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The Commemoration of Saints at Late Medieval York Minster

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The Commemoration of Saints at Late Medieval York Minster The Commemoration of Saints at Late Medieval York Minster Three case studies of the relations between the depictions and accounts of saints’ legends in stained glass windows, liturgical and hagiographic texts Universiteit Utrecht Research Master Thesis Medieval Studies Fenna Visser Student number: 0313890 Supervisors: dr. H.G.E. Rose & dr. T. van Bueren 15 August 2008 2 Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: York Minster: organization and building ............................................................................... 13 Function and organization ................................................................................................................. 13 Architectural history .......................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Saints’ lives in late medieval England ................................................................................... 22 Hagiography: legends of the saints .................................................................................................... 22 Hagiography in England during the later Middle Ages ...................................................................... 24 Chapter 3: A basic understanding of the liturgical practice in late medieval York ................................... 27 Liturgical practice ............................................................................................................................. 27 Available texts and their expediency .................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 4: Art donations in the late Middle Ages ................................................................................... 32 Chapter 5: John the Evangelist ............................................................................................................... 35 Life and cult ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Depiction in the stained glass windows of York Minster ..................................................................... 36 Liturgical commemoration ................................................................................................................. 38 Hagiographic commemoration .......................................................................................................... 40 Conclusion: differences and similarities between the sources ............................................................. 40 Chapter 6: St Nicholas of Myra.............................................................................................................. 43 Life and cult ...................................................................................................................................... 43 The stained glass windows at York Minster ........................................................................................ 43 Liturgical commemoration ................................................................................................................. 47 Hagiographic commemoration .......................................................................................................... 50 3 Conclusion: differences and similarities between the sources ............................................................. 52 Chapter 7: William of York ................................................................................................................... 55 Life and cult ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Hagiographic commemoration .......................................................................................................... 58 Liturgical commemoration ................................................................................................................. 62 The stained glass windows at York Minster ........................................................................................ 66 Conclusion: differences and similarities between the sources ............................................................. 72 Conclusion: results and further research ................................................................................................. 78 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 82 Abbreviations LgA Legenda Aurea NEL Northern English legendary SEL South English legendary GiL Gilte Legende Front cover: A woman receives sight through a vision of St William of York, panel 15b of window nVII (1408-1415) In the choir of York Minster 4 List of Illustrations front cover: A woman receives sight through a vision of St William of York, panel 15b of window nVII, York Minster (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The St William window, Oxford 1999) p. 6: Plan of the Minster showing the positions of the windows (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The St William window, Oxford 1999) p. 19. plate 1: York Minster, west façade. p. 35, plate 2: St John the Evangelist sails to Pathmos. Panel 11c of window I, York Minster (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The great east window, London 1995) p. 37, plate 3: Praying portrait of Walter Skirlaw, donor of window I, panel 1e ( Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The great east window, London 1995) p. 44, plate 4: The miracle of the Jewish moneylender, twelfth century panel, location unknown (Photographed by C.J. Bassham, published by the Dean and Chapter of York) p. 55, plate 5: The present day location of St William’s tomb in the York Minster crypt (Jarrold publishing, Norwich) p. 59, plate 6: Murdac presents his case to pope Eugenius, panel 5c-5b, window nVII, York Minster (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The St William window, Oxford 1999) p. 61, plate 7: A woman receives sight through a vision of William, panel 15c-15b, window nVII, York Minster (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The St William window, Oxford 1999) p. 67, plate 8: Praying portrait of Richard Tunnoc, kneeling before St William, panel 2/3b, window nXXIV, York Minster (Taken from G.E. Aylmer and Reginald Cant (eds.), A history of York Minster, Oxford 1977) p. 70, plate 9: Two sons of William, lord Ross, panel 1a-1a, window nVII, York Minster (Taken from Thomas French, York Minster. The St William window, Oxford 1999) 5 6 There are a number of people who I would like to give my thanks to for their help and support with the writing of this thesis. First of all I owe many thanks to my two supervisors, dr. Els Rose and dr. Truus van Bueren. They have both put in a lot of time and effort to start off the research, comment on my work, andeven to help me with planning and working more disciplined. I appreciate their advice tremendously. They were both very enthousiastic and I have enjoyed working with them very much. Secondly I want to thank my fellow student Arwin van der Zwan, who was of great help to me for the translation of the Latin texts that I wanted to cite. To my other fellow students, Laura Guerra, Elisabeth de Bruijn, Cécile de Morrée, Netty van der Kolk and Marlies de Penning I would like to express my thanks as well, for our discussions about our work. The thesis-lab sessions were of great help to me, so I want to thank Jessica Quinlan who did a great job as our chair. The students who were in these sessions with me provided me with lots of useful comments – I hope my comments were as useful for them – so my gratitude goes out to Lies van Roessel, Reinier de Valk, Joyce Sint Nicolaas and Matjaž Matošec as well. I want to thank my parents, Anton Visser and Catrien van Opstal, for their multidisciplinary help with both theological and biblical topics as well as IT-related issues. I also owe many thanks to Peter Young, the archivist to the York Minster Library, for helping me study a number of manuscripts and providing me with much useful information. Gerard Bouwmeester was very helpful as well for the preparation of my trip to York. Finally I would like to thank my husband Rick Harderwijk, not only for his help with the technical side of typing and printing a thesis, but most of all for allowing me to go on and on about my findings and being almost as enthousiastic as I was! Utrecht, 14-08-2008 7 Introduction Saints played an important role in late medieval English society. In order to comprehend the way they functioned in everyday life it is necessary to understand the way people from the Middle Ages viewed reality. The medieval way of looking at everyday events was very different from our modern outlook. In her book Miracles and the Medieval Mind Benedicta Ward argues that while we tend to ask the question how things happen, during the Middle Ages the main question was why they happened.1 This can be seen, as Ward writes, in ‘the number and diversity of events regarded as in some way miraculous.’2 Basically it can be said that during the Middle
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