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Basilicas & Martyria ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture basilicas & martyria COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice the state and the church the Roman Empire AD 362 Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988 [1967]), p 89 the advance of Christianity c 200 many Christians in Rome 313 Edict of Milan makes Christianity legal 314 Armenia becomes the first Christian state 337 Christianity the official religion of the Empire giant statue of Constantine from the Basilica (about ten times life size), now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome Nigel Rodgers, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome (Hermes House, London 20108 [2004], p 35 principal forms of the Constantinian monogram Dora Ware & Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament (London 1974), p 145 Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 432-440, ceiling c 1500 Scala 7622 (©1972) Santa Maria Maggiore plan modern view reconstruction James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490 Scala 7622 (©1972) Richard Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308 (Princeton [New Jersey] 1980), p 48 the catacombs the catacombs (underground burial galleries) loculus [pl loculi] – a long slot for a body arcosolium [pl arcosolia] – an arched space with the body in a trough across the bottom cubiculum [pl cubicula] – a room or burial chamber with a number of loculi or arcosolia, and possibly serving as a chapel decoration often includes pagan iconography recycled with Christian meanings; also the orans, a figure with its hands raised in prayer, representing the soul of the deceased plan of the Catacombs of San Callisto [Callixtus] Pontificia Commissione Archeologia Sacra CSC/21 Catacombs of S Callisto, Rome: gallery with loculi Lewis, Architectura, p 96 Catacombs of S Callisto, Rome: arcosolium Pontificia Commissione Archeologia Sacra CSC/24 arcosolium in the Coemeterium Maius, Rome, C3rd Jean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World (London 1967), pl 7 cubiculum, Catacomb of Sant' Agnese ‘chapel’ in the Catacombs of S Sotere, plan chamber, S Sebastiano complex, Via Appia Miles Lewis Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 2 Bussagli, Rome, pl 179 catacomb chapels, Rome Salita del Cocomero, Via Latina Sant’ Agnese R de Lasteyrie, l’Architecture Religieuse en France à l’Époque Romane (2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 61 serving new religions, especially Mithraism sometimes with a nave and aisles, resembling a basilica a mithraeum (temple of Mithras) is often underground, and commonly has benches down either side underground basilica at the Porta Maggiore, Rome, AD C1st interior & plan Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), pp 29, 30 underground basilica of the Porta Maggiore: vaulted ceiling Miles Lewis Mithraeum below the Church of San Clemente, Rome, AD ?C2nd view and detail of altar Miles Lewis No 21, S Clemente set Mithraeum at Tiddis, Algeria the symbol & the chamber Miles Lewis Mithraeum at Tiddis the initiation chamber Miles Lewis Mithraeum, London, AD c 150: plan Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 30 house churches earliest known at Dura Europos, Mesopotamia, AD c 230 Roman tituli equitii (like parish churches) such as S Martino ai Monti SS Giovanni e Paolo scholae at Pompeii R de Lasteyrie, l’Architecture Religieuse en France à l’Époque Romane (2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 368 house at Lagash, Isin Larsa period (2025- 1594): plan house at Dura-Europos, A D c 230, axonometric view MUAS 14,621 Jean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World (London 1967), p 10 Baptistery in the Christian house at Doura Europos, Syria, AD c 230 Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 10 SS Giovanni e Paolo, Rome reconstruction of the domus ecclesia below the present church: a two story dwelling and a hall built for the cult in the C4th, shown in red plan of the church built in 410 Fabrizio Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas: the Early Christians in Rome (Florence 1981) Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: a Comprehensive Guide (Sussex Academic Press, Brighton 2001), p 102 S Martino ai Monti, Rome cutaway isometric of the hall used in the C6th plan of the hall and the later church Grabar, Beginnings of Christian Art, p 6 Webb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 73 the Roman basilica the Roman basilica the Roman basilica is a hall-like space, usually for public purposes such as lawcourts, but the word can apply even to stables and warehouses transverse (broad or eastern) type longitudinal (Pompeiian or western) type Basilica of Trajan, or Ulpian Basilica, AD 98-11 unusually grand - double aisles, double apses apses are screened by colonnades, so the space reads as rectangular entered from the long sides, not the end Fletcher, History of Architecture, p 200 Basilica of Trajan, reconstructed interior view by Gorski & Packer James Packer, The Forum of Trajan at Rome: a Study of the Monuments (Los Angeles 1997) late republican and early imperial basilicas of the 'broad' [eastern] type J B Perkins, 'Constantine and the Christian Basilica', Papers of the British School at Rome, XXII (1954), p 73 Basilica Julia, Forum Romanum, Rome, reconstruction Bodo Cichy, The Great Ages of Architecture: from Ancient Greece to the Present Day (Oldbourne Press, London 1964 [1959]), p 22 late republican and early imperial basilicas of the Pompeiian or western type Pompeii Corinth Lepcis Magna Perkins, 'Constantine and the Christian Basilica', Papers of the British School at Rome, XXII (1954), p 72 the Christian basilica the Christian basilica longitudinal: it relates to the Roman ‘western’ type plans of Roman basilicas of the western type (left); and Christian churches (right) E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 30 the Christian basilica longitudinal: it relates to the Roman ‘western’ type plans of Roman basilicas of the western type (left); and Christian churches (right) E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 30 basilica in the Flavian Palace (Domus Augustana), Rome, by Rabirius, AD c 85 plan and section MUAS 15,434 S Crisogono, Rome, beginning of the C4th: reconstruction drawing Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), p 1 S Sebastiano, Rome, 312-?313, excavation plan Webb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 224 S Sebastiano, Rome, 312-?313 reconstruction model Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 19 Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 6A church and monastery at Tebessa, Algeria, plan, from Gsell R de Lasteyrie, l’Architecture Religieuse en France à l’Époque Romane (2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 31 cantharus in the atrium of the basilca at Tebessa, C4th Miles Lewis nave of the basilca at Tebessa, C4th Miles Lewis chancel of the basilca at Tebessa, C4th Miles Lewis nave ordonnance of the basilca at Tebessa, C4th Miles Lewis Basilica Julia, Forum Romanum, Rome, reconstruction Bodo Cichy, The Great Ages of Architecture: from Ancient Greece to the Present Day (Oldbourne Press, London 1964 [1959]), p 22 THE CIRCULAR TRADITION the circular temple (rare) the Roman heroum a tomb of or shrine dedicated to an important figure gives rise the Christian martyrium tomb of, or shrine dedicated to, a martyr or important Christian figure a circular temple the Pantheon, Rome, AD 120-124 view & side elevation photo © Paradoxplace.com Bussagli, Rome, p 117 the Pantheon Lewis, Architectura, p 224 Pantheon section & plan Henri Stierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 81 the heroum Mausoleum of Diocletian at Spalato or Split, 284 plan & elevation Robert Adam, Ruins of the Palace of the emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (London 1764) Basilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus, Rome, with the mausoleum of St Helena (mother of Constantine) originally intended for Constantine himself Webb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 280 a heroum / martyrium Reconstruction of the Basilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus, Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 40 a herooum / martyrium Coemeterium Agnetis (cemetery of Sant' Agnese), with the mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350, and the church of Sant' Agnese fuori le Mura, c 625-38 Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 50 aerial view of the remains of the Coemeterium Agnetis and the mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350 photo Santagnese.org Santa Costanza, Rome, c 360: views, section, plan MUAS 15,445; Miles Lewis; E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 40 Santa Costanza, interior Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 16 Santa Costanza view in the ambulatory Bussagli, Rome, p 167 Santa Costanza, apse mosaic in the sanctuary Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 17 Santa Costanza, details of the ambulatory vault mosaic Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 14; Bussigli, Rome, p 305 Constantinian churches the great Constantinian basilicas St John Lateran, Rome 313 onwards the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem before 333 the Church
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