DOCSLIB.ORG

Mpibpc News Dec05ulli.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mpibpc News Dec05ulli.Indd Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Karl-Friedrich-Bonhoeffer-Institut MPIbpc11. Jahrgang Göttingen AusgabeNews Nr. 12 Dezember 2005 Berichte aus den Abteilungen Insight into the structure and mechanism of the reversible photoswitch of a fl uorescent protein A multi-departmental research approach Martin Andresen1, Markus C. Wahl2, André C. Stiel1, Frauke Gräter3, Lars V. Schäfer3, Simon Trowitzsch2, Gert Weber2, Christian Eggeling1, Helmut Grubmüller3, Stefan W. Hell1 and Stefan Jakobs1 1 Dept. of NanoBiophotonics 2 Dept. of Cellular Biochemistry/Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography 3 Dept. of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Structure and mechanism of a molecular protein. However, whereas the ‘classical’ light switch fl uorescent proteins are practically always Fluorescent proteins, like the well in their on-state, until they are irreversibly known green fl uorescent protein (GFP) are bleached, the switchability of asFP595 and Zusammenfassung widely used to generate fusion tags that act Dronpa may provide the tools to get new Schaltbare Proteine, die sich durch Be- as fl uorescent reporters for studying protein insights into the diffusive or directed move- strahlung mit sichtbarem Licht reversibel localizations and dynamics in live cells. ment of the host proteins. The intriguing zwischen einem fl uoreszierenden ‚Ein’- Recently, with asFP595 isolated from the features of the RSFPs make many other und einem nicht-fl uoreszierenden ‚Aus’- sea anemone Anemonia sulcata (Fig. 1) and applications imaginable. For example, the Zustand hin und herschalten lassen, sind Dronpa cloned from the coral Pectiniidae, reversible photoswitching of fl uorescent erst seit wenigen Jahren bekannt. Derzeit the fi rst two members of the new class of markers may provide nanoscale resolution Fortsetzung auf Seite 3 reversibly switchable fl uorescent proteins in fl uorescence microscopy using lenses (RSFP) have been described. RSFPs can and regular illumination. be transferred by light irradiation from a The RSFP asFP595, used in our studies, non-fl uorescent ‘off’ to a fl uorescent ‘on’ has some favorable switching properties: state and back again. (i) Switching from a non-fl uorescent off- Impressum Somewhat related fl uorescent proteins, state to a fl uorescent on-state is induced namely photoactivatable proteins like PA- by irradiation with green light. (ii) Red Herausgeber: GFP or PS-CFP, that can be irreversibly fl uorescence emission of the on-state is Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit switched by light from one state into a dif- elicited by the same green light. And (iii) <[email protected]> ferent state have also stirred a lot of interest the asFP595 chromophore in the on-state in recent years. However, photoactivatable reverts eventually back to the off-state, but Max-Planck-Institut proteins can be switched only once and this transition can also be promptly in- für biophysikalische Chemie not back to their initial state. duced by gentle irradiation with blue light. Am Fassberg 11 Hence the switching reversibility of In other words, green light is required to 37077 Göttingen RSFPs is a very unique feature that may switch on and to excite; blue light is used Tel +49 551 201-0 allow fundamentally new applications. to switch off the fl uorophore. Currently, Fax +49 551 201-1222 Like other fl uorescent proteins, RSFPs however, despite its promising properties, www.mpibpc.mpg.de may be fused by genetic methods to a host the wild type asFP595 protein, as isolated Fig. 1. Snakelocks anemone (Anemonia sulcata). Photography: Richard Lockett. Abb. 1: Wachsrose (Anemonia sulcata). Bild: Richard Lockett. found that asFP595-A143S protein crys- tals can be reversibly transferred by light between the on- and the off-state. Non-ir- radiated asFP595-A143S crystals are barely fl uorescent, whereas after irradiation with green light, they display bright red fl uo- rescence that can be switched off with blue light (Fig. 3). Again, this switching is reversible numerous times. The switching kinetics of the protein in solution is very similar to the kinetics of the protein within the crystal lattice. The crystallized proteins thus behave as in solution. Therefore crys- tals were irradiated for 0, 1, or 5 minutes with green light and subsequently cap- tured by fl ash freezing in liquid nitrogen to obtain structures of the protein in its off- and on-states. We found that the on- and the off-state from the Snakelocks anemone, is far from The on- and the off-state chromophores adopt different conforma- being an optimal tag. Therefore optimi- In order to understand the structural tions: The chromophores of the irradiated zation of this tag is needed. To this end, differences between the on- and the off- proteins (on-state) were in a cis-confor- researchers from three departments of this state, we used the protein variant asFP595- mation, whereas the those of the non- institute set out in a collaborative effort to A143S, which exhibits slower switching irradiated proteins (off-state) adopted a understand the structure and the switching kinetics than the wild type protein. We trans-conformation (Fig. 4). As expected, mechanism of asFP595. Structure of asFP595 First, we determined the atomic off-state structure of asFP595. Large amounts of the protein were produced in bacteria, purifi ed and crystallized. After solving the x-ray structure, we (and independently two other groups) discovered that its structure is very similar to that of GFP. Like many other fl uorescent proteins, asFP595 forms tetram- ers. It is a globular protein, with a very rigid structure, so that the chromophoric region is shielded from the environment. The chromophore resides in a helical seg- ment that is enclosed by a β-barrel (Fig. 2). The chromophore is formed by three amino acids (M63-Y64-G65) that rearrange to a conjugated system with a p-hydroxyphenyl and an imidazolinone ring that are con- nected by a methine bridge. Remarkably, in asFP595, the protein backbone is broken at the chromophore. This backbone break is unique for a fl uorescent protein and it Fig. 2. Overall structure of asFP595. A schematic ribbon representation of the quaternary tetrameric appears that this break provides the pro- structure of asFP595 showing the four molecules (A-D) in different colors and the chromophores tein with the intrinsic fl exibility to allow highlighted in yellow. switching of the chromophore with low Abb. 2: Gesamtstruktur von asFP595. In der schematischen Darstellung des tetrameren Proteins sind light energies. die vier Moleküle (A-D) in verschieden Farben dargestellt. Die Chromophore sind gelb eingefärbt. Seite 2 Fortsetzung ... sind mit den Proteinen asFP595 und Dron- pa erst zwei Vertreter solcher reversibel schaltbaren fl uoreszierenden Proteine (RSFPs) beschrieben worden. Nichts- destotrotz verspricht diese neue Protein- klasse aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen Eigen- schaften bereits jetzt eine Vielzahl interes- santer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Das Protein asFP595, dessen Schalt- mechanismus wir in dieser Studie unter- sucht haben, kommt normalerweise in den Tentakelspitzen der Wachsrose Anemonia sulcata vor, einer Seeanemone, die in den lichtdurchfl uteten Flachwasser- bereichen des Mittelmeers und des Nord- atlantiks lebt. asFP595 wird durch Be- leuchtung mit grünem Licht von einem nicht-fl uoreszierenden ‚Aus’-Zustand in Fig. 3. (a) Reversible photoswitching of an asFP595-A143S protein crystal under a fl uorescence microscope. Irradiation with green light (g= 550 ± 20 nm) yields brightly fl uorescent crystals. The einen fl uoreszierenden ‚Ein’-Zustand ver- fl uorescence is quenched by gentle irradiation with blue light (b= 450 ± 20 nm). (b) Brightfi eld setzt. Von diesem ‚Ein’-Zustand fällt es image of the crystal. Scale bar: 20µm. spontan in den ‚Aus’-Zustand zurück, Abb. 3: (a) Reversibles Photoschalten von asFP595-A143S Proteinkristallen mit Hilfe eines kann aber auch durch Beleuchtung mit Fluoreszenzmikroskops. Bestrahlung mit grünem Licht (g= 550 ± 20 nm) ergibt stark fl uoreszierende blauem Licht zurückgeschaltet werden. Kristalle. Die Fluoreszenz kann durch schwache Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht (b= 450 ± 20 nm) Dieses lichtgetriebene Schalten ist rever- gelöscht werden. (b) Durchlichtbild des Proteinkristalls. Maßstab: 20µm. sibel und viele Male wiederholbar. In einer gemeinsamen Studie dreier Abteilungen in the briefl y irradiated crystals, we identi- visible in the crystal structure, but it is haben wir die molekulare Struktur von fi ed a mixture of chromophores of both likely a consequence of the changes in asFP595 bestimmt und wesentliche Teile conformations. the immediate protein surrounding after des Schaltmechanismus aufgeklärt. Diese Spectroscopic data further indicates that a trans-cis-isomerization. Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass nach in the cis-conformation, the chromophoric Hence, from this crystallographic der Absorption eines grünen Photons das p-hydroxyphenyl group is in equilibrium analysis, we knew the structural differ- asFP595-Chromophor von einer Trans- in between a (non-fl uorescent) protonated ence between the protein in the on- and eine Cis-Position isomerisiert. Molekular- and a (fl uorescent) non-protonated form. the off-state. As a next step, we set out dynamik-Rechnungen deuten an, dass das Such a proton transfer would not have been to investigate the molecular movements Chromophor bei dieser lichtinduzierten Reaktion eine ‚Hula-Twist’-Bewegung macht. Bei dieser Bewegung dreht sich in erster Linie die Methin-Brücke, wel- che die beiden aromatischen Ringe des Chromophors verknüpft.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans
    biology Review Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans Maria Giovanna Parisi 1,* , Daniela Parrinello 1, Loredana Stabili 2 and Matteo Cammarata 1,* 1 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.G.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 10 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: Anthozoa is the most specious class of the phylum Cnidaria that is phylogenetically basal within the Metazoa. It is an interesting group for studying the evolution of mutualisms and immunity, for despite their morphological simplicity, Anthozoans are unexpectedly immunologically complex, with large genomes and gene families similar to those of the Bilateria. Evidence indicates that the Anthozoan innate immune system is not only involved in the disruption of harmful microorganisms, but is also crucial in structuring tissue-associated microbial communities that are essential components of the cnidarian holobiont and useful to the animal’s health for several functions including metabolism, immune defense, development, and behavior. Here, we report on the current state of the art of Anthozoan immunity. Like other invertebrates, Anthozoans possess immune mechanisms based on self/non-self-recognition. Although lacking adaptive immunity, they use a diverse repertoire of immune receptor signaling pathways (PRRs) to recognize a broad array of conserved microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). The intracellular signaling cascades lead to gene transcription up to endpoints of release of molecules that kill the pathogens, defend the self by maintaining homeostasis, and modulate the wound repair process.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia
    Horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) species complex Barbara Porro, Thamilla Zamoum, Cedric Mallien, Benjamin Hume, Christian R. Voolstra, Eric Röttinger, Paola Furla, Didier Forcioli To cite this version: Barbara Porro, Thamilla Zamoum, Cedric Mallien, Benjamin Hume, Christian R. Voolstra, et al.. Horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) species com- plex. Molecular Ecology Notes, Wiley-Blackwell, In press. hal-03021288 HAL Id: hal-03021288 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03021288 Submitted on 26 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Title: Horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria, 2 Anthozoa) species complex 3 Running title: Horizontal symbionts acquisition in A.viridis 4 Barbara Porro1, Thamilla Zamoum1, Cédric Mallien1, Benjamin C.C. Hume2, Christian R. 5 Voolstra3, Eric Röttinger1, Paola Furla1* & Didier Forcioli1*§ 6 7 1 , CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN),
    [Show full text]
  • Global Shifts in Gene Expression Profiles Accompanied with Environmental Changes in Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Endosymbiosis
    G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics Early Online, published on May 16, 2019 as doi:10.1534/g3.118.201012 Global shifts in gene expression profiles accompanied with environmental changes in cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis Yuu Ishii*, Shinichiro Maruyama*, Hiroki Takahashi†,‡, Yusuke Aihara§, Takeshi Yamaguchi†, Katsushi Yamaguchi**, Shuji Shigenobu**, Masakado Kawata*, Naoto Ueno†,‡, Jun Minagawa‡,§ * Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan † Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan ‡ Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan § Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan ** Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. Sequence data are available at GenBank with the accession number: PRJDB7145 1 © The Author(s) 2013. Published by the Genetics Society of America. Running Title: Cnidarian-algal symbiosis transcriptomes Key Words: Symbiosis, Symbiodiniaceae, Cnidarians, RNAseq, Lysosome. Corresponding authors Shinichiro Maruyama [email protected] Masakado Kawata [email protected] Biology Building, Tohoku University 6-3, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan TEL&FAX +81 (0) 22-795-6689 2 Abstract Stable endosymbiotic relationships between cnidarian animals and dinoflagellate algae are vital for sustaining coral reef ecosystems. Recent studies have shown that elevated seawater temperatures can cause the collapse of their endosymbiosis, known as ‘bleaching’, and result in mass mortality. However, the molecular interplay between temperature responses and symbiotic states still remains unclear. To identify candidate genes relevant to the symbiotic stability, we performed transcriptomic analyses under multiple conditions using the symbiotic and apo-symbiotic (symbiont free) Exaiptasia diaphana, an emerging model sea anemone.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Plasticity in the Symbiotic Cnidarian Anemonia Viridis : Stress Response at Multiple Levels of Structural Complexity Patricia Nobre Montenegro Ventura
    Phenotypic plasticity in the symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis : stress response at multiple levels of structural complexity Patricia Nobre Montenegro Ventura To cite this version: Patricia Nobre Montenegro Ventura. Phenotypic plasticity in the symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis : stress response at multiple levels of structural complexity. Agricultural sciences. COMUE Université Côte d’Azur (2015 - 2019), 2016. English. NNT : 2016AZUR4136. tel-01674220 HAL Id: tel-01674220 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674220 Submitted on 2 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Côte d‟Azur – UFR Sciences École Doctorale des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées THÈSE Pour obtenir le titre DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES DE L‟UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE – SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Spécialité: Sciences de l‟Environnement Présentée par Patrícia VENTURA PLASTICITÉ PHÉNOTYPIQUE CHEZ LE CNIDAIRE SYMBIOTIQUE ANEMONIA VIRIDIS: ANALYSE DE LA RÉPONSE AU STRESS A DIFFÉRENTS NIVEAUX DE COMPLÉXITE STRUCTURALE Phenotypic plasticity in the symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis: stress response at multiple levels of structural complexity Soutenue le 12 Décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de : M. Mario GIORDANO Docteur Rapporteur M. Jean-Christophe PLUMIER Professeur Rapporteur M. Denis ALLEMAND Professeur Examinateur M. Matthieu ROULEAU Docteur Examinateur Mme.
    [Show full text]
  • Aggression As a Function of Genetic Relatedness in the Sea Anemone Actinia Equina (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 247: 85–92, 2003 Published February 4 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Aggression as a function of genetic relatedness in the sea anemone Actinia equina (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) V. L. G. Turner1, 3,*, S. M. Lynch1, 4, L. Paterson1, J. L. León-Cortés2, J. P. Thorpe1 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Port Erin Marine Laboratory, Port Erin IM9 6JA, Isle of Man, British Isles 2Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestre, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Carr. Panamericana y Periférico Sur, s/n San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas 29290, México 3Present address: Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban PA37 1QA, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom 4Present address: Faculty of Community and General Education, Isle of Man College, Douglas IM2 2RB, Isle of Man, British Isles ABSTRACT: The beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina (L.) shows a well-documented sequence of aggressive responses towards conspecific individuals. Aggression is also shown towards sea anemones of certain other species. A study was carried out to assess aggressive responses of A. equina to other anemones over a wide range of levels of genetic divergence from genetically identi- cal individuals (clonemates) to various other species, all of which were potentially sympatric. The other species used were the dahlia anemone Urticina felina (L.), the gem anemone Bunodactis ver- rucosa (Pennant), the snakelocks anemone Anemonia viridis (Forskål), the plumose anemone Metrid- ium senile (L.) and the strawberry anemone Actinia fragacea Tugwell. Intraspecific aggression was also studied in A. fragacea. A. equina exhibited high levels of aggression to all the other species and to unrelated (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Chesil and the Fleet Csac, SPA
    Characterisation of European Marine Sites Chesil and the Fleet (candidate) Special Area of Conservation Special Protection Area Marine Biological Association Occasional publication No. 11 Cover photograph: Aerial view of West Fleet Getmapping plc © Dorset County Council Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites Chesil and The Fleet cSAC, SPA W.J. Langston∗1, B.S.Chesman1, G.R.Burt1, S.J. Hawkins1, J.Readman2 and 3 P.Worsfold April 2003 A study carried out on behalf of the Environment Agency and English Nature by the Plymouth Marine Science Partnership ∗ 1(and address for correspondence): Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB (email: [email protected]): 2Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth; 3PERC, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to members of the steering group for advice and help during this project, notably, Mark Taylor and Roger Covey of English Nature and Nicky Cunningham, Peter Jonas, and Roger Saxon of the Environment Agency (South West Region). The helpful contributions of other EA personnel, notably Richard Acornley (South Wessex Region) are also gratefully acknowledged. It should be noted, however, that the opinions expressed in this report are largely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EA or EN. © 2003 by Marine Biological Association of the U.K., Plymouth Devon All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Marine Biological Association. ii Plate 1: Some of the operations/activities which may cause disturbance or deterioration to key interest features of the cSAC 1: Agricultural practice 2: Agricultural land bordering the northeast banks of the Fleet Lagoon 3: (above) Fuel bunker terminal on the banks on the shores of Portland Harbour 4 & 5: (right) Feeding the swans at Abbotsbury: up to 850 swans are fed daily Photographs: 1 & 3: Ian Britton Freefoto.com 2: A.F.
    [Show full text]
  • And Sea Anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria)
    AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM MEMOIR 18 Papers from the Conference on the Biology and Evolution of Crustacea HELD AT THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SYDNEY, 1980 Edited by JAMES K. LOWRY The Australian Museum, Sydney Published by order of the Trustees of the Australian Museum Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 1983 Manuscripts accepted for publication 1 April, 1982 141 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AMPHIPODS (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) AND SEA ANEMONES (ANTHOZOA, ACTINIARIA) WIM VADER Troms~ Museum, University of Troms~ N-9000 Troms~, Norway SUMMARY Published and unpublished records of amp hip od-sea anemone associations are reviewed. They involve at least 22 amphipod species in 7 families, and 8 families of sea anemones. The associations are of 4 main types: protection only, ectocommensals, endocommensals and micropredators. Morphological adaptations are not conspicuous, except for the specialised mouthparts of Acidostoma spp., but most obligate symbionts show inborn immunity against the toxic substances released by the host. Sex ratios are normal, sexual dimorphism small, and fecundity low compared to related free-living species. The obligate commensal associates are usually host-specific, although able to survive in alternative hosts in the laboratory, while the micropredators and the facultative associates show low host specificity. The amphipod symbionts usually do not occupy the entire geographical and ecological range of their hosts' distribution. Amphipod-sea anemone associations have evolved independently many times and do not seem to be of great evolutionary antiquity. INTRODUCTION The crustaceans of the order Amphipoda are according to most biology textbooks free-living animals, with some old and invariably cited exceptions such as the whale-lice on whales, Hyperia species on medusae and some Dexaminidae in sponges and tunicates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Faced Symbiotic Snakelocks Anemone (Anemonia Viridis, Anthozoa): Host and Symbiont Genetic Differentiation Among Colour Morphs
    Heredity (2020) 124:351–366 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-019-0266-3 ARTICLE The many faced symbiotic snakelocks anemone (Anemonia viridis, Anthozoa): host and symbiont genetic differentiation among colour morphs 1,2 1 3 4 1,5 1 Barbara Porro ● Cédric Mallien ● Benjamin C. C. Hume ● Alexis Pey ● Emilie Aubin ● Richard Christen ● 3,6 1,2 1,2 Christian R. Voolstra ● Paola Furla ● Didier Forcioli Received: 24 December 2018 / Revised: 30 July 2019 / Accepted: 15 August 2019 / Published online: 16 September 2019 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Genetics Society 2019 Abstract How can we explain morphological variations in a holobiont? The genetic determinism of phenotypes is not always obvious and could be circumstantial in complex organisms. In symbiotic cnidarians, it is known that morphology or colour can misrepresent a complex genetic and symbiotic diversity. Anemonia viridis is a symbiotic sea anemone from temperate seas. This species displays different colour morphs based on pigment content and lives in a wide geographical range. Here, we investigated whether colour morph differentiation correlated with host genetic diversity or associated symbiotic genetic 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: diversity by using RAD sequencing and symbiotic dinoflagellate typing of 140 sea anemones from the English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea. We did not observe genetic differentiation among colour morphs of A. viridis at the animal host or symbiont level, rejecting the hypothesis that A. viridis colour morphs correspond to species level differences. Interestingly, we however identified at least four independent animal host genetic lineages in A. viridis that differed in their associated symbiont populations. In conclusion, although the functional role of the different morphotypes of A.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.2 Marine Phytoplankton 27 2.3 Marine Zooplankton 38 2.4 Other Topics 44
    Elements of Marine Ecology ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank Elements of Marine Ecology Fourth Edition R.V. Tait F. A. Dipper Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE First published 1968 Reprinted 1970 Second edition 1972 Reprinted 1975, 1977, 1978 Third edition 1981 Reprinted 1983, 1988, 1992 Fourth edition 1998 ᭧ R. V. Tait and F. A. Dipper 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tait,R.V.(RonaldVictor) Elements of marine ecology. – 4th ed. 1 Marine ecology I Title II Dipper, Frances 577.7 ISBN 0 7506 2088 9 Typeset by Keyword Publishing Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Preface ix 1 The oceans 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Extent and depth of the oceans
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Anemones Final Report
    AUSTRALIAN ANEMONES FINAL REPORT accompanied by ATTRIBUTION DATABASE OF AUST~LIAN ANEMONES l (on CD rom) Prepared for the Department ot Environment and Heritage, Heritage Division by Museum of Tropical Queensland (Queensland Museum) 21 May 2004 Compiled by Dr. Jacqueline K. Welstenholme and· Dr. Carden c~ Wallace AUSTRALIAN ANEMONES- FINAL REPORT accompanied by ATTRIBUTION DATABASE OF AUSTRALIAN ANEMONES {on CD rom) Prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Heritage Division by Museum of Tropical Queensland (Queensland Museum) 21 May 2004 Compiled by Dr. Jacqueline K. Wolstenholme and Dr. Carden C. Wallace EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • This Final Report accompanies the "Attribution Database of Australian Anemones" on CD rom. The two works complete the project "Literature Review and Attribution of Australian Anemones" contracted to the Museum of Tropical Queensland. An Interim Report was submitted in February 2004. • The report summarises findings from an investigation of specimen holdings of Australian anemones at seven major state museums in Australia. The findings are presented fully as line data in the accompanying attribution database for the Heritage section of the Department of Environment and Heritage. • Sea anemones are marine animals related to corals and jellyfish. They occur in most habitats from intertidal to deep sea and have the potential to be used for recognition of Australian marine bio-regions. Their economic value includes biomedical potential, toxic properties, symbiotic relationships and the iconography of tropical coral reefs • A Checklist and Bibliography of Australian Anthozoa, developed by Museum of Tropical Queensland for the Australian Biological Information Facility (ABIF), documented the published occurrence of 84 valid species of anemones from 19 families in Australian waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Development of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors to Monitor Intracellular Chemical and Physical Parameters
    Biophys Rev DOI 10.1007/s12551-016-0195-9 REVIEW Design and development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to monitor intracellular chemical and physical parameters Arno Germond1 & Hideaki Fujita1,2 & Taro Ichimura1 & Tomonobu M. Watanabe 1,2 Received: 8 February 2016 /Accepted: 9 March 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Over the past decades many researchers have made Introduction major contributions towards the development of genetically encoded (GE) fluorescent sensors derived from fluorescent The development of engineered fluorescent proteins (FPs) proteins. GE sensors are now used to study biological phe- started with the discovery by Shimomura and colleagues of nomena by facilitating the measurement of biochemical be- the green fluorescent protein (GFP), which causes the natural haviors at various scales, ranging from single molecules to green bioluminescence of the Pacific Ocean jellyfish single cells or even whole animals. Here, we review the his- Aequorea victoria (Shimomura et al. 1962). However, the torical development of GE fluorescent sensors and report on value of GFP was only fully realized some 30 years later when their current status. We specifically focus on the development Chalfie and co-workers isolated GFP cDNA and then strategies of the GE sensors used for measuring pH, ion con- expressed its fluorescent protein product in bacteria and the centrations (e.g., chloride and calcium), redox indicators, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Prasher et al. 1992). membrane potential, temperature, pressure, and molecular Subsequent years have witnessed improvements in the fluo- crowding. We demonstrate that these fluroescent protein- rescence of GFP and its stabilization by genetic manipulation based sensors have a shared history of concepts and develop- (Cubitt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Irish Marine Wildlife Publications
    Inventory of Irish Marine Wildlife Publications Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 16 Inventory of Irish Marine Wildlife Publications Caroline Roche, Sarah Clarke & Brendan O’Connor AquaFact International Services Ltd., 12 Kilkerrin Park, Liosbaun, Galway. Citation: Roche C., Clarke S. & O’Connor B. (2005) Inventory of Irish marine wildlife publications. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 16. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photo: Snakelocks Anemone (Anemonia viridis) © BioMar Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editor: F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2005 ISSN 1393 – 6670 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks are due to all those who took the time to assist in the complitation of this inventory. A complete listing of all those who contributed to this inventory can be seen in Appendix I. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • To facilitate future data mining and strategic research efforts pertaining to marine wildlife conservation, NPWS commissioned a review of existing published and grey literature. This review encompassed all habitats influenced by marine waters in Ireland and the species dependant on those habitats. • A range of governmental and non-governmental organisations, and individual experts and researchers both nationally and internationally contributed to this review which will also serve as an important archive of Ireland’s marine research history. • Acknowledging that a review of this size will inevitably result in some oversights, this inventory should serve as an important database to which ongoing work in this regard may be added. To date, 4973 publications have been recorded. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 5 2. Methods 6 3.
    [Show full text]