Civil Appeals (Scotland) Bill [AS INTRODUCED]
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Petition and Summons Procedure
Annex A The New Civil Procedure Rules – First Report Petition and Summons Procedure Discussion paper for the Rules Rewrite Committee of the Scottish Civil Justice Council Dr. Stephen Thomson 14th December 2016 1 Annex A The New Civil Procedure Rules – First Report Discussion Paper on Petition and Summons Procedure Structure of Paper 1. Research specification 3 2. Historical, legal and principled basis for the distinction 4 2.1 Overview 4 2.2 Determination of whether to commence process by petition or summons 10 2.3 Testing the distinction between the petition and summons 14 a. Petition is usually an ex parte form of originating non-contentious or non-adversarial process 15 b. Petition involves the discretionary exercise of statutory or common law powers as distinct from the application of rules of law 18 3. Difficulties caused by the distinction in present practice 28 4. Difficulties likely to be presented by the removal of the distinction 32 4.1 Risk of replacing one two-tier process with another 32 4.2 Ensuring the continued possibility of ex parte applications 36 4.3 Retaining flexibility/brevity in appropriate cases 36 4.4 Retaining the relative speed and cheapness of abbreviated/expedited process 38 5. Other jurisdictions 39 5.1 England and Wales 39 5.2 Australia 41 a. New South Wales 41 b. Victoria 43 5.3 New Zealand 44 5.4 Canada 47 a. Ontario 47 b. British Columbia 49 c. Alberta 50 6. Conclusion 51 2 Annex A The New Civil Procedure Rules – First Report 1. Research Specification I have been asked by the Rules Rewrite Committee (the “Committee”) of the Scottish Civil Justice Council (the “SCJC”), to provide historical and principled academic analysis in relation to questions arising from the proposal to merge petition and summons procedure. -
The New Civil Procedure Rules First Report
The New Civil Procedure Rules First Report May 2017 Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 3 Background to the rules rewrite project.............................................................................. 3 The Acts ........................................................................................................................ 3 The Rules Rewrite Working Group ................................................................................. 4 The Rules Rewrite Drafting Team and implementation of the 2014 Act .......................... 5 The Rules Rewrite Project ................................................................................................. 6 The scope of the project ................................................................................................. 6 Matters out with the scope of the project ........................................................................ 8 Purpose of this report ........................................................................................................ 9 Discussion papers .......................................................................................................... 9 Engagement with the public and the professions ......................................................... 10 Chapter 2. A statement of principle ............................................................................. -
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill [AS PASSED]
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill [AS PASSED] CONTENTS Section PART 1 THE UNCRC REQUIREMENTS Meaning of “the UNCRC requirements” and related expressions 1 Meaning of “the UNCRC requirements” and related expressions 2 Meaning of references to States Parties and related expressions in the UNCRC requirements 3 Power to modify the schedule Interpretation of the UNCRC requirements 4 Interpretation of the UNCRC requirements 5 Duty to modify section 4 on ratification of the third optional protocol to the Convention PART 2 DUTIES ON PUBLIC AUTHORITIES Acts of public authorities to be compatible with the UNCRC requirements 6 Acts of public authorities to be compatible with the UNCRC requirements Remedies for unlawful acts 7 Proceedings for unlawful acts 8 Judicial remedies 8A Child’s view on effectiveness of reliefs etc. 9 Restriction on proceedings in respect of judicial acts Power for Commissioner to bring or intervene in proceedings 10 Power for Commissioner to bring or intervene in proceedings Power for Scottish Commission for Human Rights to bring or intervene in proceedings 10A Power for Scottish Commission for Human Rights to bring or intervene in proceedings Guidance on this Part 10B Guidance on this Part SP Bill 80B Session 5 (2021) ii United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill PART 3 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS SCHEME, CHILD RIGHTS AND WELLBEING IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND REPORTING DUTIES Children’s Rights Scheme 11 Children’s Rights Scheme 12 Procedure for -
Freedom of Religion and Balancing Clauses in Discrimination Law 1
Freedom of religion and balancing clauses in discrimination law 1 Magna Carta and Freedom of Religion or Belief Conference St Hugh’s College, Oxford | 21-24 June 2015 “Freedom of Religion and Balancing Clauses in Discrimination Legislation” Neil Foster1 Introduction – Freedom of Religion as a Protected Right The right to freedom of religion, while having its origins in various sources including the Magna Carta,2 is a right protected today by all major international human rights instruments (Universal Declaration of Human Rights (art 18); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (art 18); European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (art 9)). Whatever definition is adopted of the term “religion”, most people recognise that religion is a matter of “ultimate concern”, something that shapes a person’s values, their understanding of the meaning of life and how they ought to behave. Any right to freedom of religion must include, as a minimum, the right to hold a particular religion or to change one’s religion. It is widely accepted that protection of religious freedom must also go beyond the protection of this internal aspect of the right to freedom of religion, and extend to the right to externally “manifest” religious beliefs in public gatherings, and the freedom to adhere to and observe one’s religious beliefs in both “religious” and “non-religious” settings. This extended concept of religious freedom is recognised in the ICCPR (art 18): Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his [or her] choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his [or her] religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. -
PDF the Whole Part
Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Court of Session Act 1988, Part I. (See end of Document for details) Court of Session Act 1988 1988 CHAPTER 36 PART I CONSTITUTION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE COURT 1 Number of judges of Court. (1) Subject to subsections (2), (3) [F1, (3A)] and (4) below, the maximum number of judges of the Court of Session (hereinafter in this Act referred to as “the Court”) shall be [F235] (2) Her Majesty may by Order in Council from time to time amend subsection (1) above so as to increase or further increase the maximum number of persons who may be appointed as judges of the Court. (3) No recommendation shall be made to Her Majesty in Council to make an Order under this section unless a draft of the Order has been laid before [F3and approved by resolution of the Scottish Parliament.] [F4(3A) The Lord President must be consulted before any draft of an Order under this section is laid before the Parliament.] (4) No vacancy arising among the judges of the Court shall be filled unless the Secretary of State F5. .is satisfied that the state of business in the Court requires that the vacancy should be filled. (5) There shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund any increase attributable to the provisions of this section in the sums which, under any other enactment, are payable out of that Fund. Subordinate Legislation Made P1 S. 1(2): power exercised (19.12.1991) by S.I. 1991/2884 2 Court of Session Act 1988 (c. -
The Petition in the Court of Session in Early Modern Scotland John Finlay
1 The petition in the Court of Session in early modern Scotland John Finlay School of Law, University of Glasgow, Scotland SUMMARY Petitions to Scotland’s central civil court, the Court of Session, contained common features of style despite being presented for a wide range of purposes. As well as being employed in the course of procedure in a number of litigated cases, the petition was used to obtain entry to an office, or in seeking an equitable remedy which might relieve imminent suffering. In many cases they offer detailed narratives about everyday life, commerce, politics and religion which preserve a great deal that may be of value to the legal and social historian. Some petitioners, such as the poor and vulnerable, enjoyed a privileged status entitling them to have their claims heard summarily. A number of petitions, written by lawyers in order to persuade, contain ideas about liberty, justice and reason reflecting the fact that they were addressed to a court of both law and equity. This contribution identifies the features of such petitions, attempts to classify them, and considers their wider historical significance. This article discusses eighteenth-century petitions in the Court of Session, Scotland’s central civil court. The court comprised 15 judges: 14 lords 2 ordinary and a lord president. While individual lords ordinary heard cases at first instance in the Outer House, and dealt with summary bills and evidential matters, the ‘hail [whole] fifteen’ sat collectively in the Inner House of the court to determine points reported to them for decision. They enjoyed an extensive jurisdiction as a court of first instance, and also in review of judgments made in local courts or interlocutors [decrees] made by their own lords ordinary. -
Comparative Study of Anti-Discrimination Laws of the UK, the United States of America and India
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 3 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy May 2016 Comparative Study of Anti-Discrimination Laws of the UK, the United States of America and India Amir Hossein Amirkahni Associate Professor in Payame Nour University, Tehran Reza Heydari Sheikh Tabghi MA Student, Public Administration, Payame Nour, Western Tehran Doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s2p96 Abstract The issue of legal prohibition of discrimination is important because «high and positive correlation exists between the sense of political equality and belief in legitimacy of govenrment. This relationship guarantees the meaning that acceptance and confirming the legitimacy of the government realizes when the state and its Statesmen respect the principles of equality »(Yousefi, 2004). Additionally, battle against discrimination in society leads to increased participation of social groups in managing social affairs and this by itself leads to increased national cohesion and progress in the country. This paper compares the laws against discrimination in the countries of India, The Unites States of America and The United Kingdom with regards to historical and social background, sources of anti-discrimination laws, how to identify the grounds of discrimination, multiple discriminations, coverage and how to apply affirmative action. Keywords: Discrimination, Equality, Law, United Kingdom, United States of America, India 1. Introduction Discrimination means different behavior with individuals because of what they are or believe in. Discrimination aims at the heart of humanity. We all have the right to be treated equally, regardless of our race, ethnicity, nationality, class, caste, religion, belief, sex, language, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, health or other status. -
PARLIAMENTARY COUNSEL OFFICE Contents
SHAPING THE LAW OF SCOTLAND DRAFTING MATTERS! PARLIAMENTARY COUNSEL OFFICE Contents Contents Introductory matters Foreword by the Lord Advocate, James Wolffe QC iv Why drafting matters by Andy Beattie, Chief Parliamentary Counsel vi Background viii Part 1: Drafting technique Language Plain language 2 Grammar and usage 2 Punctuation 3 Gender neutrality 3 Foreign words and Latin 3 Particular words and expressions 5 Style Conjunctions 8 Paragraphing 9 Periods of time 10 Dates 11 Numbers and symbols 11 Letter labels 13 Form and key components of Bills Form and content of Scottish Parliament Bills 14 Order of final provisions 16 Long title 17 Short title 18 Commencement provisions 19 Powers to make subordinate legislation 20 Form of subordinate legislation 23 Ancillary provision 24 Technicalities Citation of enactments 26 Cross-references 27 Definitions 28 Numbering 32 Schedules 34 i PARLIAMENTARY COUNSEL OFFICE Contents Amendments and repeals Textual amendments 36 Non-textual amendments 39 Formal headings and framework 40 Repeals 41 Specific legal expressions and terms Referring to a Bill in another Bill 43 Referring to bodies corporate 43 Referring to the Scottish Ministers (individually and collectively) 44 Mode of trial 46 Referring to ‘charges’ and ‘proceedings’ 46 Types of court 47 Part 2: Guidance on specific topics I. Arbitration Arbitration 52 II. Criminal law, justice and procedure Creating offences and penalties Structure of offence and penalty provisions 54 Formulations for creating offences 55 Giving offences names 57 Drafting -
Final Appellate Jurisdiction in the Scottish Legal System
Edinburgh Research Explorer Final Appellate Jurisdiction in the Scottish Legal System Citation for published version: Walker, N 2010, Final Appellate Jurisdiction in the Scottish Legal System. Scottish Government. <http://scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/299388/0093334.pdf> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publisher Rights Statement: ©Walker, N. (2010). Final Appellate Jurisdiction in the Scottish Legal System. Scottish Government. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 FINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION IN THE SCOTTISH LEGAL SYSTEM Crown Copyright 2010 ISBN: 978-0-7559-8213-4 Further copies are available from Eli do Rego The Scottish Government Legal System Division 2nd Floor West St Andrew’s House Edinburgh EH1 3DG 0131 244 3839 [email protected] An electronic copy of the full report including -
Justice Wide Open’ Is the Third Set of Working Papers in a Series from the Centre for Law Justice and Journalism at City University London
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE 0 provided by City Research Online &HQWUHIRU/DZ-XVWLFH DQG-RXUQDOLVP &/-- -867,&(:,'(23(1 :25.,1*3$3(56 (GLWRU-XGLWK7RZQHQG $XWKRUV(PLO\$OOERQ'DYLG%DQLVDU+HDWKHU%URRNH3URIHVVRU,DQ&UDP0LNH'RGG 'U'DYLG*ROGEHUJ1LFN+ROPHV'U/DZUHQFH0F1DPDUD/RUG1HXEHUJHU:LOOLDP3HUULQ *HRIIUH\5REHUWVRQ4&/XF\6HULHV+XJK7RPOLQVRQ4&3URIHVVRU+RZDUG7XPEHU $GDP:DJQHU Centre for Law, Justice and Journalism (CLJJ) The Centre for Law, Justice and Journalism is the first major interdisciplinary centre in the UK to develop a broad, yet focused, interface between law, justice and journalism in society. The centre aims to harness and maximise opportunities for research collaboration, knowledge transfer and teaching to become an international centre of excellence and brings together expertise in the disciplines of Law, Criminology and Journalism at City University London. CLJJ Working Papers: ‘Justice Wide Open’ is the third set of working papers in a series from the Centre for Law Justice and Journalism at City University London. This publication by leading lawyers, academics and journalists is part of the CLJJ’s new ‘Open Justice in the Digital Era’ project, launched at an event at City University London on 29 February 2012. Leadership and Expertise: The Centre for Law, Justice and Journalism (CLJJ) is directed by three of City University London’s leading academics, as well as being supported by a number of specialists from the university. Professor Howard Tumber, CLJJ Director (Journalism) is Professor of Journalism and Communication within the Graduate School of Journalism, City University London, and has published widely in the field of the sociology of news and journalism. -
The Courts, Devolution, and Constitutional Review
THE COURTS, DEVOLUTION, AND CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW CHRISTOPHER MCCORKINDALE,* AILEEN MCHARG** AND PAUL F SCOTT*** I INTRODUCTION The defining feature of the United Kingdom’s (UK) traditional constitution is the absence of constitutional review. The UK Parliament, since it enjoys unlimited sovereignty, cannot be said to have acted unlawfully, and therefore its acts cannot be struck down by the courts. In recent years, however, this feature of the constitution has come under pressure from a number of different directions,1 including the establishment of devolved legislatures for Scotland and Northern Ireland in 1999,2 and for Wales in 2011.3 Since these bodies do not share Westminster’s sovereignty, they are susceptible to judicial review on the ground that they have strayed beyond their legislative competence as defined in their parent statutes, and potentially – in extreme circumstances – also at common law.4 Judicial review of a subordinate legislature is not unprecedented in the UK context. Review had been possible of legislation enacted by the former Parliament of Northern Ireland, established under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which existed from 1922 until 1972. However, resort to the courts was relatively uncommon – a fact attributed inter alia to the absence of a constitutional tradition of legislative review5 – and there was only one successful challenge in the Parliament’s 50-year history.6 By contrast, judicial control has proved to be a far more important feature of the contemporary devolution settlements, both in terms of their institutional design and their practical operation. For instance, provisions in Acts of the Scottish Parliament (ASPs) have been declared ultra vires on five * Lecturer in Law, University of Strathclyde. -
Human Rights in the UK UN Protection of Rights
Historical protection of rights Magna Carta 1215 – restricted the King’s The Putney Debates 1647 – discussed powers, supported habeas corpus, and universal male suffrage and rights for introduced petitioning the poor SAMPLE Habeas Corpus Act 1679 – strengthened the English Bill of Rights 1689 – prohibited right to a fair trial cruel and unusual punishment, and provided a foundation for the rule of law Human Rights in the UK UN protection of rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Convention on Elimination 1948 – adopted by the UN following the of all forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 – atrocities of WW2 the first UN human rights treaty, ratified by the UK in 1969 SAMPLE UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Universal Periodic Review 2006 – all UN 1989 – children need special protection member states will have their human rights of their rights records scrutinised Human Rights in the UK UK human rights laws Race Relations Act 1965 – laid the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 – banned foundations for future, more effective discrimination against women in employment, legislation in the Race Relations Act 1976 education and provision of goods and services SAMPLE Disability Discrimination Act 1995 – covered Equality Act 2010 – combined 110 pieces of discrimination in employment, education, rights legislation into one Act transport, and premises Human Rights in the UK Human Rights Act 1998 Enshrined the European Convention on All UK laws – old and new – must be Human Rights into UK law ‘compatible’ with the HRA SAMPLE All public