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Kirkens Presidenter E LEVHEFTE Kirkens presidenter E LEVHEFTE Religion 345 Kirkens presidenter Elevhefte Religion 345 Utarbeidet av Kirkens skoleverk Utgitt av Jesu Kristi Kirke av Siste Dagers Hellige TAKK Vi vil uttrykke vår takknemlighet for å kunne bruke bildene som er gjengitt i denne boken. Bilder som ikke er spesielt merket, er fra Kirkens arkiver, Kirkens museum for historie og kunst, Kirkens skoleverks undervisningsmate- riell for høyskoler, og Kirkens bildebibliotek. Send kommentarer og rettelser, også typografiske feil, til CES Editing, 50 E. North Temple Street, Floor 8, Salt Lake City, UT 84150-2722 USA. E-post: [email protected] © 2003 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. Ettertrykk ikke tillatt Oppdatert 2004 Printed in Germany Engelsk original godkjent: 10/04 Godkjent for oversettelse: 10/04 Oversettelse av Presidents of the Church Student Manual: Religion 345 Norwegian Innhold Kapittel 1 Joseph Smith – Kirkens første president . 1 Kapittel 2 Brigham Young – Kirkens annen president . 20 Kapittel 3 John Taylor – Kirkens tredje president . 39 Kapittel 4 Wilford Woodruff – Kirkens fjerde president . 56 Kapittel 5 Lorenzo Snow – Kirkens femte president . 74 Kapittel 6 Joseph F. Smith – Kirkens sjette president . 91 Kapittel 7 Heber J. Grant – Kirkens syvende president . 108 Kapittel 8 George Albert Smith – Kirkens åttende president . 126 Kapittel 9 David O. McKay – Kirkens niende president . 141 Kapittel 10 Joseph Fielding Smith – Kirkens tiende president . 158 Kapittel 11 Harold B. Lee – Kirkens ellevte president . 173 Kapittel 12 Spencer W. Kimball – Kirkens tolvte president . 190 Kapittel 13 Ezra Taft Benson – Kirkens trettende president . 208 Kapittel 14 Howard W. Hunter – Kirkens fjortende president. 228 Kapittel 15 Gordon B. Hinckley – Kirkens femtende president . 249 Tillegg Kirkens presidenter i tidslinje . 277 iii KAPITTEL 1 Joseph Smith KIRKENS FØRSTE PRESIDENT Stikk av Frederick Hawkins Piercy Stikk av Frederick 1 VIKTIGE BEGIVENHETER I JOSEPH SMITHS LIV Alder Begivenhet Han ble født 23. desember 1805 i Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont. Hans foreldre var Joseph og Lucy Mack Smith. 7 Han gjennomgikk en operasjon i et ben – sykt benvev ble fjernet (vinteren 1812-13). 14 Han så og talte med Gud Faderen og hans Sønn Jesus Kristus (våren 1820). 17 Moroni besøkte ham og fortalte ham om nephittenes opptegnelse (21.-22. septem- ber 1823. Moroni besøkte ham deretter hvert år, 1824-27). 21 Han giftet seg med Emma Hale (18. januar 1827), mottok platene (22. september 1827) og begynte å oversette dem (desember 1827). 22 116 manuskriptsider av Mormons bok ble borte (juni 1828). 23 Han og Oliver Cowdery mottok Det aronske prestedømme av døperen Johannes (15. mai 1829). De mottok Det melkisedekske prestedømme av Peter, Jakob og Johannes (trolig mellom 16. og 28. mai 1829). De tre vitner ble vist platene (juni 1829). 24 Mormons bok ble utgitt (de første eksemplarene forelå 26. mars 1830). Kirken ble organisert (6. april 1830). 25 Han flyttet med sin familie til Kirtland, Ohio (1831). Han innviet tempeltomten i Independence, Missouri (3. august 1831). 26 Han ble oppholdt som president for Det høye prestedømme (25. januar 1832). 27 Det første presidentskap ble organisert (18. mars 1833). 28 Han ledet Sions leir fra Ohio til Missouri (mai – juni 1834). 29 Medlemmene av De tolv apostlers quorum (14. februar 1835) og De sytti (28. februar 1835) ble kalt og ordinert. Lære og pakter ble godkjent som hellig skrift (17. august 1835). 30 Han innviet Kirtland tempel (27. mars 1836). Jesus Kristus, Moses, Elias og Elijah viste seg for ham og Oliver Cowdery og gjenga prestedømsnøkler (3. april 1836). 32 Han ble satt i fengsel i Liberty (1838). 33 Han ledet Kirken fra fengslet i Liberty (desember 1838 – april 1839). Etableringen av Nauvoo var begynt (1839). Medlemmer av Kirken samlet seg i Nauvoo og begynte å bygge ut området (1839). 35 Arbeidet på Nauvoo tempel ble påbegynt. Immigrasjonen av europeiske medlem- mer av Kirken ble planlagt (1841). 36 Abrahams bok ble utgitt (1. mars 1842). Hjelpeforeningen ble organisert (17. mars 1842). Han profeterte at de hellige skulle forflyttes til Rocky Mountains (6. august 1842). 37 Han skrev ned åpenbaringen om evig ekteskap (12. juli 1843). 38 Han stilte som presidentkandidat i Amerikas forente stater (januar 1844). Han og hans bror Hyrum led martyrdøden i fengslet i Carthage (27. juni 1844). 2 Joseph Smith Kapittel 1 President Spencer W. Kimball, daværende presi- JOSEPH SMITH VAR EN MODIG OG dent for De tolv apostlers quorum, skrev: BESLUTTSOM GUTT «Når det er behov for å fortrenge skyer av feil og gjennomtrenge åndelig mørke og åpne himlene, blir et lite barn født. Bare noen få spredte naboer i det kuperte skoglandskapet [i Vermont] vet at Lucy [Mack Smith] venter barn. Det eksisterer ikke noe sånt som svanger- skapskontroll eller sykepleiere, intet sykehus, ingen ambulanse, ingen fødestue. Småbarn lever og dør i disse barske omgivelsene, og få vet om det. Et nytt barn for Lucy! Det lyder ingen trompetfan- farer, ingen bekjentgjørelser, det tas ingen bilder, det kommer ingen annonse i avisen, bare noen vennlige naboer sprer nyheten. Det er en gutt. Hans brødre og søstre kan ikke drømme om at en profet er blitt født i deres familie.» (Faith Precedes the Miracle [1972], Malt av Theodore S. Gorka 324-25.) Joseph Smith som ung Joseph Smith jr. ble født 23. desember 1805. Hans Lucy Mack Smith skrev om 7 år gamle Josephs kamp foreldre var Joseph og Lucy Mack Smith. Disse trofaste mot en alvorlig infeksjon som oppsto i venstre ben kort foreldre underviste sine barn i religiøse sannheter. tid etter at han hadde kommet seg av tyfoidfeber: Spesielt Lucy oppmuntret sine barn til å studere Bibelen. «Benet hans begynte straks å hovne, og han led de Joseph Smith sr. var skeptisk til de tradisjonelle tros- grusomste smerter i enda to uker. I denne tiden bar jeg samfunnene, men han hadde sterk tro på Gud. Begge ham nesten konstant i armene mine, trøstet ham og foreldrene kom fra generasjoner av forfedre som søkte forsøkte alt som tenkes kunne for å lindre hans lidelse, å etterleve korrekte religiøse prinsipper. inntil min styrke var oppbrukt og jeg selv ble alvorlig syk. Da ville Hyrum, som alltid var bemerkelsesverdig øm og medfølende, overta for meg. Fordi han var en god og pålitelig gutt, lot vi ham gjøre det. For å gjøre oppgaven så lett som mulig for ham, la vi Joseph på en lav seng, og Hyrum satt ved siden av ham nesten konti- nuerlig dag og natt og holdt den mest smertefulle delen av benet mellom hendene sine. Ved å øve press på den ble det lettere for den lille gutten å utholde smertene som ellers nærmest syntes å ville ta livet av ham.» (History of Joseph Smith by His Mother, red. Scot Facer Proctor og Maurine Jensen Proctor [1996], 73.) Joseph Smith sr., profeten Joseph Lucy Mack Smith, profeten Joseph Smiths far, ble født 12. juli 1771 i Smiths mor, ble født 8. juli 1776 i Topsfield, Massachusetts. Gilsum, New Hampshire. Joseph Smith jr. var en edel sjel, forutordinert og undervist før han ble født. Han ble oppdratt til gårdsar- beid. Mens han var barn, flyttet familien ofte for å forsøke å finne et sted å bo hvor de også kunne livnære seg. Joseph arbeidet sammen med familien og slet like mye som dem. De opplevde avlingssvikt, eiendomssvindel, og de ble bedratt i en investering. Gjennom alt dette Fotografi gjengitt med tillatelse fra Russell R. Rich Fotografi spilte familien Smith en betydningsfull rolle i gjengi- I 1811 leide familien Smith en gård i West Lebanon, New Hampshire. Dette velsen av evangeliet i de siste dager. huset ble identifisert som familien Smiths bolig. Det ble revet i 1967. 3 Kirkens presidenter Etter mange uker og to mislykkede forsøk på å få Kirurgene begynte å operere ved å bore inn i legg- ned hevelsen og drenere infeksjonen, ble flere kirurger benet, først på den ene siden av det betente området, konsultert. De anbefalte å amputere benet, men det så på den andre, hvoretter de brøt det løs med tenger nektet Josephs mor å gå med på før de hadde forsøkt eller pinsetter. Slik fjernet de ni store biter av benet. et nytt inngrep. Hun skrev: Da de brøt av den første biten, skrek han så høyt av «Etter en kort samtale ba sjefskirurgen om remmer smerte at jeg ikke klarte å la være å styrte inn til ham, til å binde Joseph fast i sengen med, men Joseph pro- men så snart jeg kom inn i rommet, ropte han ut: ”Å testerte. Da legen insisterte på at han måtte bindes fast, mor! Gå ut igjen! Gå ut igjen! Jeg vil ikke at du skal sa Joseph bestemt: ”Nei, doktor. Jeg vil ikke bindes. Jeg komme inn. Jeg skal klare dette hvis du bare vil gå ut.”» kan tåle dette bedre hvis jeg ikke er bundet.” (Smith, History of Joseph Smith by His Mother, 74-75.) ”Men vil du da ta litt vin?” spurte legen. ”Du må ta Det tok lang tid før han kom seg, men unge Josephs noe, ellers vil du aldri holde ut den store operasjonen ben ble omsider leget, han haltet bare litt av og til. som du må gjennomgå.” ”Nei,” svarte gutten, ”jeg vil ikke ha så mye som en dråpe brennevin, og jeg vil ikke bindes fast, men jeg skal si deg hva jeg vil. Jeg vil at far skal sitte på sengen ved siden av meg, og da skal jeg gjøre hva som helst som er nødvendig for å få fjernet benstykket. Men, mor, jeg vil at du skal gå ut av rommet. Jeg vet at du ikke kan holde ut å se meg lide. Far tåler det. Men du har båret meg så mye og våket over meg så lenge, du er nesten Jed A.
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