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Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School JEP Symposium on the Economics and Law of Public Pension Reform Thursday, February 22 to Saturday, February 24, 2018 Hotel & Classes: Royal Sonesta Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana Agenda Friday, February 23 Classes held in the Grand Ballroom 8:00 – 8:05 am Conference Introduction and Overview Gregory Conko Part 1: The Background of Pensions 8:05 – 9:15 am The Financial Structure of Pensions D. Bruce Johnsen, Professor of Law, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School 9:30 – 10:45 am The Public Pension Crisis Donald J. Boyd, Senior Research Fellow, Rockefeller College Center for Policy Research, SUNY Albany Part 2: Bankruptcy: The Nuclear Option 11:00 am – 12:15 pm Bankruptcy and the Public Pension Crisis David A. Skeel, S. Samuel Arsht Professor of Corporate Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School 12:15 – 2:00 pm Luncheon, Evangeline Suite Keynote Address *Kevyn D. Orr, Partner, Jones Day; Former Emergency Manager, City of Detroit Part 3: Pension Reforms 2:15 – 3:30 pm Pension Reform Options Eileen C. Norcross, Senior Research Fellow, Mercatus Center, George Mason University 3:45 – 5:00 pm Legal Questions Raised by Pension Reform Amy B. Monahan, Melvin C. Steen Professor of Law, University of Minnesota School of Law Saturday, February 24 Classes held in the Grand Ballroom Part 4: An Assessment of the Economic and Legal Arguments Regarding Pension Reform 8:00 – 8:15 am Public Choice Review Todd Zywicki, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law 8:15 – 9:45 am Pension Reform in Practice The Honorable Thomas B. Bennett (Ret.), Bailey & Glasser LLP Glen Grell, Executive Director, Public School Employees’ Retirement System Chuck Reed, Special Counsel, Hopkins & Carley and former Mayor, City of San Jose Moderator: Todd Zywicki 10:15 – 11:45 am Economic and Legal Issues Jack M. Beermann, Harry E. Warren Scholar & Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law Richard Hynes, John Allan Love Professor of Law, University of Virginia Anthony M. Randazzo, Director of Economic Research, Reason Foundation Moderator: Todd Zywicki 11:45 am – 12:00 pm Closing Remarks Greg Conko .

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PROFESSOR TODD J. ZYWICKI GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION PROFESSOR OF LAW GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW 3301 N. FAIRFAX DR. ARLINGTON, VA 22201 703-993-9484 [email protected] Web Page: http://mason.gmu.edu/~tzywick2/ PUBLICATIONS BOOKS CONSUMER CREDIT AND THE AMERICAN ECONOMY (with Thomas Durkin, Gregory Elliehausen, and Michael Staten), (Oxford University Press, 2014). PUBLIC CHOICE CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS IN LAW (with Maxwell Stearns) (West Publishing, 2009). Editor, The Rule of Law, Freedom, and Prosperity, 10 SUPREME COURT ECONOMIC REVIEW (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 278 pp. ISBN: 0-226-99962-9). • Reviewed by Professor William A. Fischel, 14(6) LAW AND POLITICS BOOK REV. 493-97 (June 2004). ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS Bruno Leoni's Legacy and Continued Relevance, __ J. PRIVATE ENTERPRISE __ (Forthcoming 2015). Commentary on CFPB Report: Data Point: Checking Account Overdraft (with G. Michael Flores). Price Controls on Payment Card Interchange Fees: The U.S. Experience (with Geoffrey Manne and Julian Morris), ICLE Financial Regulatory Research Program White Paper 2014-2 (2014). Behavior, Paternalism, and Policy: Evaluating Consumer Financial Protection, __ NYU J. L. & LIBERTY __ (forthcoming 2014). Keynote Address: Is There a George Mason School of Law and Economics? __ J. LAW, ECONOMICS & POLICY __ (Forthcoming 2014). Uncertainty, Evolution, and Behavioral Economic Theory (with Geoffrey Manne), __ J. LAW, ECONOMICS & POLICY __ (Forthcoming 2014). Overdraft Protection and Consumer Protection: A Critique of the CFPB's Analysis of Overdraft Programs (with G. Michael Flores and Brian M. Deignan), 33(3) BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES POLICY REPORT 10 (March 2014). The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, in PERSPECTIVES ON DODD-FRANK AND FINANCE (Forthcoming 2014, MIT Press).
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Dartmouth College, the Battle Over Parity & the Legal Notion Of
Dartmouth College, the Battle Over Parity & the Legal Notion of Fiduciary Duty HARVEY A. SILVERGLATE & JOSEPH MALCHOW with KYLE SMEALLIE and MARIA ROMERO artmouth College, one of the nation’s oldest institutions of higher learning and the preserve of D one of our premiere undergraduate programs, has in the past five years seen something quite like a revolution. At Dartmouth, the Board of Trustees’ September 2007 decision to dilute significantly the representation of alumni-elected trustees—eliminating distributed democratic governance structures that were carefully maintained for over a century—has sparked a nationally-covered imbroglio. The issue of whether to hear litigation on these changes is now before the Grafton Country Superior Court. But to understand what’s at stake in the current case, one must consider the context. These events, at first glance, may appear to be one elite college’s internal governance dispute. But what happens in Hanover both indicates and influences current trends in academic board oversight—a realm undergoing significant rethinking in light of the ongoing economic downturn. And with the ongoing governance revolution, the eyes of higher education are looking on. Dartmouth, to be sure, is far from the only place where fealty to organizational leaders—and the notion of “going along in order to get along”—has been placed before true fiduciary duty. First, some necessary background on Dartmouth’s governance. The Board is composed of “Alumni Trustees” and “Charter Trustees.” While these two classes of Trustees are equal in power, they attain their positions by different methods. Alumni Trustees are nominated through annual elections in which all of Dartmouth’s 69,000 living alumni have the opportunity to vote.
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LEC Workshop for Law Professors on Austrian Law & Economics
HENRY G. MANNE PROGRAM IN LAW & ECONOMICS STUDIES LEC Workshop for Law Professors on Austrian Law & Economics Wednesday, October 2 — Friday, October 4, 2019 | ARLINGTON, VA AGENDA WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 Residence Inn, Liberty Room 4:00 – 4:30 pm Registration, Lobby 4:30 – 4:35 pm Welcome and Introductions Henry N. Butler, Allison and Dorothy Rouse Dean; George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law; Executive Director, Law & Economics Center, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School 4:35 – 6:00 pm CLASS 1: Introduction | History and Characteristics of Austrian Economics: Market Process Christopher J. Coyne, Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Programs, Department of Economics, George Mason University Reading Assignment: Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” 35 American Economic Rev. 519 (No. 4, Sept. 1945). Kirzner, “Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach,” 35 Journal of Economic Literature 60 (Issue 1, March 1997). 6:00 – 8:30 pm Reception and Dinner, Residence Inn, Liberty Room The History of the Law & Economics Center Todd J. Zywicki, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School, Hazel Hall, Room 215 6:00 – 7:15 am Breakfast, Residence Inn 7:30 am Walk from Residence Inn to George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School 8:00 – 9:15 am CLASS 2: Defining Characteristics of Austrian Economics: Knowledge, Subjectivism, and Discovery | Coyne 9:30 – 10:45 am CLASS 3: Market Magic and Price Formation Kevin A. McCabe, Professor of Economics, Law, and Neuroscience, George Mason University Reading Assignment: Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” 35 American Economic Rev.
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Working Paper
No. 14-06 MARCH 2014 WORKING PAPER BEHAVIOR, PATERNALISM, AND POLICY Evaluating Consumer Financial Protection by Adam C. Smith and Todd Zywicki The opinions expressed in this Working Paper are the authors’ and do not represent official positions of the Mercatus Center or George Mason University. About the Authors Adam C. Smith Assistant Professor of Economics Johnson & Wales University 980-598-3221 [email protected] Todd Zywicki Senior Scholar Mercatus Center at George Mason University Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge Susan Dudley and the George Washington Regulatory Studies Center for their partial support of this research. Abstract This paper examines the relationship between behavioral law and economics (BLE) as a policy prescription platform and its influence on the regulations emerging from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). We show how these regulations are inconsistent with the intent and purpose of improving consumer choices. We further demonstrate that the selective modeling of behavioral bias in the BLE framework causes an overestimation of the ability of regulators, who in actuality use inefficient, heavy-handed rules based on little if any real empirical findings of “consumer irrationality.” Accordingly, the broader lesson on the misapplication of behavioral economics goes beyond the ill-considered policies emerging from the CFPB. JEL codes: K23, H11, A12 Keywords: behavioral economics, law and economics, nudge, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, public choice, regulation Behavior, Paternalism, and Policy: Evaluating Consumer Financial Protection Adam C. Smith and Todd Zywicki I. Introduction The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is one of the most powerful and least accountable regulatory agencies in American history. Immune from budgetary oversight by Congress and headed by a single director whom the president cannot remove except under special circumstances, the agency wields unconstrained, vaguely defined powers to regulate virtually every consumer and small business credit product in America (Zywicki 2013a).
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Dean B. Stansel
October 2014 DEAN B. STANSEL Department of Economics and Finance, Lutgert College of Business, Florida Gulf Coast University 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, 239-590-7420, [email protected] http://www.deanstansel.com/ http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZKeeibQAAAAJ http://ssrn.com/author=533628 Employment Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL Associate Professor of Economics, Fall 2009-present Program Leader, Economics, Fall 2011-present Assistant Professor of Economics, Fall 2004-Spring 2009 Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM Assistant Professor of Economics, Fall 2002-Spring 2004 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Adjunct Professor, Spring 2001 Education George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Ph.D., Economics, August 2002 Dissertation Title: Interjurisdictional Competition and Local Economic Performance: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination Dissertation Advisors: W. Mark Crain (chair), Gordon Tullock, Todd Zywicki Major Fields: Public Finance, Political Economy, Public Choice, Contemporary History of Thought M.A., Economics, December 2000 Georgetown University, Washington, DC One semester in Masters in Public Policy program, Fall 1991 Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC B.A., Economics and Politics (double major), May 1991 Graduated Cum Laude and with Honors Degree in Economics Peer-Reviewed “An Economic Freedom Index for U.S. Metropolitan Areas” Journal of Regional Publications Analysis and Policy, 43, 1 (2013), 3-20. “Is Public Expenditure Productive? Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector in U.S. Cities, 1880-1920” with Melissa Yeoh (Berry College), Cato Journal, 33, 1 (Winter 2013), 1-28. “Competition, Knowledge, and Local Government,” Review of Austrian Economics, 25, 3 (September 2012), 243-253. “Infrastructure Investment and the Impact of Special Assessments under Shifting Population Demographics” with Howard Finch (FGCU) and Shelton Weeks (FGCU), Journal of Business Cases and Applications, 4 (October 2011), 4-8.
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Case Analysis Seminar Sunday, January 27 - Thursday, January 31, 2019 Islamorada, Florida
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY ANTONIN SCALIA LAW SCHOOL Case Analysis Seminar Sunday, January 27 - Thursday, January 31, 2019 Islamorada, Florida Agenda Sunday, January 27 Cheeca Lodge, Islamorada 3:00 – 5:00 pm Registration (Lobby) 5:00 – 6:30 pm Welcome, Introductions (Bougainvillea Ballroom) Session 1: The Economics Perspective: Incentives Matter — Butler Reading Assignment: Butler, Drahozal, & Shepherd, Economic Analysis for Lawyers, 3rd ed., Carolina Academic Press (2014): Chapter I, pp.3-53 6:30 pm Welcome Reception and Dinner (Sunrise Ballroom & Terrace) The History of the Law & Economics Center - Butler (Spouses welcome) Monday, January 28 Cheeca Lodge (all classroom sessions held in Bougainvillea Ballroom) 7:00 - 8:00 am Breakfast (Mia Cucina) (Spouses Welcome) 8:00 - 9:00 am Session 2: Markets and Prices — Butler Reading Assignment: Butler, Drahozal, & Shepherd, Chapter II, pp. 55-123 Case Discussion: Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Co. pp. 69-73 9:00 - 10:00 am Session 3: Property Rights and Exchange — Butler Reading Assignment: Butler, Drahozal, & Shepherd, Chapter IV, §§A and B, pp. 185-222 Case Discussion: Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five Twenty-Five, Inc. pp. 30-33 10:00 - 10:15 am Break 10:15 - 11:15 am Session 4: Dealing with Externalities — Zywicki Case Discussion: Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co. pp. 213-217 11:15 am - 12:15 pm Session 5: Principles of Valuation — Garoupa Reading Assignment: Butler, Drahozal, & Shepherd, Chapter X, §§A and B, pp. 565-591 Case Discussion: O'Shea v. Riverway Towing pp. 587-591 12:15 pm Adjourn for Day: Afternoon Study Session 2 Tuesday, January 29 Cheeca Lodge (all classroom sessions held in Bougainvillea Ballroom) 7:00 - 8:00 am Breakfast (Mia Cucina) (Spouses Welcome) 8:00 - 9:00 am Session 6: Markets in Action — Zywicki Reading Assignment: Butler, Drahozal, & Shepherd, Chapter II, pp.
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Joshua C. Hall Department of Economics, West Virginia University 1601 University Ave., PO Box 6025 Morgantown WV 26506-6025 [email protected] 304-293-7870
Joshua C. Hall Department of Economics, West Virginia University 1601 University Ave., PO Box 6025 Morgantown WV 26506-6025 [email protected] 304-293-7870 Employment Associate Professor of Economics, West Virginia University, 2013- Director, Center for Free Enterprise, 2016- Co-Director, Center for Free Enterprise, 2014-15 Elbert H. Neese, Jr. Professor of Economics, Beloit College, 2012-2013 Assistant Professor of Economics, Beloit College, 2007-2013 Editorial Editor, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2014- Managing Editor, Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 2015- Co-editor for Economics, Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 2012- Editorial Board, Economics and Business Letters, 2015- Book Review Editor, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2010-2014 Editorial Review Board, American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 2009- Editorial Review Board, Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2009- Guest Co-editor (with Jason Taylor), Special Issue in honor of Richard Vedder (11 articles), Cato Journal, 2016 Guest Co-editor (with Edward Lopez), Special Issue on Teaching Public Choice, Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 2015 (9 articles) Guest Editor, Special Issue on Economic Freedom and Regional Economics (6 articles), Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy vol. 43, no. 1, 2013 Guest Organizer, Symposium on Jason Brennan’s Ethics of Voting (5 articles), Reason Papers vol. 35, no. 1, July 2013 Guest Co-editor (with Edward Lopez), Special Issue on Teaching Austrian Economics, Journal
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Utilizing Behavioral Insights (Without Romance) an Inquiry Into the Choice Architecture of Public Decision-Making
Working Paper1 October 2016 Utilizing Behavioral Insights (without Romance) An Inquiry into the Choice Architecture of Public Decision-Making Adam C. Smith, Visiting Scholar2 The George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center ABSTRACT Behavioral economics has been employed in a number of policy applications over the last decade. From energy requirements to tax compliance to consumer finance, policymakers are increasingly operating under the assumption that people consistently fail to make rational choices. While the benefit of this policy trend remains an open debate, behavioral economists have long neglected a complementary examination of public decision-makers themselves. By comparing two public agencies influenced by behavioral economics, the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and U.K. Behavioral Insights Team, I show how different institutions create divergent policy outcomes across the two agencies in a way that cannot be accounted for without incorporating public choice theory. I argue that improvement of private choice architecture must be accompanied by careful understanding of the public choice 1 This comment reflects the views of the author, and does not represent an official position of the GW Regulatory Studies Center or the George Washington University. The Center’s policy on research integrity is available at http://regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/policy-research-integrity. 2 Adam C. Smith is an Associate Professor of Economics at Johnson & Wales University. The author gratefully acknowledges Susan Dudley and the George Washington Regulatory Studies Center for their support of this research, and to Erik Kimbrough, Brian Mannix, Sofie Miller, Bruce Yandle, and Todd Zywicki for helpful feedback. The George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center ◆ 1 architecture in which policies are rendered if behavioral economics is to be a successful foundation for welfare-improving policies.
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Taskforce on Federal Consumer Financial Law
CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU | JANUARY 2020 Taskforce on Federal Consumer Financial Law Member biographies DRAFT—FOR INTERNAL REVIEW—VERSION # Chairperson, Todd Zywicki is the George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law at Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, and former Executive Director of the George Mason Law and Economics Center. He is also a Senior Fellow of the Mercatus Center’s F.A. Hayek Program for the Advanced Study of Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, and former Editor of the Supreme Court Economic Review. Professor Zywicki is the co-author of Consumer Credit and the American Economy (Oxford University Press, 2014) and is the author of more than 120 articles in leading law reviews and peer- reviewed economics journals. From 2003-2004, Professor Zywicki served as the Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Professor Zywicki has testified frequently before Congress on issues of consumer bankruptcy law and consumer credit and is a frequent commentator on legal and economic issues in the print and broadcast media. He received his J.D. from the University of Virginia, where he was a John M. Olin Scholar in Law and Economics and executive editor of the Virginia Tax Review. Professor Zywicki also received an M.A. in Economics from Clemson University and an A.B. cum Laude with high honors in his major from Dartmouth College. Dr. J. Howard Beales III taught in the School of Business at the George Washington University, from 1988 through 2019. From 2001 through 2004, he was the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
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The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Savior Or Menace?
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Savior or Menace? Todd Zywicki* A centerpiece of the Dodd-Frank financial reform legislation was the cre- ation of a new Federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) within the Federal Reserve. Few bureaucratic agencies in American history, if any, have combined the vast power and lack of public accountability of the CFPB. It is an independent agency inside another independent agency, pre- sided over by a single director who is insulated from presidential removal. Additionally, the Board is outside of the congressional appropriations pro- cess. Finally, its actions are unreviewable by the Federal Reserve—they can be checked bureaucratically only by a supermajority vote of the Financial Stabil- ity Oversight Council finding that the Board’s actions imperil the safety and soundness of the American financial services industry. Proponents of the CFPB argue that extreme independence is justified to insulate it from political pressures. But the history of regulation teaches that insulation can be isolation, resulting in inefficient regulation. Scholars over the past several decades have identified common pathologies associated with bu- reaucratic behavior. The CFPB’s structure virtually guarantees the manifesta- tion of those pathologies in practice: excessive risk aversion, agency imperialism, and tunnel vision. Indeed, it is as if the CFPB were an agency frozen in amber during the Nixon Administration and thawed out today, com- pletely unaware of the past several decades’ lessons on how to structure an effective regulatory strategy. In the end, by manifesting these bureaucratic pathologies, the CFPB is likely to raise the price of and reduce access to credit, thereby harming the very consumers it was founded to protect.
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Symposium on the Law & Economics of Consumer Protection
ALLIANCE OF CALIFORNIA JUDGES & LAW & ECONOMICS CENTER, JUDICIAL EDUCATION PROGRAM Symposium on the Law & Economics of Consumer Protection Friday, November 8 — Sunday, November 10, 2019 | Dana Point, CA AGENDA FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8 6:00 – 7:00 pm Registration & Reception, Lantern Bay Foyer 2 Vue Lawn 7:00 – 9:00 pm Dinner, Vue Lawn Welcome John S. Adams, Judge, Superior Court of Orange County; Director and Coordinator of Judicial Education, Alliance of California Judges Todd Zywicki, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School Keynote Address: Justice for All – Social Justice Is Not Legal Justice Antonio F. (Tony) Dias, Partner, Jones Day SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9 All sessions held in Dana VI - VIII 7:00 – 7:50 am Breakfast, Dana V 8:00 – 9:15 am Lecture 1: Balancing the Three Legs of the Consumer Protection Stool: Competitive Markets, Common Law Litigation, and Regulation Todd J. Zywicki Reading Assignment: J. Howard Beales III and Timothy J. Muris, “FTC Consumer Protection at 100: 1970s Redux or Protecting Markets to Protect Consumers?” George Washington Law Review, Vol. 83, No. 6 (2015). Todd J. Zywicki, “Market-Reinforcing versus Market-Replacing Consumer Finance Regulation,” Ch. 12 in Reframing Financial Regulation: Enhancing Stability and Protecting Consumers, Hester Peirce and Benjamin Klutsey, eds., Mercatus Center at George Mason University, 2016. 9:30 – 10:45 am Lecture 2: The Law & Economics of Advertising, Promotion, and Commercial Speech James C. Cooper, Associate Professor of Law, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School Reading Assignment: Howard Beales, Richard Craswell, and Steven C. Salop, “The Efficient Regulation of Consumer Information,” Journal of Law & Economics, Vol.
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In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
Case 1:21-cv-00894-AJT-MSN Document 1 Filed 08/03/21 Page 1 of 45 PageID# 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA PROFESSOR TODD ZYWICKI, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) CIVIL ACTION NO.____________ GREGORY WASHINGTON, ) in his official capacity as PrEsidEnt of ) COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY GEorGE Mason University; JAMES W. ) JUDGMENT AND INJUNCTIVE HAZEL, in his official capacity as REctor ) RELIEF of thE Board of Visitors; ) HORACE BLACKMAN, in his official ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED capacity as VicE REctor of thE Board of ) Visitors; SIMMI BHULLER, in hEr ) official capacity as SEcrEtary of thE ) Board of Visitors; DAVID FARRIS, in ) his official capacity as Executive DirEctor, ) Safety and EmerGEncy Management; ) JULIE ZOBEL, in hEr official capacity as ) Assistant VicE PrEsidEnt of Safety, ) EmerGEncy, and EnterprisE Risk ) Management; and ANJAN ) CHIMALADINNE, JUAN CARLOS ) ITURREGUI, MEHMOOD KAZMI, ) WENDY MARQUEZ, IGNACIA S. ) MORENO, CAROLYN MOSS, ) DOLLY OBEROI, JON PETERSON, ) NANCY GIBSON PROWITT, PAUL ) J. REAGAN, EDWARD J. RICE, ) DENISE TURNER ROTH, and BOB ) WITECK, in thEir official capacitiEs ) as MEmbErs of thE Board of Visitors, ) ) Defendants. ) Case 1:21-cv-00894-AJT-MSN Document 1 Filed 08/03/21 Page 2 of 45 PageID# 2 Plaintiff Todd ZywiCki, by and through his attorneys at the New Civil Liberties Alliance, hereby Complains and alleges the following: INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT a. By the spring of 2020, the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, whiCh Can Cause the disease COVID-19, had spread aCross the globe. Since then, and beCause of the federal government’s “Operation Warp Speed,” three separate Coronavirus vaCCines have been developed and approved more swiftly than any other vaCCine in our nation’s history.
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