R1.3 Liquid-Phase Industrial Process Flowsheet a Battery of Four Cstrs

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19 R1.3 Liquid-Phase Industrial Process Flowsheet A battery of four CSTRs similar to those in Figure 1-10 are shown in the plant ﬂow- sheet (Figure RE1-3.1) for the commercial production of nitrobenzene. In 1995, 1.65 billion pounds of nitrobenzene were produced. NO2 H2SO4 + HNO3 + H2O Vacuum Nitrobenzene Vapors jet Nitrators Separator Benzene Surface Note: Heat condensor Exchange between Benzene feed and Crude Nitrobenzene nitrobenzene Spent acid product to wash Reconcentrated acid Condensate to wash Sulfuric acid concentrator Sulfuric acid pump tank Nitric acid Steam Makeup sulfuric acid Figure RE1-3.1 Flowsheet for the production of nitrobenzene. [Adapted from Process Technology and Flowsheet, Vol. II, reprints from Chemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill,Fogler/Prenhall/E1-4.1 1983), p. 125.] rev 11/24/97 In 1980 the operating requirements (per ton of nitrobenzene) were as follows (utilities and feedstock requirements have been minimized by recycling sulfuric acid): Raw materials Benzene 0.64 ton Nitric acid (100%) 0.515 ton Sulfuric acid (100%) 0.0033 ton Caustic soda 0.004 ton Utilities Cooling water 14,200 gal Steam 800 lb Electricity 20 kWh Compressed air 180 Scf/m 20 Chap. The feed consists of 3 to 7% HNO3, 59 to 67% H2SO4, and 28 to 37% water. Sul- furic acid is necessary to adsorb the water and energy generated by the heat of reaction. The plant, which produces 15,000 lb nitrobenzene/h, requires one or two operators per shift together with a plant supervisor and part-time foreman. This exo- thermic reaction is carried out essentially adiabatically, so that the temperature of the feed stream rises from 90ЊC to 135ЊC at the exit. One observes that the nitrobenzene stream from the separator is used to heat the benzene feed. However, care must be taken so that the temperature never exceeds 190ЊC, where secondary reactions could result in an explosion. One of the safety precautions is the installation of relief valves that will rupture before the temperature approaches 190ЊC, thereby allowing a boil-off of water and benzene, which would drop the reactor temperature..

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Nitrobenzene
This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 230 NITROBENZENE First draft prepared by L. Davies, Office of Chemical Safety, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia Plese note that the pagination and layout of this web verson are not identical to those of the (to be) printed document Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 2003 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety.
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Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Just Like an Alkene, Benzene Has Clouds of  Electrons Above and Below Its Sigma Bond Framework
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Investigation of Nitro-Organic Compounds in Diesel Engine Exhaust: DE-AC36-08-GO28308 Final Report, February 2007–April 2008 5B
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Page 1/9 Safety Data Sheet acc. to OSHA HCS Printing date 03/30/2019 Version Number 2 Reviewed on 03/30/2019 * 1 Identification · Product identifier · Trade name: 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene Standard (1X1 mL) · Part number: PPS-350-1 · Application of the substance / the mixture Reagents and Standards for Analytical Chemical Laboratory Use · Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet · Manufacturer/Supplier: Agilent Technologies, Inc. 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA · Information department: Telephone: 800-227-9770 e-mail: [email protected] · Emergency telephone number: CHEMTREC®: 1-800-424-9300 2 Hazard(s) identification · Classification of the substance or mixture GHS02 Flame Flam. Liq. 2 H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapor. GHS07 Eye Irrit. 2A H319 Causes serious eye irritation. STOT SE 3 H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness. · Label elements · GHS label elements The product is classified and labeled according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). · Hazard pictograms GHS02 GHS07 · Signal word Danger · Hazard-determining components of labeling: acetone · Hazard statements Highly flammable liquid and vapor. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. · Precautionary statements Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. Use only non-sparking tools. (Contd. on page 2) US 48.1.26 Page 2/9 Safety Data Sheet acc. to OSHA HCS Printing date 03/30/2019 Version Number 2 Reviewed on 03/30/2019 Trade name: 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene Standard (1X1 mL) (Contd. of page 1) Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
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Chapter 16 the Chemistry of Benzene and Its Derivatives
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Nitrobenzene D5 Article Number: 9914 Date of Compilation: 26.08.2016 Version: 1.0 En SECTION 1: Identification of the Substance/Mixture and of the Company/Undertaking
safety data sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), amended by 2015/830/EU Nitrobenzene D5 article number: 9914 date of compilation: 26.08.2016 Version: 1.0 en SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Identification of the substance Nitrobenzene D5 Article number 9914 Registration number (REACH) This information is not available. EC number 224-014-3 CAS number 4165-60-0 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses: laboratory chemical 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Carl Roth GmbH + Co KG Schoemperlenstr. 3-5 D-76185 Karlsruhe Germany Telephone: +49 (0) 721 - 56 06 0 Telefax: +49 (0) 721 - 56 06 149 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.carlroth.de Competent person responsible for the safety data : Department Health, Safety and Environment sheet e-mail (competent person) : [email protected] 1.4 Emergency telephone number Emergency information service Poison Centre Munich: +49/(0)89 19240 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Classification acc. to GHS Section Hazard class Hazard class and cat- Hazard egory state- ment 3.1O acute toxicity (oral) (Acute Tox. 3) H301 3.1D acute toxicity (dermal) (Acute Tox. 3) H311 3.1I acute toxicity (inhal.) (Acute Tox. 3) H331 3.6 carcinogenicity (Carc. 2) H351 3.7 reproductive toxicity (Repr. 1B) H360F 3.9 specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure (STOT RE 1) H372 4.1C hazardous to the aquatic environment - chronic hazard (Aquatic Chronic 3) H412 Malta (en) Page 1 / 13 safety data sheet according to Regulation (EC) No.
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The Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2010 Vol II WCECS 2010, October 20-22, 2010, San Francisco, USA The Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration Ameya P. Diwan, Sanjay M. Mahajani, and Vinay A. Juvekar* Our hypothesis is that nitrobenzene forms microemulsion Abstract—Nitration reactions are generally conducted above a critical concentration of sulfuric acid (> ca 80% using mixed acid. These are extremely exothermic, and w/w) and the critical loading of nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene tend to run away. Our study show that the reaction is is a polar molecule and in the presence of concentrated more complex than it is generally believed. We have sulfuric acid, its polarity may get enhance due to the provided some preliminary evidence to show that association of the nitro-group with hydrogen ions. It is nitrobenzene, above a critical concentration of sulfuric therefore likely that beyond a critical concentration of the acid exists forms microemulsion at ambient acid, nitrobenzene tends to aggregate with nitro-group temperatures. This hypothesis is consent with anomalous exposed to sulfuric acid and aromatic groups shield from the solubility of nitro-aromatics in concentrated sulfuric acid. The important evidence for this hypothesis is the sudden acid. There is also formation of Winsor III-phases. In this increase in the solubility nitrobenzene in sulfuric acid beyond work we have studied kinetics of nitration of 80% w/w concentration. We also show below the existence nitrobenzene (NB) (below solubility limits) in of Winsor three phases in nitrobenzene-sulfuric acid-water concentrated sulfuric acid ( > 82% w/w) and found that system.
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Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Aniline / Benzene / Nitrobenzene / Nitrogen Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Aniline / Benzene / Nitrobenzene / Nitrogen Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 018300 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C/125°F. Store in a well- ventilated place. Disposal : Not applicable. Hazards not otherwise : In addition to any other important health or physical hazards, this product may displace classified oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients Substance/mixture : Mixture Other means of : Not available.
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Chapter 17 Aromatic Reactions
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