in front of venes the London Type group) and France the microphone. (where she operates a chateau). ‘How can leadership break through the constraints of Tony Visconti, on recording with David Bowie in Berlin Do It My Way?’, she asked. Organisations that recognise diversity of preferences can help employees to build on their strengths Georg Stuer was the conference director. and develop less–preferred behaviours. His son Mike is an AusAPT member, now For discussion, Clare offered a case study president of our Queensland region. That of a worldwide company, noting differences connection won me a warm welcome. in the type distributions and focuses of its Contrary to stereotypes of Teutonic rigour, executive, sales and operations teams. (A Georg ran proceedings in an open–ended cultural overlay was also evident—despite ENFP style. Room allocations were posted its all–TJ composition, the main focus for on a just-in-time basis, creating anxiety for the Mexican operations team was ‘sharing some of the more scheduled delegates. and relationships’.)

 Georg Stuer

Katherine Hirsh at the centre of a group discussion 

 Reiner Blank

Agile scheduling was evident from the out- Leading the discussion on her case study, set. A concurrent session on ‘Introduction Clare canvassed questions such as: to Type’ was listed, but when it emerged • How do we ensure that talent develop- that delegates were already familiar with ment takes account of the diversity of type basics, Reiner Blank (INTP) instead preferences in the talent pool? volunteered to lead a group discussion of participants’ perspectives on type. • How does an organisation learn from the richness of experience that already Reiner’s background includes counselling exists, to improve its performance? with the Lutheran Church, consulting on organisational transformation and learning, • What needs to happen in leadership, and working on the development of German learning, coaching, culture and gender versions of the MBTI and Golden profiler. to allow different voices to influence He is also president of the Wave of Change current reality and future direction? Foundation, which focuses on developing At the end of the day we joined Clare and caring communities. a couple of her European colleagues for a Reiner views type as tendencies that are fine dinner, spiced up with Clare’s sparring consistent over time: ‘what satisfies, and with a head waiter who insisted that it was what frustrates’. Type offers a means of ‘not possible’ to serve us tap water instead ‘discovering one’s own skin’. of bottled water.

16 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

Day 2: Fun with Dick and Jane Later in the day we got physical with Dick Otter and Rianne van Strien, presenting on ‘Motor Styles and Typology in Sports’. Jane Kise began her keynote address on ‘The Giftedness In Each Child’ by recalling Dick uses Action Type, a method that links Isabel Myers’s hope that ‘every child, every personality type with motor skills and brain parent and every teacher would know their typing. He works with Dutch football teams own and each others’ types, and be able to and sports coaches. Rianne, too, employs use their knowledge effectively in teaching typology and motor styles in her work with and learning’. the Dutch women’s volleyball team, and in developing talent at the Netherlands Centre In line with her INFJ preferences, Jane is for Sports and Education. ‘focused on helping the world of educators stop fighting’. The theory of psychological Dick and Rianne contend that awareness type offers us a way to ‘bring coherence to of body movements and type preferences educational thought’. can improve performance. They relate the MBTI dichotomies to four attributes (game Jane examined the classroom implications motivation, game insights, game style and of type differences on two of the four MBTI game orientation), and associate each one dichotomies, with video clips and students’ with particular muscle configurations, brain artwork as compelling illustrations. On the patterns and motor styles.

Clare Howard 

 Ball games: Dick Otter and Rianne van Strien

Jane Kise 

E—I dichotomy, the challenge is to ensure Dick offered a number of sports people as that students have the energy they need to examples. The star footballer Ryan Giggs, learn; and on the S—N dichotomy, it is to for instance, was cited as an INFP ‘stylist’ ensure that students have the information exhibiting spatial ability and a combination they need to learn. of gross and fine motor skills. To apply the theory, Dick and Rianne enlisted session In combination, the preferences on those participants to experience the connections two dichotomies result in the ‘four learning between their type preferences and motor styles of type’: IS, IN, ES, EN. As striking skills by throwing and catching a ball, or by examples of the four styles of giftedness simply walking around the room. in children, Jane cited the four characters in Trenton Lee Stewart’s The Mysterious Dick and Rianne’s work is a pointer to an Benedict Society. emerging new direction for type. Purported associations between physiology and psy- In conclusion, Jane asked: ‘Can type bring chology—phrenology, for example—have cohesiveness to conversations about the long been discredited, but recent research giftedness in each child? That every child suggests some intriguing links. can learn with the right support and enough time?’ Her own answer to her question was Another example is Dario Nardi’s work in characteristically affirmative: ‘I think it can. neuroscience, which was coming up in the I think we have the tools to do it.’ next day’s program.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 17 Philip L Kerr: Ich bin ein Berliner

Day 3: Mapping the sectors In the afternoon, Dario Nardi presented on ‘Brain–savvy coaching across types’. Dario teaches ‘human complex systems’ How do you get an ESTJ to listen? Give them at UCLA (yes, he is an INTJ). His session an authority figure to listen to. promised ‘results and anecdotes from his neuroscience lab’. Dario Nardi, in Berlin Dario noted a perennial challenge for type: ‘a lot of scepticism without research’. He Annette Elgaard Böttger and Belinda studied 51 students, viewing EEGs of their Lange were familiar faces from the 2008 brain activity as they undertook tasks from conference in Copenhagen. The duo from signing their names to speed dating. ‘The the Danish Centre for Leadership delivered results are clear’, he declared: ‘individual a session on ‘Navigating in and facilitating personality differences matter’. diversity: The complexity of leadership’, an Dario examined activity in the neo-cortex, examination of typology and diversity from not deep in the brain. His results correlate a managerial perspective. not with the MBTI preferences (E, I, S, N, Leadership involves navigating between etc), but with the 8 function–attitudes or ‘fixed parameters’ (strategies and targets) cognitive processes, such as extraverted and diversity (people with differing needs intuiting and introverted feeling.

 Annette Elgaard Böttger and Belinda Lange

Annette forms the group into a ‘living type table’ 

 Dario Nardi

to perform at their best). To improve co– The brain activity varies by type. In ESTJs, operation and performance, Annette and for example, activity is particularly evident Belinda advocate focusing simultaneously in tasks such as explaining and deciding on the leader, the leadership task, and the and constructing a visual image. INFPs’ team. Subdividing the leadership task into brains exhibit both similarities (activity in manager, leader and expert components, explaining and deciding) and differences they used pie charts to visualise individual (activity in placing personal values and in differences in the splits across those three interpreting voice affect). Curiously, Dario components, both ‘now’ and ‘desired’. found that the four TP types each focus on a different region of the brain. With an ESTP (Annette) as co–presenter, it’s no surprise that ‘learning by doing’ was Dario conclusion is that Jung’s cognitive a feature of this workshop. To illustrate the processes strongly relate to brain activity. diversity in our group, we adjourned to the Patterns linked to each process are seen GLS courtyard to form living type tables. most frequently in types with the process dominant, less frequently in types with the During a break I met Angelina Bennet, process in a supporting (second) role, and latterly president of the British APT. She are rarely seen in other types. generously gave me a copy of her book The Shadows of Type, which Peter Geyer Dario’s research is not published yet: he is reviews on page 21. gathering more data.

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The shame on the other side In 1989—suddenly, bloodlessly—the Wall was opened. The following year, East and West were reunited. I can remember standing by the Wall Today, the Berlin Wall is visible mostly in And the guns shot above our heads its absence. The concrete and razor wire And we kissed as though nothing could fall has been dismantled, leaving swathes of And the shame was on the other side the former No Man’s Land to mark where Oh, we can beat them, forever and ever … East had met West. Inexorably, the green corridors are being in–filled. Berlin is said David Bowie, ‘Heroes’ to have the third largest building program of any city in the world, surpassed only by the giants of Shanghai and Dubai. The Berlin Wall was erected 50 years ago. In their city in 1963, John F Kennedy won But there’s no sense of Berlin covering up Berliners’ hearts by damning the Wall as its recent past. Near Potsdamer Platz, 200 ‘an offence against humanity ... dividing a metres of the Wall still stand as a reminder people who wish to be joined together’. By of the dark years. Out in the leafy suburbs,

‘Halt!’: Detail from mural, Berlin Wall Memorial 

 All along the watchtower: remnants of the Berlin Wall

‘The victim of shame’: memorial paving stone 

the Brandenburg Gate today, the Kennedy murals at the Berlin Wall Memorial tell the Museum honours JFK with an exhibition of stories of those who lived through the era. photographs and artefacts from his life. On Bernauerstrasse, paving stones serve as memorials to people killed while trying The Wall still loomed in 1977, when David to cross into the West, each one tagged a Bowie arrived to record in Hansa Studios. ‘victim of shame’. ‘We could see … over the barbed wire to the Red Guards in their gun turrets’, Tony 20 years after reunification, I asked a taxi Visconti recalled. The producer was then driver if there was now ‘ein Deutschland’. pursuing an affair with one of the session He spread out his hand and rocked it in a singers. The sight of the lovers embracing universal gesture: ‘yes, and no’. under the Wall inspired Bowie to write the But German unity was not in question on sublimely uplifting ‘Heroes’. the Saturday night after the conference: it At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987 another seemed that every television in Berlin was US president, Ronald Reagan, appealed tuned in to watch Lena Meyer–Landrut win to the Soviet leader: ‘Mr Gorbachev, tear the Eurovision final. Sunday’s papers were down this wall!’ united their front-page euphoria.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 19 Philip L Kerr: Ich bin ein Berliner

Goodbye to Berlin The next European Type Conference will be in Paris next year, convened by Pierre Cauvin and Genevieve Cailloux. Maybe But if I had been a young student again … I’ll see you in Paris in the Spring?  I would have had a room in Prenzlauerberg and sat at a table outside one of the cafes … References European Association for Psychological Type, Clive James www.eapt.eu. European Type Conference, www.typeconference.eu. During the conference Kathleen Hughes James, Clive 2010, The blaze of obscurity: The TV years, London: Picador. had gathered facts in her journalistic way. Kerr, Philip L 2008, ‘The Copenhagen interpretation: Euro- Isabel Myers’s granddaughter is preparing pean Type Conference, 15–17 May 2008’, Australian to take over her family’s legacy, the MBTI Psychological Type Review 10:2 (October 2008), 43–48. Trust. Kathleen joined us outside the GLS Tremlett, George 1996, David Bowie: Living on the brink, restaurant for a farewell drink before we all London: Century. went our separate ways. Photos: Philip L Kerr, Georg Stuer.

A type table in Prenzlauer Berg: Chris Kerr, Angelina Bennet, Philip Kerr, Katherine Hirsh and Kathleen Hughes

:

20 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Getting there

Modelling life—some hints and structures

Psychological type is a European idea— By doing so they neglect part of its intent central European, to be precise. C G Jung and purpose, which is to provide positively was a thinker in the context of German oriented information about psychological culture. orientations which may otherwise be con- sidered pathological. My personal view is Paradoxically, the development and prom- that this attribution is good in itself, and I inence of the MBTI and other measure- think the author would agree with that. ments has meant that the vast majority of type literature is North American, with the Included in that is a lack of awareness (for presumptions of that culture implicit, some- good reason—it has not really been made times explicit—and this includes Jungian public) of Isabel Myers’s items relating to texts. My personal preference on Jungian impediments to type development, part of ideas is for European texts. all MBTI forms from Form C to Form J. The latter, developed in the 1980s, provided Angelina Bennet is from England, which a fifth scale, Comfort—Discomfort, using isn’t exactly central Europe, but her cult- these kinds of items (Saunders 1987). Step ural location alone makes her book worth III, however, is essentially the first real Peter Geyer investigating to see what she has to say and publication of these ideas, with a separate how she says it. Manual and so on, and that’s very recent. The Shadows of Type is a coaching text. One can also find in Portraits of Type By that, I mean that Bennet is presenting (Gough, Thorne 1991/1999) correlations a model of development to assist coaches between the MBTI and other instruments who use psychological type with clients. that indicate or infer problems that may be This assistance is in ascertaining a level associated with each of the 16 types. Angelina Bennet of development, and providing suggest- ions and methods appropriate for each Secondly, it has been argued that it’s hard identified level. Naturally, it’s presumed The Shadows of Type: to know what to do to help people if all you that reaching higher levels of development have is something that says positive things Psychological type through is desirable. about the person. This is what Bennet’s seven levels of development Bennet begins by identifying the MBTI as project appears to be about—how this re- the psychometric instrument most used by lates to people in positions where a par- UK: Lulu, 2010 coaches, and providing a brief history of ticular level of development is sought or its development and purpose. She points desired. It’s also about providing what’s out that the MBTI has been criticised for called a ‘vertical’ model of development its lack of something akin to a neuroticism to the type construct. scale, to help identify problems of that She begins by identifying and describing, nature or when people aren’t using their briefly but clearly, various models and type effectively in what they are required ideas associated with psychological type. Peter Geyer (INTP) would like to see to do in work and life. psychological type a respected part These include Naomi Quenk’s In the Grip of general and professional discourse Having read many articles that make this (1998), the John Beebe–oriented eight about people’s work and lives. criticism, I think there are two aspects to functions and their associated archetypes, consider. The first is that many critics have and the Keirseyan temperament–based www.petergeyer.com.au used this apparent deficit to suggest that ‘Survival Games’, as presented by Eve [email protected] the MBTI isn’t a legitimate instrument. Delunas (1993).

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 21 Peter Geyer: Getting there

Bennet refers to all of these, including the All this information leads to the core of MBTI, as ‘theories’, which I think is stret- the book, which is Bennet’s utilisation of ching it a little. For me, preferred words these ideas in a developmental framework are ‘interpretations’ or ‘applications’— that is applied separately to each of the 16 perhaps ‘models’, although I like to steer types. These are called: clear of that word, partly because saying • something is a ‘model’ often appears to power and control exclude the notion, by presenters or aud- • social identification ience, that the idea under discussion has some truth or depth of content in it. • personal identification So, something can be ‘just a model’— • determined action economic models come readily to mind. • considerate individualism Type can be ‘just a theory’ in the same way, and with the same implications. • integration and authenticity A core point in this book is that Bennet • magician thinks we’d be better off going back to Jung, to his broader ideas. This is an ex- In doing so, Bennet consciously avoids cellent idea, and by no means as mundane making a link between developmental a suggestion as one might think. A glance stage models and specific types or tem- at LinkedIn professional sites associated peraments. with the MBTI is enough to uncover a Some anthropologically–oriented models general lack of affinity or familiarity with of this kind, for instance, suggest or imply Jung’s ideas. a structure which has SPs at the bottom Further, it provokes recognition that ‘per- (hunter–gatherer), then SJs (farming and sonality types’ is something of a misnomer, cities), and NF or NT at the top, depend- given that Jung’s view of personality covers ing on your view of the Renaissance and much more than psychological orientation, whether the future is about togetherness attitudes and functions. or cyborgs. Kohlberg’s postconventional stage of moral reasoning privileges intuit- What Bennet requires, though, is something ion, among other things (Faucett et al 1995). more concrete and useful that just having a broad idea of Jung’s propositions in the In Bennet’s book, the information on each

back of your mind, as I might do. type includes: • A confident grasp of Accordingly, she provides a brief descrip- hierarchy of functions tion, together with diagram, of Jung’s idea • main features and distortions complex constructs: of the self, and follows with the approach • Angelina Bennet to the same subject (also with diagram) by conflicting functions Assagioli, the founder of psychosynthesis. • core values These two are compared and contrasted so that Bennet is able to explain her reasons • developmental framework for preferring Assagioli’s interpretation. (i.e. the 7 categories referred to above) To this is added relevant ideas on ego The focus is the workplace, or issues that development from Loevinger and Cook- might arise for a person being coached in Greuter, and including Robert Kegan and that context. The examples show a deep Ken Wilber (popular for a while in some knowledge of those kinds of situations. type circles, for good reason). These rather The language of the descriptions is quite complex ideas are described with a great directive and more certain than I am com- deal of facility. One senses a confidence fortable with, which I suppose reflects a in the way the author grasps and wields difference in type preferences and perhaps these complex ideas and constructs. some avoidance on my part. References are also made to direct contacts The 16 descriptions are followed by chap- such as Angelo Spoto and Judith Cook– ters on practical applications and suggested Greuter. techniques for use, as well as a relevant

22 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

glossary. These are very informative, and reasonable assumption that, as that source If you want to read a book by illustrate the level of knowledge and skill has a vested interest, it would attend to facts someone who thinks deeply required for this kind of work using this about the MBTI’s origins. Whether that about type in a particular way kind of approach. The book is well-organ- was the case, I don’t know. The success (by no means a crowded field), ised and purposeful, which is a bonus for or failure of the core propositions in the then The Shadows of Type will any topic. book do not depend on this information. provide some insights and chal- lenges. Being wary of multiple-model approaches So, I think it important to say that, while to anything, I would have preferred a less C G Jung’s typology is ‘based on the flow I’ve learned things from it, any- accepting approach to the ideas discussed. and balance of psychic energy within an way.  This may have gone on in the mind of the individual’ (p 13), he did in fact observe author over a long period, but that would behaviours and characteristics after the References have been interesting to me, as I have res- European empirical fashion and did claim ervations about ideas of ego development to be an empirical scientist. This is not the Delunas, Eve (1989). Madness and tem- in particular, as well as some of the ideas empiricism claimed by psychometric dis- perament: A systems view of psycho- pathology and temperament (6 audio presented specifically in the type arena. course, but is probably analogous to the tapes). Temperament Research approach of William James, a man deeply The notion of what ‘development’ is and Institute. admired by Jung. implies also has psychological, social and Faucett, John M, Morgan, Eldon R, Poling, Tommy H, and Johnson, Janie (1995). political presumptions and implications. I What became the MBTI was commenced MBTI type and Kohnberg’s postcon- realise that’s not the purpose of this book. in 1942—stimulated by World War II, not ventional stages of moral reasoning. following on from it. It was first published Journal of Psychological Type vol 34, I would also have liked a sentence or two in 1943—not 1962 as given, which is the pp 17-23. on what an ‘archetype’ is considered to publication date of the first MBTI manual. Geyer, Peter (2010). Perception and judge- be, as well as a few clarifying words on ment: Isabel Myers, measuring type and The form associated with that manual, Form ‘temperament’—a word that in non-type the MBTI Step III Manual. Australian F, had been published a few years before, discourses, particularly in early childhood Psychological Type Review vol 12 no 1, for research purposes. The MBTI was first August 2010, pp 3-8. development, has nothing at all to do with made publicly available (i.e., mentioned Gough, Harrison, and Thorne, Alison (1991/ David Keirsey and his followers. in a catalogue) in 1976. 1999). Portraits of type: An MBTI research compendium. CAPT. ‘Individuation’ too seems to be identified Isabel Briggs Myers (not a hyphenated as commencing at a particular place in the Myers, Isabel Briggs. Various papers and name, as a few from the UK seem to think) audio tapes (personal collection). development schema, which confused me, should be considered at least as the prime Pearman, Roger (2010). Personal but perhaps this has to do with my minim- author of MBTI writings, and perhaps the communication. alist approach to the topic. For definitional sole author. None of the material I possess, Saunders, David (1987). Type Differentiat- reasons, I also disagree with the notion that ion Indicator Manual: A scoring system from the 1940s onwards, has Katharine type is a theory of cognition. I did not al- for Form J of the Myers–Briggs Type Briggs as co-author. Type as the Index to ways hold that view. Indicator (Research Edition). CPP. Personality (1944), for instance, is a solo Saunders, Frances Wright (1991). Katharine On other matters, I’m reminded of Roger work. I think we should disabuse ourselves and Isabel: Mother’s light, daughter’s Pearman’s insightful comment on one of of the notion that MBTI production was a journey. CPP. my recent papers: ‘team effort’ between mother and daughter, at least after the initial stages. My thanks to Katherine Hirsh and Perhaps it goes without saying, but most Trudy McCutcheon for what they These are all minor points; the utility and histories are really the author’s journey said at particular times. intelligence of the book isn’t affected by through the intellectual path of ideas, trends, them. I mention them here as part of what etc. a review requires, as well as in an effort to get something concrete, factual and con- The Shadows of Type For me this means, in part, that you can sistent about what people did, and did not only write about what you’ve found, or do, in this field. is available from are seeking if you prefer to speculate— and that applies to many kinds of writing, www.lulu.com and including this book. Conclusion other online retailers, The history of type and the MBTI presented If you’re in the coaching field, particularly in this book contains several errors, which with senior executives and similar people, including Amazon I gather may have come from the source then this is a book you will find more than consulted by the author, probably with the useful.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 23 Build Another Dimension to your MBTI Accreditation with this New Typological Instrument (and add a leading Organisational psychometric accreditation too)

This annual opportunity for accreditation in an innovative typological instrument which is ideal for coaching, mentoring, teaching and counselling – it is great for high performing team and leadership development (it is called the Universal Hierarchy of Motivation [UHM] – see book THE SEVEN MOTIVATIONS OF LIFE AND LEADERSHIP). Summary details are:

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AusAPT Conference Sydney 2010

Photos by Meredith Fuller & Phil Kerr Montage by Nicole Gruel !Every detail and comfort was attended to % I felt as though I was treated as a real human being!!!#

!Each session could easily have been twice as long!

!The keynote speakers were AusAPT Conference fantastic!!!!# Sydney 2010 !Exceptional % the range of speakers and content was broad$ dynamic and stimulating; the venue and the catering was superb and the program management was tight$ yet &exible" As an INFJ$ the conference organisation$ program content and speakers ticked every box for me!# !A superb AusAPT Conference…outstanding on so many levels…the Type group in Australia has come of age"#

!I was really inspired by the content of the presentations$ the opportunity to network$ and the organisation of it" All fantastic"#

!Congratulations on a AusAPT Conference sensational conference % it was very well organised and immensely enjoyable# Sydney 2010 !A great success!#

!It was just fantastic and well worth the trip over the Tasman for"# “I absolutely loved it, loved sharing with the Type community, meeting some new people, and renewing friendships. I got so much out of it” “What a great country and a AusAPT Conference great group!” Sydney 2010

“A most enjoyable and informative conference.” A man called Peter

In conversation with Peter Malone

To know your vocation from an early age is unusual. To be surrounded by others who support who you are and what you Bio Box love throughout your life is rare for any 8 Aug 1939 Peter Malone born in Sydney type. For an INFJ, to be able to live such a life is extraordinary. 23 Feb 1947 Death of Peter’s mother This is Peter’s story. More specifically, it 1948 to 1956 Boarding schools in Bowral is a unique glimpse of self-actualisation for 1957 Novitiate, Missionaries of an INFJ who has led the life of his true self the Sacred Heart (MSC) since childhood. 26 Feb 1961 Perpetual vows Peter’s insightful gift of observation of the human condition and how this informs 1958 to 1966 Studies at Croydon (Victoria), how we live is profoundly obvious in his Australian National University, columns and books. His pithy metaphors, Gregorian University (Rome) Meredith Fuller poignant analogies and intellectual inter- 3 Apr 1965 Ordained by Secretary-General pretations enable us to access greater of the Vatican Council awareness of our unconscious motivations. To know God, and thyself, spiritually and 1966 to 1967 Teaching at Daramalan College, psychologically, informs Peter’s work as a Canberra creative educator and inspired revealer. 1968 to 1983 Formation work; MSC seminaries, PsychWords A wise elder of AusAPT, Peter has been Canberra and Croydon the Association’s foundation president, Jan 1968 Began reviewing films Conversatiions wiith a fascinating presenter at conferences, a regular contributor to the Review, and a Nov 1978 Introduced to the MBTI while on a AusAPT members teacher to our members. At the Sydney sabbatical in Berkeley, California conference this year he was made a Life Jan 1986 Completed MBTI qualifying training Member for his unique contribution to the type community spanning almost 30 1989 Sabbatical year in New York City years as an AusAPT leader, film reviewer, 1989 to 1998 President of the Catholic Film columnist, priest, son, brother, friend, Offices (OCIC), Pacific Region Meredith Fuller (INFP) is a psychol- community leader, author, and observer ogist in private practice specialising of human behaviour. 1990 Assisted in establishing Australian APT in vocational behaviour and career ‘My life feels charmed’, Peter says, recog- 1990 to 1991 First president of Australian APT change, a columnist, psychological nising that, due to the people around him 1991 Book Myers-Briggs Goes To The Movies profiler, and media spokesperson who encouraged and supported him, his for the Australian Psychological life has enabled him to exercise his passion 1991 to 1994 President, AAPT Victoria region Society. Meredith is a life member for film. He remembers his life through 1998 to 2001 President, OCIC International of AusAPT. films he saw. www.meredithfuller.com.au 2001 to 2005 President of SIGNIS, the World With mellifluous voice and calm manner, [email protected] Catholic Association for Communication Peter humbly proceeds to tell me about his childhood. 2006 to 2010 Director, SIGNIS Cinema Desk Photo by Jordan Head

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 29 Meredith Fuller: A man called Peter

‘I precede World War II by three weeks’, … who delights flirtatiously in the presence says Peter. He and younger brother Philip and company of women, enjoying being (INFP) had an genial ESFJ father, Joe, and an called ‘Joseph’, and who did not hesitate for ill mother, who died from a brain tumour a moment in saying ‘yes’ to his two sons’ during childbirth when Peter was seven. decisions to become priests, never hesitating Family and friends stepped in to provide to let everyone know how much he enjoys support and encouragement. their lives and ministry, which take place in academic circles he never moved in, beyond On his mother: the shores of the country he never left, and who always signs his letters, ‘Your proud Dad’. Eileen. Eileen Grace. Lovely names. Dying. An ordinary ward, clean, light. Standard iron In 1946, during his mother’s illness, Peter’s bedstead, hospital white linen, trolleys, pans, father employed Mrs Adams, who took table, chairs. She was dying. She had been the boys to many films. After his mother’s dying for months now. Our last visit. death he was transfixed by this medium. We had brought flowers. Two little boys with His father also invited cousins to stay in flowers for their mother, for their last visit with their house. their father. Around this time the boys were sent to ‘They’re lovely.’ Not her last words to us, but boarding school for four years—a won- the last words I remember. derful little school where boys with home difficulties were well cared for. When Peter Peter’s father was a short, wiry man who saw the film The Boys are Back, it made him would talk to anyone. Like Peter, he loved think a lot about what his own father had words and cracked infinite puns. experienced, raising his two boys. Initially an advertising agent, Joe became I vividly remember being eight and watching involved in radio and sport. He later be- Anna Karenina at the pictures. One of my came a wardsman for a TB sanatorium, cousins wanted to go to the toilet, and I felt then a greenkeeper for a bowling club, very mean-spirited because I wouldn’t take combining work and passion. Interestingly, him: we were close to the dramatic bit when Peter realised that his father managed to she threw herself under a train, and I couldn’t combine his great interests. miss that! I made one of the others take him His father instead. I do feel more than a bit embarrassed about it to this day. Proud Dad: Joe with … who survived the Depression by playing cricket with Bradman and the greats, and When told they had the pictures on Sat- his sons Peter (left) touring country New South Wales playing urdays, he piped up, ‘I hope we see Bush and Phillip halfback in Rugby League, whose 30-year-old Christmas and Pinocchio, because I haven’t wife died when he was 36 leaving him with seen them yet’. two small boys, who never married again Throughout his life, any spare time is (though he claims there were a couple of spent reading books or seeing films. near misses—near-missus?), who reshaped Always working hard and viewing films, his life interstate working as a wardsman Peter’s brother considers him to be a until he was over 50 … workaholic. Peter may not agree, but he … who kept and cared for bowling greens does maintain long hours and organises meticulously and became a bowls champion his life carefully in order to see as many (and an apostle for the sport), who has an films as possible. innate savvy about the stock exchange that would astonish the professionals, who keeps At ten I began learning Latin, French and honing his media talents developed when he geometry. I loved reading books and acting in worked in advertising and radio and sport in school plays. It was a very creative period. the 1940s, and jots down and telephones in to columnists the sports commentators’ ‘Boot Films caught Peter’s feeling function from in Mouth’ faux pas … a very young age.

30 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

These days, people often ask, ‘Don’t you get We’ve always had an easy relationship. In sick of seeing films?’ And I reply, ‘Not yet’. fact, my brother is going to join our commun- ity in Kew next year. We have an idea for a Peter writes his film reviews very quickly. collaboration on a book on moral issues and He will go over his work to tweak it, but the movies, since he teachers moral theology. tends to be satisfied with his initial writing. My accepting father never minded our both However, much later he may not be happy. becoming priests and his not having grand- Later still, he will be happy again. children. He prefers the computer to handwriting. In 1949 we lived with Dad’s mother and Sitting at his small, tidy desk, he types soon youngest sister, Auntie Sheila, an ISFP. We after viewing the film. had so many nuns and priests in our family, and a bishop as well. My grandmother took I sound very J with my shelves in order. I act- us on, giving us the feminine, balancing the ually didn’t score anything much for P. I think masculine. She was a great storyteller. I scored one point. But I try to be P on courses and not give the impression that I’m rushing Auntie Sheila found it awkward when anyone through. some of the priests would say, ‘Peter I didn’t have a sense of what I wanted to be knows all about the pictures’. I am such when I grew up, but I enjoyed the introverted an introvert’, says Peter, ‘but I have been intuitive life and assumed that would be how mistaken as extraverted because of my it would always be for me. I didn’t think about extraverted feeling in the outer world.’ the future—either work or getting married, In his second year at Chevalier College in or anything. It was a prim and proper world Bowral, Father Kelly, who showed the films where swearing was bad, and my personal while he smoothed his hair, asked Peter to principle of honesty was important. choose and show the films for the school. I vaguely recall talking with a priest when I Naturally, earnest Peter aimed for the best was about 12. Later a priest enquired if I’d possible programs, even choosing Marlon thought about going in. Phillip decided he’d Brando in On The Waterfront and The Wild like to go, 25 June 1965. We were sitting at One (which at the time was banned in the table eating our evening meal. UK). I was a school prefect and captain of athletics The Novitiate year—the first year of training (I could sprint a bit). We discussed becoming on the way to priesthood—was very strict, all priests. We visited them, and when we saw about subduing the will. We were even Our father never the place we liked it. I said, ‘I’ll go’. I went in recommended not to go to the pictures. But at 16. I just knew intuitively, and I haven’t the Superior at Croydon, where we went for minded both sons changed my mind since. the years of study, was determined. ‘You will becoming priests Really, anybody’s life choice should be grounded go to the pictures!’ he said. in their dominant function. I think it was Kathy Myers who stated that at least for someone Years later Peter heard that he had said: to get married they needed to be at home in ‘I made Peter Malone go to the pictures, their dominant and auxiliary functions. and now he sees 500 a year’. True enough! His teacher at a primary boarding school Peter took it for granted that he’d go to was Sister Mary Philomena: university, and teach. He always did well at school, usually top of the class. (This Her face was round, but it was hard to tell admission was grudgingly coaxed from what it was originally like because there was him.) He had his brother are close. a hard linen cap, for want of a better word, that covered the upper head almost to the We did my father’s funeral together. Someone eyebrows. The veil could be attached to this, said we were like Heckle and Jeckle, moving since the linen went back under the veil en- from our prayers and comments easily from casing the cropped hair. one to the other.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 31 Meredith Fuller: A man called Peter

But the face was set in a frame which tended you’re going, you’ll have to go by the end to compress it. It was a tight, celluloid heart of August.’ He was stunned: this was the shape, the chocolate-box-art-shaped heart, end of July—he thought he was planning extending so far out at the side of the face three years ahead. On the boat over, the that a nun driving a car had to do a lot of same common-sensed director told Peter 90-degree-plus head-turning for safety’s sake. he’d be drinking wine in Rome, so he had better get used to it on the boat. Oh, and the front pleat of the veil could be folded over the top of the heart, down in front The best part of the trip—after the sea- of the eyes. This was always done after the sickness was over—was to stop off in all Sister received communion. Their downcast the ports (Jakarta, Cochin, Aden, Suez and eyes was not mere devotion but a necessity- Cairo, Messina, Taormina ). A love affair for-walking vision. with travel emerged. And to us, this was the most normal thing in My four years in Rome were marvellous. If my the world. tertiary is introverted thinking, what better During seminary training we had Forum on than university and seminary courses in Rome, Saturday nights (no television), where we where the classes were all in Latin. gave impromptu speeches, debates. We put Started to develop a Spirituality of Cinema— on four three-act plays a year and produced we read the film magazine Focus at school in-house magazines. We were taught to be and discussed film themes. I had been con- ourselves (not sure how far we succeeded) sidering the meanings in films since I was 12. and to be human. The book that I got for my 21st, The Image Industries, validated this approach to films. In 1960 Peter’s religious congregation, the I began writing articles on these themes in Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, opened 1965. a new house of studies in Canberra. He was in the first group to go to university I was ordained on 3 April 1965 by the sec- during seminary years. In 1960 there was retary-general of the Vatican Council. I had English and Latin, then in 1961 a full-time wanted to stay to do a doctorate on Graham year—‘an exhilarating year, opening up Greene, but was called back home to teach horizons’: at Daramalan College in Canberra. Back home, at 27, I was Director of Senior A D Hope taught English literature. We School and teaching 34 periods per week: studied Australian literature and Manning Australian history, social studies and religion. Clark was Professor of History. I learned a lot. Then there were hard years teaching and seminary work, plus returning The longest Peter ever went without to ANU to finish my qualifications. I did an seeing a film was 16 months. What better than MA, qualifying in Australian history. seminary courses In the seminary there were some cinema Everyone used to say, ‘Peter knows all about learning experiences: a touch of prudishness the pictures’. When I got home, there were in Rome? in walking out of Pillow Talk, starring Doris controversies around Dr Zhivago and Who’s Day and Rock Hudson, thinking that it was Afraid Of Virginia Wolf, but Aunty Sheila ‘off colour’, but our director of studies reminded encouraged me to see them, despite her more us that every human reality is acceptable for sheltered approach to life. humour, even sex. This openness has influenced my reviewing. Peter started reviewing films in 1968:

Sent to Rome at 23, Peter has had 50 years Early in the piece there was The Graduate of being well-travelled, evidenced by his and the first critical letters from readers. One ability to sleep well in any bed (although priest confrere continually reported me for he doesn’t sleep on planes). The Provin- attending so many films—but after he saw cial Superior called Peter in to ask what The Killing of Sister George he agreed that he thought of studying in Rome. ‘Well, if I should be reviewing controversial films.

32 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

Peter formed part of the staff who estab- One night after lights out, he came down to lished the Yarra Theological Union at Box my bed with a torch and told me to come to Hill, part of the Melbourne College of his room. The look of sadness, even anguish Divinity. in his eyes was enough. He looked at a page, Rancho Notorious. Marlene Dietrich, the From 1972 I taught scripture, theology and star, pictured from the waist down, a garter media studies. And with my reviewer’s pass, I and her long stockinged legs. could take seminarians with me while ‘The devil himself drew these pictures. I’m reviewing, and learn from that a bit more of going to burn them.’ It’s called the experience how they ticked. of shame—and the burning was the pain of loss, with the lurking guilt about satanic legs. Being validated and acknowledged for who he is has been the singular experience since Favourite film? Apocalypse Now. Muriel’s childhood that fostered Peter’s constell- Wedding. Former film favourite: 2001, A ation of innate gifts. Unlike many people, Space Odyssey. he continues to exercise his purpose. A spiritual director told him that, because Peter was introduced to type while on a of his blessed life, his responsibility was short sabbatical in Berkeley in 1978. to affirm and encourage others. The greatest impact of type for me … when ‘I’m not a morbid type, and not prone to I recognised that I was an I, and so many depression’, he says. ‘Not melancholic at other colleagues were E, I found that I could all.’ Unwavering passion provides infect- say ‘no’ to outings. This was liberating. I am ious enthusiasm and wonder. very friendly and like to get to know people, but I realised that I needn’t feel guilty about Somebody said that by the time you get to my desire for private time. forty or thereabouts you admit to yourself that, though you said you couldn’t achieve Peter loved developing seminars using your ambitions, there was always the lurking the insight of type. This understanding suspicion that you really could, if only you got has deepened his educative skills. In his the chance. At forty, most men and women training courses, he particularly enjoyed were prepared to admit that they couldn’t do encouraging Ss and Ns to go outside and it. They had reached midlife and could pray in their opposite: accept themselves. (Otherwise they had a crisis.) I encouraged the Ss to be aware of God and notice nothing, no detail. The Ns were advised Marlene Dietrich was Peter’s downfall: to stop and stare at sense details, like the leaves on the trees. The Ss struggled with the Boys at 12 are eager collectors. Cigarette difficulty: ‘Oh, oh’, one said, ‘I was on the path The lurking guilt: cards was a craze then and marbles have and a 3 cm brown chaffinch with blue-tipped been a perennial. With the pictures every wings hopped across …’ Marlene Dietrich’s week at school, why not film ads? I was the proud possessor of several exercise books of One of my stern instructions was to forbid Fs satanic legs large and small ads, mainly from the Sydney to use their favourite adjective for feedback, Sun and Daily Mirror on Thursdays and ‘lovely’. Ts don’t take too well to that word: Fridays when the programs changed and the they groan and roll their eyes, and this ham- big spread was highlighted by Hoyts, Greater pers their willingness to listen. Helping Fs to Union or MGM to get prospective patrons be heard by Ts is a very useful enterprise. booking for Saturday night … I’m also an Enneagram redeemed 5. While How risqué could films have been in 1952? I avoid emptiness. With films there is always another and another one. I must learn to use The maths teacher, dormitory master the 8 position; so if I am ever able to walk into and cricket coach, Austin, got hold of the a noisy room and say, ‘Shut up and sit down!’, scrapbook. I’ll know I’m redeemed.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 33 Meredith Fuller: A man called Peter

MBTI beginnings in Australia I was discussing Top Gun with Otto Kroeger and Janet Thuesen. They thought Tom Cruise ‘Essentially, members of the Catholic was an ESTP, while I thought he was an ESTJ: religious orders brought the MBTI to you couldn’t be so maverick with multi-million this country’, Peter recalls. dollar decisions! Janet said the introduction to the book was fine and succinct. Noel Davis had introduced me to it in Berk- My series on Australian film in my column for eley in 1978. He brought it to the Sydney the Review is one aspect of my continuing Catholic Education Office, while Margaret contribution that I am especially delighted by. Dwyer brought it to the Melbourne Catholic In 1998 Ken Green invited me to contribute Education Office. a film and type column to the US Bulletin of Psychological Type, and in 2001 Gill Clack Peter was one of the first Australians to invited me to write for Britain’s TypeFace, complete MBTI accreditation. That took which I continue to do. place in 1986, six years after Isabel Myers’ death. The trainers were Margaret and In Melbourne in 1990, Peter worked with Gary Hartzler and Kathy Myers. David Freeman to shape an Australian psychological type group. Mary McGuiness (ITD) was both host and participant. Don Siebert, Trevor Rigby and Mary McGuiness called a meeting in 1991 Leo Power were there. Of 46, we were all and we were established. David Scott and Ns, apart from 2 Ss. [his partner] Adele began the Review and asked me to contribute film columns. Peter ‘hated the stats, but loved the experience’. I’d already written Let A Viking Do It (which the Americans call ‘cute’) and Myers-Briggs I only wish we had filmed it all. Each type Goes To The Movies (which the Americans group presented how it was to be that type. call ‘fun’, pronounced ‘fern’), and then Mirror, Mirror On The Screen. Later I did a book The INFJs were the only group to present as on spirituality and type and the Gospels, The individuals, with our idiosyncratic dreams. Same As Christ Jesus. I recall the INFPs role–playing, entering the I love Hagar cartoons. My students sent me training course: ‘Oh, where is the registration my inferior function. Lucky Eddy and Hagar desk? Where do we go? Where’s the door are sitting on top of a cliff with a valley laid Life membership for out of here?’ Then they sang ‘The Impossible out beneath them: ‘Look at that view!’ ‘Where?’ Dream’. contributions over I find that Hagar cartoons, film clips, reading The ENFPs kept us waiting, then bustled off plays, and anecdotes help people to feel com- two decades after a phone call as a party crowd on their fortable and think about type with enjoyment. way to yet another party. They sang ‘Cabaret’. I play songs: for example, for STs, ‘A Spoonful The INTJs formed a circle, sitting quietly, letting of Sugar’; for SFs, ‘Getting To Know You’; us know, ‘We don’t suffer fools gladly’. for NFs, ‘Somewhere, Over The Rainbow’; and for NTs, Monty Python’s ‘Galaxy Song’. The sole ESTJ sang ‘Working for the Man’ while illustrating how to get 500 boys on an Peter was AusAPT’s Victorian president excursion bus under 5 minutes. from 1991 to 1993. When Mary McCaulley visited in 1994, he hosted her for a day. The 1984 film The Star Chamber, starring Michael Douglas, started Peter off on type After driving her to meet Margaret Dwyer (I and film connections. By 1986 he had the wished I’d taped their three-hour conversation!), chart for MBTI Goes To The Movies. ‘It was I took her for a meat pie at Warrandyte on hardest to find films for NFs and NTs’, he the banks of the river, and a walk through recalls. Sherbrooke Forest. We persuaded Mary that For Peter, films are ‘a marvellous way to Australians are generally suspicious, so we don’t discuss type’. give the questionnaire up front.

34 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

For 12 years, Peter earned some of his (who could say no!). Because SIGNIS has its living doing type seminars with Catholic juries at (now) about forty film and television schools. festivals around the world, the job meant be- ing on the juries like Cannes, Berlin, Venice! There has always been a demand. I have even And some more exotic ones in Yerevan, Kiev, done one recently on coming back home. Havana! Generally, over the years I have seen that One role of SIGNIS is to be a bridge between most secondary staff are INTJs, while ESFJs the Church and the professional world of strongly feature in primary schools. I added cinema. One of the advantages is meeting my results to Ian Ball’s Research Unit. interesting directors (rather than less inter- esting celebrities and stars). I was surprised at a type conference when told that first-year teacher trainees were In the 1990s Peter had the opportunity of overwhelmingly ENFPs. Oh, dear! But then interviewing about 80 Australian directors. I was told, ‘But the ENFPs leave after first Currency Press published 15 of them as year, so the median group becomes ESFJ.’ Myths and Meanings. Relief! My observations were validated. Always delightful pointing out type behaviour Bruce Beresford did not realise he had won in a room. The ESTJs always return to the room so many Catholic prizes (Fringe Dwellers, after 5 minutes, saying ‘Finished!’, while the Black Robe, Paradise Road). And it was INFPs are dragged back after chatting with- hard to meet with George Miller when he out even starting. was upset at the poor reviews of Babe: Pig In The City. Agents keep you away from When asking ‘What strengths do you bring to their clients, like Gillian Armstrong, so I bought your organisations and what drives you mad?’, her lunch. She chatted for an hour and a half, I sit the ISTJs closest to the door opposite the then we had a drink. She wanted to pay, as I ENFPs, ESTJs opposite INFPs. Invariably the had covered lunch. Very courteous. ISTJs say they’re the backbone, the reliable ones. What makes them mad? They look up, Type? With their range of interests, most seem point to the ENFPs and say ‘Them!’ The ENFPs to be more intuitive. And judging from some do likewise, ‘for controlling us!’ of their unpublished comments on casts, they are Ts or upset Fs. Peter attended all of the American APT conferences from 1989 to 2004, plus all For eight years Peter headed the Church’s of the Australian type conferences during international audiovisual organisation— Meeting John Paul II the 1990s. After his return to Australia 140 or so countries around the world: earlier this year, we welcomed him back got only a grunt of to AusAPT’s 2010 national conference in An opportunity to meet so many people, to Sydney, where he was awarded honorary appreciate how different cultures are (even acknowledgement life membership for his contributions over in film-making) from continent to continent two decades. The job included being a member of the Vatican Council on Social Communications The Catholic Association for and an annual plenary meeting. Meeting Communication: SIGNIS John Paul II each year got only a grunt of acknowledgement—women and children got In 1989 Peter was elected president of his full attention. the Catholic Film Offices of the Pacific. Peter has spent a lot of his life on planes, The election was in Kiribati. I was away on a in meetings, travelling the world, writing, year’s sabbatical in New York and didn’t hear and seeing films. He has been writing books about it for six months. on films and meaning since 1969. This meant being involved in Church policy So much more I want to write: religious cine- on cinema, director of the Australian Catholic matic autobiography; ‘How did you …?’ (the Film Office, and meetings each year in Europe question I am often asked); priests and nuns

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 35 Meredith Fuller: A man called Peter

on screen; the Catholic Church and contro- I love word-play, code words, sudokus (not versies about particular films; continuation the diabolical ones), and I love a good foil to of my discussion sheets. (I have been doing bounce off. I automatically make corny puns: them since 1969, so there are quite a few my brother does, and father did also. I am thousand and are going on a website.) well known for this in my community. People often groan (very often!). SIGNIS doesn’t censor films (why do people assume that!)—we appreciate films. I write I hold the view that every film is good until it statements on controversial films: I try to be proves it’s not. Seeing a film is always an ex- fair, not condemnatory. Actually, people say citement. I sit in the best position, a third of the I seem to like everything! Well, I didn’t like way from the front, in the centre. I don’t mind Elizabeth: The Golden Age, although I ap- watching a film in an empty cinema. I pick preciated Cate and Geoffrey’s acting. I was up religious parallels. My mind works all the impressed by Lars von Triers’ Antichrist, a time, but I don’t notice background detail. psychosexual case study that raises ethical Reviewers are different from critics. As a re- issues. A Scottish site, Catholic Truth Scotland, viewer, I mediate films to a readership that I lambasted me as immoral because of my like communicating with. I rarely change my review. mind on films after seeing them again. Only When I prepare the discussion sheets, I may two come to mind that I initially disliked but make my notes and then speak on to a tape. later enjoyed: All That Jazz (one of my now A good friend, Phyl Coffey, has been typing for favourites), and Portrait Of A Lady. the past 34 years, then I edit them. I try to When a film ends I feel satisfied. I am moist- write my reviews as soon as I can, but I can eyed a lot after films, but not so in real life. also leave a movie, compartmentalise, and In life, I’ve had to be the dependable one; in consider it later if necessary. In Cannes you films, I can be moist in a joyful or sad way. must write reviews that night for the next day’s website entry, and I find that I am more free- Films haven’t changed so much—still similar flowing on computer than by hand. to the 1930s: gangster, screwball comedies, Disney animations. Since Star Wars, what ‘The word credibility is important to me’, has changed are our imagination patterns. says Peter. ‘I want to know that people Avatar is the continuation of that, in a pro- think my talks are interesting, not merely Green way. The emotions in Gone With that I am a nice person. If I can facilitate The Wind are similar to those in Titanic. something to click for the Ts and Fs, that The blockbuster films still make all the money. is important to me.’ Interesting directors: However, crowds now go to the Nova, and you have the potential (as I have discovered) I am interested in the credibility of politics Catherine Hardwicke for your local barber to discuss MIFF films grounded in social justice. I’m Labor, not Lib- while you get a haircut—how wonderful! with Peter in LA eral. I like people who are credible, objective, honest, and hopeful. People who want ethical I don’t view films from a type perspective. It’s government and can see future possibilities: only when something striking happens that I this cheers me. immediately notice type. It comes in the later reflection. I am worried by intensely ideologically rigid people who wish to impose their rigidity. I dis- I don’t take myself too seriously, and I hope I like the intrusion of overbearing websites and have an unassuming approach. I like to reflect. blog comments that are nasty. One reader sent If I had to describe myself, I would say ‘inter- me a note saying, ‘Satan entered into Harry esting, amiable, unstuffily serious, and religious/ Potter and now he has entered into you’. spiritual’. I hope people think I am interesting and that I can communicate my interesting Generally, I am an optimist. But aggression work. and war alarm me. I am dismayed by catas- trophes and helplessness when I can’t do a I’m sure I speak for his book and column Peter Malone’s film reviews thing. Of course I donate money, pray, and readership and those who have had the are accessible online at spread awareness, but it doesn’t seem to be privilege of stimulating debate about film: www.signis.net/malone/ hands-on enough. ‘yes’ on both counts, Peter. 

36 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Pumping up the volume

Social incongruities in modern times

Try sleeping with the dancers in your room. Discipline and Punish

Jack Bruce Some like to have things messy and unde- termined; there’s an argument that people are mostly like that. For others, it’s messy Noise once you establish core principles. And there are those, postmodern in inclination, Perhaps the most familiar model of simple who see human activity as mediated relat- communication over the past several dec- ionships, implying that there’s no core self. ades has been the somewhat mechanistic engineering approach of ‘senders’ and There are people who think that things ‘receivers’. Distortion or ‘noise’ prevents need to be structured in such a way that a effective or literal transmission and decod- ‘discipline and punish’ perspective (a term ing of whatever’s been said or written. coined by Michel Foucault) is appropriate for regulating society and behaviours. We

On that basis, operating as an individual see this in much public policy: in particular, The freewheelin’ personality can be considered to be noise, in advertisements threatening retribution for particularly if considered typologically. inappropriate road behaviour, or the con- Peter Geyer Isabel Myers’ selection of forced choice sequences of tobacco and other drug use. as the method of scoring her items for the The presumption here is that everyone, MBTI, and her encouragement of omiss- including target audiences (‘hoons’, for ions, can be seen as statistical noise. Mark instance), agrees with this interpretation Majors’ five-point non-Likert scale for his of human behaviour and will restrict their Operating as MajorsPTI is designed to clear things up a activities accordingly, rather than consid- little in that context. This brings pleasure ering it a game or challenge, or ignoring an individual and clarity to many; others may prefer to the message altogether. live with the noise or delve into the mean- personality can ing of its sounds. There are benefits either Theories of minds way. be considered George Prochnik points out that domestic Not everyone is theoretically inclined and similar disputes often have their stim- about personality, even amongst those ‘noise’ ulus in unacceptable noise: someone else’s, who are naturally inclined to theory. for instance, or even your own. One could argue, as I do, that there are There are also the modern electronic noises theoretical presumptions about person- that underpin 21st Century life. We may ality implicit in every policy or decision. be consciously unaware of them, but they But it does not follow that these enter the affect our moods and actions nonetheless minds of decision makers in their deliber- (2010). ations. Much of this behaviour could be considered unconscious: e.g. being object- Peter Geyer (INTP) is interested The experience of noise, as defined, can ively logical without engaging in thinking, in the curiosities and paradoxes be subjective, particularly where music is or being compassionate without engaging of everyday life. concerned. Even in this case, you have to in feeling. Elizabeth Murphy contends that www.petergeyer.com.au take into account deliberate distortion or possessing a type preference is quite differ- [email protected] muddy production, even taste. ent from directing it.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 37 Peter Geyer: Pumping up the volume

Serving the public In enquiring about the latter and whether it was possible to wait in a quieter area (an One consequence of this can be the intro- approach that met with much confusion), duction of facilities or services that people I discovered that no connection had been are presumed to need, but no-one asked for. made between the therapeutic aspects of In this way, customer service can be more illness and healing and what might occur about how a ‘customer’ is going to be dealt in a place where people are compelled to with, than an attempt to provide what they gather prior to receiving diagnosis and might require. assistance. Internet access is presumed to be crucial The nature of medical recommendations for the free flow of information. The Inter- can vary wildly these days. A research net is also a place where information can cardiologist considers it logical to suggest be hidden, deliberately or otherwise, as can cholesterol-lowering drugs be made freely be attested by anyone who has attempted available at McDonald’s and similar eat- to navigate various websites, or looked in eries to counteract the effect of what’s on hope at an FAQ list for something remotely offer (Campbell, 2010). relevant to their query. ‘It’s on the Internet’ As someone recently diagnosed with type-2 can be a crucial part of an obfuscatory diabetes, I received an offer from university strategy. medical researchers to participate in a trial In the tangible world, a sudden appearance in which half of the participants would re- of a new facility or service can be startling, ceive lap-band surgery. Whether invasive if not bewildering. At a local petrol station surgery was an appropriate treatment for I discovered that the loud background noise this problem appeared unconsidered. The which I’d presumed to be a favourite radio proposal had received the requisite ethical station imposed on customers as part of clearance, giving expanded meaning to ex- their service experience, was in fact some- perimentation on human beings. thing called ‘PumpTV’, a television screen and service placed on top of a bowser. Hard again Why anyone would want to be assailed in These incongruities can spread further. this way escaped me—but then I wonder about the purpose and effectiveness of much In a supermarket recently I noticed a man of the social noise provided by retailers and carrying his young son in the supportive others. Some people I’ve spoken with say and gentle way seen a lot these days. The Why would anyone that noise (usually music) is a key reason father was wearing a mass-produced T- for not venturing into the store concerned. shirt, green with gold lettering. Its design want to be assailed proclaimed ‘Country Australia Border At any rate, PumpTV didn’t seem to be a Protection’, with a subtext ‘Nothing soft choice of those running the place. Maybe by PumpTV? gets in’. Hardness, expressed in this way, people take it in their stride, or don’t think appears a prerequisite for being Australian about it at all. My observations indicate in these times for many, who place their that accurate and timely reporting isn’t an care elsewhere. essential attribute of the service, so perhaps it’s like Huxley’s soma, Marx’s opiate of Others may not place care anywhere at all, the masses, or something that’s just there or at least give that appearance. This is the without any reason at all. world of Winners and Losers. That was the position of the person who blocked my exit Healing the sick at a PumpTV–free petrol station with his 4-wheel drive and trailer—a win for him, Installing communication devices without consequently a loss for me. reflection on purpose, let alone context, Paradoxically, the Collingwood AFL cap- seems to be a general experience, from the tain, Nick Maxwell, asks how we can hate television that no-one watches at Centrelink someone we don’t know—even hating to the two large flat screens on the waiting people who want to help others. room walls at my local medical centre.

38 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

Sometimes sportspeople have interesting about ambivalence, or consideration of the things to say; sometimes public comment- issues: for example, the negative comments ators would be better to keep silent. on the lengthy (and to my mind appropriate) discussions and negotiations regarding the Looking for outcomes establishment of a minority government. Perhaps this is why there appears such a If you become outcome focused, you forget rush to medicalise introversion as some about what you’re doing today and tomorrow kind of autism, or to expand the meaning of the latter to encompass a wide range of … life experiences, much as has been done to if you spend too much time looking at the depression. horizon, you forget about what’s in front of At the time of the recent disruptions and you protests at the Villawood detention centre, a spokesperson for the relevant department Dean Bailey was reported as stating that counselling and other services offered to these people were The Melbourne AFL senior coach, Dean ‘first class’, leaving an unasked question Bailey, advocates looking at what’s there, about why the people for whom these high- not what you might want to see. This means quality services were available had taken appreciating the moment after the fashion such drastic measures. of ‘one week at a time’. It also implies that deciding on an outcome can mean fitting In the same way, politicians praise trans- facts into a desired pattern, eliminating port systems when they don’t work, and uncomfortable ones, or privileging some emergency services strategies when they particular information over others because fail. The failure of a system and poor de- it ‘fits’—no matter the reality. cisions made by those within is thus trans- muted into a claim that the system works, I was told of an incident on a train. A little and so a kind of ‘win-win’ situation. boy had an inflated balloon, and the man accompanying him, presumably his father, Be yourself, be real advised him to let the air out, as then the balloon would last longer. Presumably I do react very badly when politicians say, as well-intentioned, this seemed to defeat the whole point of possessing such an object. they like to, ‘let’s leave personalities out of it’. It was a deflating, if not bewildering, ex- An understanding perience for the child. Francis Wheen of personality is In a similar way, the current prime min- The Federal election and its aftermath have ister appears to consider education to be demonstrated how important an understand- important to politics about jobs, not about learning per se, or ing of personality is to politics. even a cornerstone of participating in a democracy, a somewhat dispiriting, albeit Francis Wheen thinks it’s important to bipartisan, approach. It may go some of know something about the kind of people the way to explaining disinterest about who are running, or have attained office. This would include whether they’re ‘them- learning in general and its reduction to funding formulae. selves’, as Julia Gillard claimed she would be at one time in the campaign. Like happy endings, you are set in your ways The journalist Katharine Murphy suggests Have you never had a sad one of your own? that her colleagues do not have a working theory of personality. Indeed, they seem to Tony Colton avoid it at all costs: it’s easier to stereotype, mind-read, or be cynical and confronting, It also seems important these days never than to understand and appreciate differ- to be wrong, which may be part of a gen- ent methods of living and working things eral anxiety about completion, or unease through (2010).

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 39 Peter Geyer: Pumping up the volume

As an example, thinking that public figures a better politic that we want, we should References prefer extraversion (or, at least, should), start by being better citizens’ (2010). because they are out in public, rather than Bruce, Jack (1971). Can you follow? (Jack This historical ignorance can also appear Bruce and Pete Brown, Bruce Music). introversion, as they invariably do (in this in benign ways. A recent Hungry Jack’s Harmony Row, Polydor 065 625-2. country, at least), suggests a superficial or advertisement invokes New Orleans, Bour- Campbell, Denis (2010). Like statins with inadequate knowledge of the constructs, a bon and ‘the taste of the South’. Nonethe- that? The Age, 14 August 2010. lack of research and insight into the people less, the musical riff, key to the message, concerned, and sometimes intellectual Pierre, D B C, quoted in Jo Case (2010). is the very different Chicago blues of DBC in Wonderland. Readings Monthly laziness. Muddy Waters. (supplement to The Age), September 2010, p 9. Whether particular personality inform- Grace Karskens’ history of early Sydney ation is sufficient, or even relevant— Chancellor, Alexander (2010). Palin pre- describes an insightful and complex inter- a physical feature, say, or a tendency to sents mediocrity as an American virtue. action of all the people (and peoples) con- Weekend Australian, 28–29 August 2010, a particular activity—the kind of people cerned. What’s consistent as a theme is p 23. political strategists think the voters are, the administrative approach of discipline- Colton, Tony (1973). Soft word Sunday the methods they use to determine what and-punish as an ultimate policy, operat- morning (Tony Colton, Albert Lee and that might be, and the capacity to use the ing out of a presumption that a particular Ray Smith, Jamarnie Music). Heads, chosen methods adequately and effective- Hands and Feet, Old Soldiers Never Die, version of British behaviour was a culture ly, are obviously important. Atlantic/Repertoire REP4266-WY. that Aboriginal people, convicts and settlers Bailey, Dean, quoted in Adam Cooper Social scientist Hugh Mackay observes, would naturally strive to attain. (2010). Demons prepare for epic battle. for instance, that while focus groups were There was genuine confusion, frustration The Age Sport, 14 August 2010, p 5. in use by Labor Party figures, it appeared and anger when this did not occur and the Maxwell, Nick, quoted in Martin Flanagan they had little idea of what these groups ‘discipline and punish’ method was applied (2010). Playing it to the Max. Saturday really were, to say nothing of how to use Age Sport, 25 September 2010, p 2. to get them to change their minds—or, at them well (2010). least, behaviours. That these people had a Wheen, Francis, quoted in Fiona Gruber different focus on life, and may not in any (2010). The affable antagonist. The Age A2, 14 August 2010, pp 22–23. The relevance of history case be attached to society in the same way that those who wish to regulate things of Karskens, Grace (2009). The colony: A his- There’s also an unwillingness to examine tory of early Sydney. Allen and Unwin. this nature expect, was not understood. history and past events, or at least select Current experience may differ, in a less Kooper, Al (1972). (Be Yourself) Be Real the relevant past event and examine the violent world in particular, but the basic (Sealark Enterprises/Joans Boans Music). facts available. Naked Songs, Sony SRCS 6201. method is still apparent. Alexander Chancellor observes that Sarah Mackay, Hugh (2010). Uninspired spruiking This kind of approach might be an exam- Palin trades on her incoherence and ignor- tests public’s patience. The Age online, ple of undirected thinking—certainly of http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/politics/ ance as a badge of honour by being herself, thinking without reflection, in a general uninspired-spruiking-tests-publics-patience- or at least being ‘authentic’ (2010). 20100806-11oia.html, 7 August 2010. sense. What isn’t said is that there’s a long history Mackay, Hugh (2010). In this boxing match, C G Jung thought most people were un- of this kind of approach in American pol- the strategists are all ham-fisted. The Age conscious, and that democracy in a way online, http://www.theage.com.au/national/ itics, including an extremely influential depends on that. Notwithstanding Jung’s in-this-boxing-match-the-strategists-are- group known as the ‘Know–Nothings’ all-hamfisted-20100806-11om7.html, personal political position as a kind of around the 1840s. The current Tea Party 7 August 2010. conservative oligarch, this bears thinking movement exists independent of any real Murphy, Katharine (2010). Statecraft or stage- about, particularly when we look at per- knowledge or understanding of the actual craft? The Age Insight, 18 September sonality. event and its contemporary purpose. 2010, p 2. Prochnik, George (2010). In pursuit of silence: This leaves aside the obvious appeal for Growing up is something I’ve tried to avoid. Listening for meaning in a world of noise. many who perceive Palin as being just like Doubleday. Why do it? Unfortunately, though, it seeps in them, considering that to be an important Soutphommasane, Tim (2010). To vote or criterion for high office. Tim Soutphom- through cracks. not to vote, and if so, for whom? Ask the masane avers that ‘we shouldn’t forget Philosopher. The Weekend Australian that we get the leaders we deserve. If it is DBC Pierre Inquirer, 21–22 August 2010, p 6.

Jung thought most people were unconscious, and democracy in a way depends on that

40 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 Can opposites reconcile in the waiting city?

The Waiting City, directed by Claire McCarthy

There are many things to commend The airport and the loss of her luggage) begins Waiting City to an Australian audience, and highlights the precarious aspects of and to audiences beyond Australia. their marriage and love. It’s also an interesting portrait of a husband Fiona is played by Radha Mitchell and and wife, opposites in terms of type, who Ben by Joel Edgerton. seem united in a quest but, when dropped Some audiences and reviewers have com- into a different environment where matters mented that they thought the presentation do not go as they might expect, experience of the two personalities is rather schematic, a clash—but also an opportunity to move that the screenplay obviously sets up the towards each other and find some personal situation, maybe a bit textbookishly. That individuation, as well as some integration may be, but it is still interesting to observe in their relationship. the two and see what drives them.

Written and directed by Claire McCarthy, Fiona is a successful lawyer, a workaholic it was filmed completely on location in and ambitious. She has her laptop with her Peter Malone India—especially in Kolkata, with a train and keeps working on an important case trip through the countryside to a town despite the difficulties in communication. some hours from the city. Promoting of Ben is a rather laidback former rock mus- tourism is not an intention of the film- ician who has a history of drug problems. makers, but they so appreciate the dis- Their marriage is tested as he looks out tinctive atmosphere, the blend of beauty on to India and is caught up in its musical and squalor, the rich traditions (with their A husband and and religious spells. Fiona looks inwards vivid and vibrant colours), and the religious until Ben challenges her, throwing her doc- and transcendent spirit that pervades India wife, opposites umentation into the swimming pool in a despite its growing affluence and material- desperate attempt to get her attention. in terms of type ism in some significant areas, that we feel that we ourselves are visiting India with Can they keep face when dealing with the the central couple. authorities? Can they mend their emotional ruptures? Will the baby unite them? Adoption is the key theme for The Waiting Peter Malone (INFJ) writes on films City, the city where an Australian couple, The first aspect one notices is that Fiona and type. His books include Myers- Fiona and Ben, are full of expectations to seems to make decisions readily and, des- Briggs Goes To The Movies, Mirror, meet the child they have been planning to pite the personal nature of their visit to Mirror On The Screen and The Same adopt for two years, and to take her to a India and the prospect of adopting a child, As Christ Jesus: Gospel and Type. new life back home. seems to be more a thinker than a feeler, enabling her to be more objective and Peter was a founding member of While the couple have been approved by committed to her case. We later learn that AusAPT. After heading the World the Indian authorities (who remind them she has had an abortion, an experience Catholic Association for Communi- that priority must be given to Indian adop- that seems to have made her approach to cations, SIGNIS, he recently returned ting families), they have to wait for the life more detached, somewhat harder. home to Melbourne. untangling of bureaucratic administrative knots. The transition to a completely Ben makes his decisions from a feeling per- [email protected] different culture (highlighted by Fiona’s spective, quite subjective in his love for rather high-handed impatience at the to music. He is a perceiver and acts impulsively, Photo: Jordan Head affect husband and wife in different ways rather than with any planning.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 41 Peter Malone: The Waiting City

It is difficult to tell whether Fiona prefers submerging herself, experiencing some- extraversion or not. She is outgoing in her thing transcendent, if not a presence of work, but tends to be more introverted in God. The water symbolism, womb, cleans- her own life. Ben is energised by the world ing, purifying, depthing, means that Fiona of India out there, and the music out there. cannot be the same from now on. It also seems that Fiona operates on an This religious theme is to the fore as the intuitive level, especially in her work. Ben baby lives at an orphanage run by sisters is here-and-now sensing. It suggests that whose habit resembles that of the Mission- opposites have attracted in this marriage, aries of Charity, and who manifest that complementarity but, in the situation they charity in their care for the children. Under- find themselves in, each tends to stay in lying the plot are themes of pregnancy, their own comfort zone. abortion, inability to conceive, as well as One way of coping is for them to visit the issues of adoption. orphanage where their baby is and see the Audiences may think to themselves that town where she was born. For a record, they can predict where the story is leading both parents speak to a camera and take them. It doesn’t. Fiona and Ben have to face shots of the baby’s home , background and far more questions than they anticipated, culture to give to her when she has grown as does the audience. Because of Fiona's older. deep experience and Ben’s coming to share One of the advantages the couple has is it, especially in the context and rituals of Krishna, their friendly (but very blunt, in death and burial, the film suggests that for- asking questions about barren women and giveness, reconciliation and rediscovery of other personal issues) guide, who accom- mutual love are possible. In type terms, the panies them to the town and a visit to his harmony of an INTJ and ESFP self-accept- family, his mother (also quite blunt), his wife ance and acceptance of the other. and children. The focus on their adoptive The film is beautiful to look at and listen to. daughter has a calming effect, enabling each Audiences from developed countries are to become more open to the other, taken right into India and challenged about although the information and shock about their own expectations of affluence, poverty, the abortion is too much for Ben. hunger, comfort, hygiene, health, opportun- A key event, personally transforming, is ities, what they take for granted. Krishna’s urging Fiona to step into the A sense of superiority is also challenged as river which is said to bless barren women. the core of the story is human dignity— Fiona confesses to not believing in God, no matter who, no matter what.  but she eventually steps into the water,

The core of the story is human dignity

Radha Mitchell and Joel Edgerton in The Waiting City

42 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 An extraordinary guidebook

Book review: Susan Nash, Let’s Split The Difference

Many of us who work as coaches, coun- ESTP–ENTP, ENTP–ENFP, ESFP–ENFP) sellors and trainers are in the business of using the four type lenses. helping others identify their ‘best-fit’ types. Demonstrating her gift of adapting complex Even when we use instruments like the theories to real–world situations, Nash Myers–Briggs Type Indicator there can be reviews the similarities and differences questions about whether an individual’s between each pair in a manner that is preferences are really more INTJ or ISTJ, concise, complete and easy for non-type ENFP or ESFP, ISFJ or ISFP. users to understand. How can we effectively help others discern These comparisons include the use of key their ‘true’ types—that is, what is innate, as questions that guide the reader in applying opposed to what is learned? Eve Delunas the four lenses of type to discern which of Fortunately, Susan Nash has come to our the pair is a person’s best-fit type. Following rescue with her practical resource guide, each question there are suggestions for Let’s Split The Difference. In this cutting– how to interpret a person’s answers, with edge work, Nash provides us with four explanations for what particular responses Susan Nash lenses of type through which we are able might mean in terms of type preferences. to view our clients, and in turn help them to In addition to its outstanding content, a better understand themselves and discern Let’s Split the Difference: strong feature of Let’s Split the Difference the four-letter type that is their best fit. Your guide to clarifying the is the use of charts throughout to present The book begins with a condensed des- information in a clear and easy-to-read differences between similar cription of the four dimensions measured format. The book also includes convenient types by the MBTI, followed by a brief, yet com- appendices which provide all sixteen type prehensive, overview of the four lenses of descriptions, listings of the hierarchy of UK: EM–Power, 2009 type: function–attitudes, hierarchy of func- functions for all types, and a resource tions, temperament, and the Interaction guide for additional information on each of Styles model of Linda Berens. While there the four type lenses. are other books to help distinguish between Let's Split the Difference is an extraordinary Dr Eve Delunas has been using the type pairs, Let's Split the Difference is unique guidebook for understanding and applying temperament model for thirty years in with its inclusion of all four of these useful the four lenses of type and for discerning her work as a psychotherapist, edu- models. essential differences between similar types. cator and organisational trainer. Her Drawing from her 18 years of experience It is also a great tool for sharpening one’s book, Survival Games Personalities as an organisational consultant and trainer, own understanding of the sixteen types. Play, describes her unique application Nash deftly reviews the essential compon- of the temperament model in under- This book is a worthwhile addition to any ents of each of these approaches. standing and treating dysfunctional type practitioner’s bookshelf!  behaviour. Next, Nash offers us comparisons of eight Eve lives in Germany, where she is a introverted pairs (INTJ–ISTJ, ISTP–ISTJ, professor of counselling psychology INFJ–INTJ, ISFJ–INFJ, ISFJ–ISFP, ISTP– This book review is reprinted by kind permission of OPP. for the University of Maryland, Euro- INTP, INTP–INFP, ISFP–INFP), and eight pean Division. extraverted pairs (ESTJ–ENTJ, ESTJ–ESTP, Let’s Split The Difference was first published as a series in [email protected] ENFJ–ENTJ, ESFJ–ENFJ, ESFJ–ESFP, the Australian Psychological Type Review from 2002 to 2008.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 43 READ THE TYPOLOGICAL BOOK WHICH IS CHANGING PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS… This book explains a psychological theory that describes human nature holistically. Metaphorically it is a House with seven floors ‐ including a basement and attic ‐ with each floor consisting of 3 or 4 rooms Key Features of the Underlying Theory

Technically UHM is a holographic integration of the four Jungian functions (referencing the seven major world typologies including the MBTI, Temperament Theory and Enneagram) and seven Chakras into one model which makes it much more than a typological instrument

This is because it explains both function (the ‘why’ ‐ motivation) and process (the ‘what’ ‐ preference). This makes it a '3‐Dimensional model' rather than most typologies and trait instruments or systems which are more 2‐ dimensional. For instance it can explain why two of the same MBTI type can be so different –in the same room but at different floors! The formulator of Integral Theory, Ken Wilbur, pointed out that any complete psychological system needs to do what the UHM does and account for both vertical and horizontal dimensions Leaders in their respective fields were sent a pre‐release copy – this is what they said: • 'The UHM has been life changing for many of our staff and a great investment for the company. It has been life changing for me. I now appreciate the power of engaging the heart as well as the head. This understanding alone is like a keystone for many other ideas and models I live and work by. Be prepared to open your mind and understand yourself and others for the first time' ‐ Grant Gilfillan, CEO and Director, Sydney Ports Corporation

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A social and historical excursion

Use your imagination … get it all back again. use of his typology, with its core in meas- urement, has strong elements of a classi- Alan Spenner ficatory system in the way alluded to by Bowker and Star (2000).

Assigning things, people, or their actions to The origins of psychological measure- ment, almost a century ago, were in the categories is a ubiquitous part of work in the world of organisations, hence the process modern bureaucratic state. of ‘administering’ a type instrument, and the increasingly blurry line between a type Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star code and its stereotype, or between the pro- cess of discovering one’s type preferences and being typecast. For the majority of people engaged in the community of practice surrounding the mysteries and practices of C G Jung’s One of the attractions of attending the Peter Geyer psychological types, or the broader, more Type and Typology in Cultural History amorphous label of ‘personality type’, the seminar was that nothing of the above kind word type is self–explanatory, even self– of typology was expected at all. It was an referential. opportunity to experience and listen to a ‘Type’ is the boundary that encompasses group of people from the academic world the commonalities of C G Jung’s typology unconstrained by such considerations, at and David Keirsey’s temperaments, even least as far as the preliminary information Type and Typology though they have quite different theoretical from newspapers and elsewhere proclaimed. and historical origins and perspectives. Furthermore, at $25 (including lunch and in Cultural History Notwithstanding the utility of combining tea), it seemed a pleasant way to spend a these overlapping ideas, in the past they day, where you didn’t have to interact, just seminar, convened have been compared to ‘oil and water’ sit, think, observe and take notes. by Liz Conor (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1981). The seminar was held in a lecture theatre Beyond this particular circle, temperament in one of the newer Melbourne University (outside its historical uses) is a term applied buildings, almost off campus. The univer- sity appears to be slowly snaking south- University of Melbourne, to research in early childhood, or a general description of mood. Keirsey’s use of the wards to the Melbourne CBD, building by 5 November 2010 word ‘character’ links to the world of psy- building, on a collision course with the chotherapy, where it is a clinical term for nearby RMIT. 20 or so people attended personality (e.g. Ahern and Malerstein, to start with; later, there were twice that 1989). Early users of his temperaments did number, including a high proportion of not use Jung’s functions in their work, and students. Peter Geyer (INTP) is an amateur Keirsey’s antipathy towards Jung’s ideas The convenor, Liz Conor, opened by and dilettante in the style, if not the is public knowledge (Keirsey 1998). acknowledging the Wurundjeri and Kulin fashion or period, of those currently Jung eschewed the idea of his typology as nations, identifying the presenters as cul- identified as ‘romantic scientists’. a classificatory system (1971), and even tural historians, and reading out a lengthy www.petergeyer.com.au denied he had a particular model. The stark list of adjectives associated with ‘Type’, [email protected] reality, however, is that the contemporary including ‘psychological type’.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 45 Peter Geyer: Type and typology

Deborah Kelly and Zelda Grimshaw: oppressive life. Aboriginal wives were seen as possessions—but abductors were not ‘Beastess’ pursued if it was too long since the abduc- tion, as the women were not wanted back. The opening presentation was a perform- ance combining artwork, voice and dance When used by white settlers, words of from Deborah Kelly and Zelda Grimshaw. Aboriginal origin were not authentic, as they were recorded quickly as text, not The latter was dressed in a feline fashion, speech. The explorer Charles Sturt appears emphasising associations of females with an exception, given credence because he particular animals, a part of various names used Aboriginal language and got Abor- and labels attached to women read out in iginal people to communicate with him in the performance—not many of them all their words. that complimentary. elbourne ‘Lubra’ became a pan–Aboriginal term for wife or woman, even where the word Liz Conor: The ‘Lubra’ type was not part of the local language—an an- thropological label. By the time of Dickens, Liz began by outing herself as a member ‘gin’ and ‘lubra’ had become general terms of ‘John Howard’s Ladies Auxiliary’, a in use. Lubra was the name of a steamship group of women who appeared at places in 1861, and a drawing of an Aboriginal visited by the then Prime Minister, dressed woman, ‘Lubra Kate’, featured in a 1917 according to role, seeking to identify and advertisement for oil (lubrication). There satirise his approach to the world—a kind are 22 Australian place names for ‘lubra’. of typological role play, one of the aspects There’s no evidence that settlers knew of ‘type’ offered throughout the day. their Greek astrological or temperament Liz described typing as an ‘imposing of signs. However, there was a mania for categories because of perception[s]; a type classificatory schema such as ‘Evolution- of classification or sorting’. Typing had a ary Gradation’, ‘Great Chain of Being’ and ‘Moral System’. Human ‘difference’ Liz Conor Liz purposive logic and was an entrenched cultural habit. It could be seen as a means was interpreted as meaning ‘higher’ and

Dr of splitting away, so needed attention paid ‘lower’ beings. Methods such as cranial to it on that basis. physiognomy gave recourse to a racial- ised system of typology for colonials. Liz referenced the sociologist of modernity Georg Simmel (e.g., Frisby 2002) about The 19th Century criminologist Cesare ‘finding oneself within and without’—a Lombroso considered that criminals re- phrase that could be usefully applied to a verted to early man, with a primitive, psychological type code or category. She somewhat like Aboriginal, physiognomy. noted that a type identification ‘can seal Liz showed a 1956 photo of an Aboriginal your fate’, and such identifications can male, which gave his metrical particulars, range from ‘slave’ to ‘saint.’ Human showing legs but not the rest of the body, identity is ‘the most indeterminate of because that was considered disturbing. A determinates’. comment on a 1939 photo of an Aboriginal woman stated ‘the women grow old and Her presentation was on the ‘Lubra’ type, ugly at 30 in the bush, but this face shows

ResearchFellow, School of Culture and Communication, UniversityofM its origins and application to Aboriginal wisdom and character’. women. The word dates back to 1829, used by George Augustus Robinson, the By the1930s, the race category appeared Protector of Aborigines in both the Van unsustainable or obsolete for some, although Diemen’s Land colony and the Port Phillip Xavier Herbert’s Capricornia (1938) didn’t District (see, e.g., Boyce 2009). reflect that. In 1953 Anthropology Today mentioned a shift away from a biological European sealers in Bass Strait and on the definition of race, but anthropologists did shores of New Holland gained sexual not give it up. Typecasting in fact intens- access to Aboriginal women, identified as ified and became nastier in the mid–20th ‘lubras’. These abducted women lived an Century.

46 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

Type in this sense is used as an ‘articulation could not succeed without the intervent- of the Other’—subjects within discursive ion of society and were a menace to the regimes, within dominating frameworks development of the race. Segregation and as suggested by Foucault and Said. Types sterilisation of the unfit, mentally deficient can be labels that are bureaucratised (see, or feeble–minded were proposed. e.g., Watson 2004). The prosperous and professional classes Liz’s work is ongoing, but the theme made thought they had superior genes. They were me think of type as part of an importation nominally progressive, but their schemes Cr Lecturer, of American language and the associated had punitive and benevolent strands, and structures, as seen in many type booklets. with eugenics could manipulate the envir- Race is a term freely used in Jungian texts, onment. Eugenic control in breeding, or particularly in the inter-war years, and even negative eugenics, was seen as the main in later works like Meier’s Consciousness way of developing the race. Melbourne of University Communication, and Culture of School Writing, eative (1989), although ostensibly a more benign The Eugenics Society of Victoria was interpretation. Jung uses the language of founded in 1936; Professor W E Agar, a his time—one reason for challenges to his distinguished authority on genetics, was perspective in recent decades. elected president. The Society was inter- ested in the potential of society and the Tony Birch: raising of general intelligence, requiring The Other Half / The Forgotten Tenth / in part the elimination of ‘gross defects of The Degenerate Type—Categories of the mind and body’, with those identified deviance in the welfare state as such discouraged from having children. In 1939, the Society proposed having the Dr unskilled occupational classes sterilised. No people need God more than the people Tony Birch of Fitzroy. Agar thought sterilisation was better than confinement. Paradoxically, he thought the Gerard Kennedy Tucker, founder of the ‘mentally defective’ could actually make Brotherhood of St Laurence (1933) this choice. These people were considered a race apart; their existence would weaken the white race further. An ‘uncontrolled’ Tony spoke both as a researcher and as a class system in Australia was a menace to person born and raised in Fitzroy, an inner the race, so mass sterilisation was urged. suburb of Melbourne. In the 1930s it was The residium of society, they were also an area of activity for social reformers like identified as enemies of the state. Tucker, whose approach was identified as environmental or positive eugenics. People Environmental aspects also included econ- like Tucker were ‘moral salvationists’ who omic and moral surveillance, a practice wished to save ‘deviant’ types. that has much history (e.g. Foucault 1977; Donzelot 1997). Tony showed photographs Seminal texts were Henry Mayhew’s of 1930s Fitzroy for background. London’s Underworld—‘concerned with melodrama, rather than serious science’— Tucker transferred men from Fitzroy to and Charles Booth’s Life and Labour of Carrum Downs, a kind of small farmers’ the People in London, whose subjects were vision or rural ideal—riff–raff removed described as ‘stunted, squalid savages’. to a labour colony or quarantine colony. Booth was in favour of the working class, This was reflected in 18th Century ideas,

but labelled their lives as ‘debauchery’. He including the settlement of Sydney Cove listed eight classes of British society and (see Karskens 2009). In 1944 the Brother- endorsed a lifestyle of a disciplined exist- hood proposed a new containment and re– ence and long hours of work. education scheme in Fitzroy. Eugenics was influential in this kind of Working class people were described as of thought. Experts in public health took a the best kind or the worst kind, depending position of environmental determinism, on context. They could be ‘difficult clients’ which considered that the lower orders who ‘won’t take advice’: a Mrs Lemon was

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 47 Peter Geyer: Type and typology

described as ‘suffering from large doses Paul James: of curiosity … a great moral crime’. As Despite the terrors of typologies— professionals police the Welfare State and Understanding categories of difference see persons behaving inappropriately, types like ‘single mother’, ‘dole bludger’, ‘migrant menace’, ‘indigenous’ become I’m not festooned. new threats to the white race. Paul James The elephant in the room is Aboriginal people. (In England, it’s the Irish.) The ‘convict stain’ was not used as a reason For Paul, not being ‘festooned’ meant an for degeneracy, perhaps because of the absence of technology such as PowerPoint, influence of reading from the USA. not that other presenters engaged much in that kind of thing, anyway—a welcome City housing estates were about separat- relief to me. He was an articulate speaker, ion. The final solution was to segregate and spoke without any apparent notes.

working class communities. The Housing

ty Commission’s model was to contain and Paul began by stating that ‘well–meaning control people in the estate. You could be people can do culpable things’. evicted for breaking any one of 334 rules, The modernisation of the nation–state sets but people made them liveable. Universi

up categories which can be unhelpful. Paul What happened to eugenics after the War? wasn’t against categories or typologies; he Tony asserted that engineers take over the was against the way they become fixed and country in 1945: therefore, the focus is on codified, which makes people superior to

buildings, not people. They go to the US, others and so on. Insightfully, he observed UK, Russia, but never question whether that even a participatory, inclusive process people will conform to this approach. A can be used as social control. Paul used ex- social welfare policy of self–regulation and amples from Sri Lanka, Rwanda and the control at a distance, but also surveillance former Yugoslavia. at a distance. A moral means test. the Wel- The Sinhalese language of Sri Lanka fare State where an aim is to regiment it derives from Sanskrit. A language of the Paul James tightly and exclude people. royal court, much like Latin in medieval This seemed more than similar to the pre- Western Europe, it was linguistified, then sumptions and actions of today’s welfare racialised and territorialised, eventually system. This process is a political or rhe- becoming an ethnicity. torical device. There’s not much evidence Sinhalese and Tamils made each other: they of a need to segregate, it’s usually a moral became fixed categories and supposedly argument: ‘dens of iniquity’, e.g. hotels and separate. Arabs and Jews made each other: wine bars. In a mixed model, after a while

Director of the Global Cities Institute, RMIT the relationship intertwines in the same there are no friends. In Brunswick Street way. Serb, Bosnian, Croat are intertwined today, you can’t get a pint of milk. You can, categories. There’s an idea that under Tito but it’s hard. Fitzroy is still under contest, these categories were suppressed, but he but middle–class in orientation, isolated. was part of the making of them via census Tony also mentioned that social workers and mapping activities. Croats were Cath- Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity, Globalism Research Centre did not adhere to what they’d learned, in olic, Serbs Orthodox, Bosnians Muslim. positive or negative ways. That made me But you could be Muslim and Christian at think about knowledge transmission of all the same time: life in one, faith in the other. kinds, including type–questionnaire related Between 1871 and 1881, the Sri Lankan accreditations and certifications, and how census went from 25 to 7 races—‘fixing influential or useful they might actually be. up the messiness’. Categories became Tony read much of his paper, making the fixed and people started to identify with presentation a little stilted, notwithstanding them, leading to fear of the Other. Here in the interesting content and his mastery of Australia, this is like John Howard and the his topic when responding to questions later. ‘asylum seekers’ category.

48 Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011

In Rwanda, the conflict between Hutus and He concluded by asking, ‘If categories are Tutsis has been described as a primordial all cultural invention, why do we believe battle of tribal peoples, but they weren’t in them?’: commenting that, for instance, customary genealogical tribes until the Alexander the Great was neither Greek 19th Century. The Kings of Kandy (Sri nor Macedonian. That was an interesting Lanka) and Rwanda are not all that differ- thought to mull over in the lunch break. ent. In Rwanda, German colonial officials The after–lunch chair, Chris Healy, waited ruled through rulers, inventing categories anxiously: more scheduled, perhaps, than where there were none before. The Belgians convenor Liz Conor, commenting on her after World War II made identity cards Sydney of University Arts, the of College Sydney Arts, Contemporary of Professor lateness as she wandered in, and literally work using census mapping techniques. leapt to start the afternoon’s proceedings. These techniques frame the killings. For Paul, theses are examples of where a Ross Gibson: Names for things change in late 19th Century codification leads to rationalisation and commodificat- ion. He asserted that you can do a typology Ross talked to notes, but otherwise had no of types, as part of the human condition is ‘festooning’. He wanted to catch the char- to categorise, and gave as an example sets acteristics of a particular ‘entity’: William of opposites from Claude Levi–Strauss: Dawes, who, in the early years of colonial bricolage—engineering; tribal—concepts; settlement, developed detailed understand- traditional—objectivity; perception— ings of indigenous people in Sydney Cove. connection. Because Dawes was a colonialist, Ross had expected him to be a typologist, a These are coterminous; modernity is still categoriser—but of what kind? Gibson Ross full of tribalisms, (see, e.g., Latour 1993). Democracy undermines traditional power, His theme is typing as ‘attempts to lock because numbers are important. Typologies people in, and what happens when they are useful, so long as you don’t turn them try to get themselves out’. Something that into absolutes; then they’re guides to un- disallows alteration (the process of ‘other- derstanding. The sociologist Max Weber ing’), or the self you presume to have, or (1947) used a modern methodology for is imposed on you. Questionnaire results ideal types of four kinds of rationality: and ideal–type kinds of pronouncements came to mind. • Dominant and Normal: Instrumental, Interpretive (e.g. Habermas) For Ross, Dawes is trying to become many things. He’s a Marine and 26, ‘older than • Negative: Emotional, Traditional you might think, as he could be dead at 30’. In a bad typology, the Modern becomes Marines are ‘in–between folks, not easily dominant, through codification, rational- categorised; self–made’. He’s an astrono- isation and commodification. Ideal types mer, engineer, surveyor, weather mapper, are criticised when they are framed by an untrained early–Romantic scientist (see themselves and autonomous in themselves. Holmes 2009). (This seemed to me to be like where a per- As a weather mapper, Dawes was trying son is I or E in a type code; or a whole type to systematise it, ‘knowing he’s chasing like INTP, where various claims are made vapour’. Weather could be better categor- about the category, without recourse to the ised as an open system, or a system with person or to other persons in that category.) tendencies. Paul considered it was a construction of Dawes lived at the Sydney Observatory on identity analogous to the ancient Greeks The Rocks, away from the garrison. The constructing the notion of ‘barbarians’. local people, the Eora, saw him as being This abstraction becomes the reality of of these new people, but not part of them. how people live their lives, and the way Dawes became an experimental linguist that people use them edits out messiness, and by 1790 had a language notebook, his e.g. power, control, getting rid of people. method starting with nouns, then verbs.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 49 Peter Geyer: Type and typology

Thomas Sprat, one of the founders of the something to do with introversion and Royal Society, had advised a ‘nominalist’ thinking, or even unconsciousness. Even research method of concrete language and without that, there are heaps of people who short sentences. Finding that this was not operate that way on a daily basis, without working, Dawes wrote event accounts a medicalised label. Nonetheless. I found (‘so and so said this and it seems to have his language examples insightful. meant that’), looking for the organising principles of the language, which he pre- Ken Gelder sumed was also a way of thinking. But he

found things much more relativistic: the interaction between two things was more Most academics aspire to be courtesans, not than that of the parts. streetwalkers. For example, a 15 year–old Eora woman, Melbourne with whom Dawes had a relationship, had Ken Gelder four names (typified, but shifting, categor- ies or identities) which alter according to Ken didn’t seem to have a title for his pres- context—who is in the room, for instance, entation. He referenced Bourdieu’s Craft or who is speaking—a relational system of Sociology and described typologies as of language. So there are several different performative, ‘to be type–cast’. They were ways to be ‘we’, ‘two’, ‘three’, ‘mob’ and representative, ideal or extreme, and able so on. Ross thinks this is similar to ancient to reveal something about the system that Greek, and in this context also refers to recognises its performance. Michael Ondaatje’s Running in the Family As with Goffman (1959)—types as social (1998); in Asian languages, you learn verbs before nouns: action, then entity. role playing—Ken said that we typecast ourselves as social types. ‘Typecasting Governor Phillip wanted Dawes to ‘be an changes conformity and you can conform engineer, be a mechanic’, not the many to a type.’ For example, a teacher has to things or roles that his situation seemed to behave like a teacher. A lunatic has to be- call for. Ross is inspired by Greg Dening’s have like a lunatic; their treatment means work on a later Governor of New South

Ken Gelder you want them not to conform. Wales, William Bligh (1994), whom he describes as being ‘bamboozled by the Types can reveal something about an in- relativist world he was in’. stitution, or the structure of a system. In universities, Ken avers, you can have clergy This discussion made me think of the pre- and heretics. Clergy want recognition in- sumptions behind the lexical hypothesis side the university system, and therefore in measurement, which seem at variance have an interest in promotion, etc. Heretics with how language appears to be in reality. seek recognition outside the system. In the I also thought of research strategies where same system, a Generalist is a teacher and the strategy doesn’t take account of what a Professional a researcher (as teacher and the subject being examined is actually mentor, a failure; so it’s a solitary office). about, its presuppositions and so forth. This is a ‘representative’, rather than an By seeing what fits and what doesn’t fit, ‘ideal’, type, and, using the streetwalker says Ross, you can work things out. So, analogy, mentioned a prostitute as a ‘vo- you can run types, but look for tropes (the cational type’. Almost as an aside, Ken Professor of English, School of Culture and Communication, University of turning moments) and the tendencies of mentioned that character types in novels organisation systems. Ross finds it inter- are not the same as the psychopathological esting that Dawes as a lover didn’t ask or definition of character. His quietly engag- talk about that kind of thing. He refers to ing approach included showing and reading Dawes’ inability to imagine the impact of from excerpts from scanned publications, his actions on others as ‘Aspergersness’. a process that for him began with overhead projectors, I imagine. In this kind of issue, an understanding of personality constructs might have been As colonial types, Ken mentioned servant helpful, to see this situation as perhaps girls and the dandy—the latter a ‘lounger,

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but not idle’. An itinerant, the category was govern yourself, and ‘Imperial’, in which also about being unpartnered. Home life you govern others. was very important in the narrative of early At the turn of the last century in particular, Australia, and so it suggests the dandy as there was a ‘new fanaticism’ surrounding decentered, or surplus to colonial life. the White Man, with overweening claims I recalled that Jung had wanted to avoid like being the creator of civilisation. The typecasting, but reflected that type practit- US Navy’s ‘Great White Fleet’ voyages ioners may not. There are core aspects of were about this kind of fellow feeling: the social roles attached to some descriptions power of the White Man in all parts of the University LaTrobe Studies, Historical and of European School History, of Professor and understandings of what type codes, world; and the need to hold White Man type preferences or functions represent. countries such as Australia. The ideas that are part of the ‘multiple The White Australia Policy and similar model’ approach of contemporary temp- projects were responses to the feeling that erament personality types are social roles, ‘coloured’ races were rising. ‘White Men’ not psychological orientations. is a phrase pointing to power relations that make people uncomfortable. In 1901, Marilyn Lake: On being a ‘White Man’ people identified with the White Man and were mobilised by it. The White Australia Policy was a proud utopian declaration. I’m an indecisive type. Marilyn pointed out that the White Man Marilyn Lake doesn’t stand for the White Woman: for example, not until the 1960s and 1970s did women get the right to sit on juries. Lake Marilyn Having identified in this way as a rationale for a short presentation, Marilyn explained she was at the seminar for intellectual and Panel of Presenters sentimental reasons, adding, ‘It’s bracing to be amongst cultural theory types, being Us Cancerians don’t believe in typology. a historian’. She used historical specificity to explain the construction of types: in this Deb Verhoven case, the White Man, subject of her book, co–authored with Henry Reynolds (2008). Deb Verhoeven facilitated the panel, Who did the White Man think he was? beginning with some abstruse language: White Man is an ideal type: ‘He’s a real in a way, the equivalent of function–jargon White Man’ implied being moral, straight, language at personality type meetings. honest, upright. Marilyn quoted Edmund Typos, rather than type, sets up as cultural Barton on the deportation of Pacific Island- or social epistemologies—so, ‘Where do ers. White Men made claims to power and ruptures occur?’, she asked. They can be property, also expressing an anxiety about decentering or jarring, therefore upsetting displacement. people’s beliefs—e.g. asylum seekers. W E B DuBois, author of The Souls of Liz Conor commented that repetition and White Folk, reported a Central Park sneer immersion have to be stated over and over. from white men as some African–Americ- ans go past in a car. Kipling’s White Man’s Tony Birch observed that the Housing

Burden was written in 1898 to encourage Commission, when it failed, had nowhere US President Teddy Roosevelt to go to the to go. He used the phrase ‘I can’t imagine Philippines—i.e., to invade it. that’ as an explanation and, quoting James Ellroy, suggested that it was a ‘refusal to F P Strickland, manager at Coranderrk imagine’. You ‘must have imagination that Aboriginal Station near Healesville, was allows you to shift’. Imagination in this annoyed when Aboriginal people showed sense appeared to mean empathy, the act independence; not doing only what they of imagining yourself in another’s shoes: were told. There are two kinds of settler so, in the realm of Jungian feeling, not societies: ‘Republican’, in which you Jungian intuition.

Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 13 No. 1 August 2011 51 Peter Geyer: Type and typology

Paul James thought disruption impossible: The seminar ended with Deb Verhoeven’s References typology works on exceptionalism, allow- invitation to repair for drinks and discuss- Ahern, Mary, and Malerstein, A J 1989, ing itself to be rebuilt again and again. If ion, lasciviously but quietly presented as Psychotherapy and character structure: you ban a term such as ‘lubra’, the system an opportunity for drink and debauchery. How to recognize and treat particular character types, Human Sciences Press. behind it lives on: e.g., ‘asylum seekers’, Not knowing how to be social with people Booth, Charles 1898, Life and labour of the where a cosmopolitan approach might be I don’t know, I walked to my car, mulling people in London, Macmillan. ‘Welcome! Come in! We’re prepared to over an interesting and challenging day. Bourdieu, Pierre, Chamboredon, Jean-Claude, be changed by your coming in.’ Passeron, Jean-Claude, and Krais, Beate 1991, The craft of sociology: Epistemolog- Referencing the sociologist Raymond Wil- Reflections ical preliminaries, Walter de Gruyter. liams, Ken Gelder talked about dominant, Bowker, Geoffrey C, and Star, Susan Leigh emergent and residual subcultures (e.g., 2000, Sorting things out: Classification Many thoughts came to mind after the sem- and its consequences, MIT. the Tea Party). Residues and emergences inar. It was stimulating and informative to Boyce, James 2009, Van Diemen’s Land, underneath holdouts can change for better listen to well thought–out presentations on Black, Inc. or worse. He spoke about the end of the the use of type and typology in different Carrington, Kerry 1993, Offending girls: Sex, ‘White Man’ category, but I wondered meanings and contexts. There were a few youth and justice, Allen and Unwin. about neo–Nazis and supremacist groups, things to learn, too, about the imposition Dening, Greg 1994, Mr Bligh's bad language: even extreme patriots in Australia. Passion, power and theater on H M Armed and taking up of categories. Vessel Bounty, Cambridge. Ken spoke of ‘playing the social worker’: Donzelot, Jacques 1997, The policing of The philosophy behind Jungian typologies families, Johns Hopkins. being dutiful in order to get money, but not and related ideas may be that constructive so dutiful when the social worker calls. DuBois, W E B 1920, The souls of white folk, use is not about typecasting, but I wonder Darkwater. In this sense, types are roles available for if people are aware of how much stereo- Durkheim, Emile 1963, Primitive classifica- personalities to perform. So type emerges typing goes on: online, by self–identified tion, Routledge and Kegan Paul. from a kind of hermeneutic displacement. professionals, and also in training rooms, Foucault, Michel 1977, Discipline and punish, boardrooms and lounge rooms. Vintage. Marilyn Lake saw human rights as a way Frisby, David 2002, Georg Simmel, Routledge. of getting rid of the split between White There needs to be some thought and action Goffman, Ervin 1959, The presentation of Man and others. Marilyn presumed that about how to include Jungian typology in Self in everyday life Anchor. these days no-one would want to identify this kind of discourse, even as a topic for Holmes, Richard 2008, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic generation discovered as a White Man, which surprised me, as I examination, notwithstanding theoretical thought there was a lot of evidence for that the beauty and terror of science, Harper and other difficulties. This may be because Collins. continuing perspective. it’s not situated and used as a means of Jung, C G 1971, Psychological Types, Referring to ‘Stuff White People Like’, social observation and critical analysis. Collected Works vol 6, Princeton. Karskens, Grace 2009, The Colony: A history paraphrased to ‘Things Bogans like’, Liz I’m aware that the interests of most per- of early Sydney , Allen and Unwin. Conor observed that whereas tattoos have sonality type users lie elsewhere. Perhaps Keirsey, David 1998, Please understand me a working–class origin, they have started a rethink of what the type community and II: Temperament, character, intelligence, to have cachet for middle–class kids, and users do with type is needed, if there’s go- Prometheus Nemesis Kroeger, Otto, and Thuesen, Janet M 1981, are now coming back to the working class. ing to be the beneficial social change you This is about a literacy that’s unconscious. An MBTI qualifying workshop, Otto would think a typology of positive differ- Kroeger Associates. Tony Birch observed that aspirational, ence should be aiming for. Lake, Marilyn, and Reynolds, Henry 2008, needy people can’t necessarily negotiate a Drawing the global colour line, Melbourne If we’re doing type training courses and University Press. way out. He told a story of a woman who the like without addressing wider historical, Latour, Bruno 1993, We have never been let a social worker reorganise her furniture, social and political issues, then we may be modern, Belknap. which was a bridge too far, a tipping point: missing the point. There’s also a vast but Mayhew, Henry 1951, London’s Underworld, with children away, husband in psychiatric relevant range of reading material and William Kimber. Meier, C A 1989, Consciousness, Sigo. care, she lost the home. Later, he referenced topics that you seem to bypass when you Kerry Carrington’s Offending Girls (1993). Ondaatje, Michael 1998, The running family, read about personality type, which is a pity. Macmillan. Ken Gelder likes ‘typecasting’ because it I think so, anyway.  Spenner, Alan 1975, ‘Use your imagination’, is ‘an unstable thing to do’. He presented from Kokomo, Rise and Shine, Epic. an anecdote about a Goth who, against all I hope something comes out of this other than Watson, Don 2004, Death Sentence, Random appearances, said, ‘I’m not a Goth!’ Ken House. drunkenness and debauchery, although that’s Weber, Max 1947, The theory of social and thought people are happy to type others; good, too. economic organisation, Oxford. they can also aspire to be football fans and Williams, Raymond 1963, Culture and society lose their personal identity. Deb Verhoeven 1780–1950, Penguin.

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