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Análisis Cosmológicos Con No-Gaussianidad Primordial Y

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Análisis Cosmológicos Con No-Gaussianidad Primordial Y DEPARTAMENTO DE F´ISICAMODERNA INSTITUTODEF´ISICA DE CANTABRIA UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA IFCA (CSIC-UC) Analisis´ cosmologicos´ con no-Gaussianidad primordial y magnificacion´ debida al efecto lente debil´ Memoria presentada para optar al t´ıtulo de Doctor otorgado por la Universidad de Cantabria por Biuse Casaponsa Gal´ı Declaraci´on de Autor´ıa Rita Bel´en Barreiro Vilas, Doctor en Ciencias F´ısicas y Profesor Contratado Doctor de la Universidad de Cantabria y Enrique Mart´ınez Gonz´alez, Doctor en Ciencias F´ısicas y Profesor de Investigaci´on del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas, CERTIFICAN que la presente memoria An´alisis cosmol´ogicos con no-Gaussianidad primordial y magnificaci´on debida al efecto lente d´ebil ha sido realizada por Biuse Casaponsa Gal´ıbajo nuestra direcci´on en el Instituto de F´ısica de Cantabria, para optar al t´ıtulo de Doctor por la Universidad de Cantabria. Consideramos que esta memoria contiene aportaciones cient´ıficas suficientemente rele- vantes como para constituir la Tesis Doctoral de la interesada. En Santander, a 18 de Marzo de 2014, Rita Bel´en Barreiro Vilas Enrique Mart´ınez Gonz´alez A la Iaia Trini VII Agradecimientos Primero de todo, y aunque no est´ede moda, me gustar´ıa empezar por agradecer al Gobierno de Espa˜na, por las becas recibidas al estudiar la licenciatura de f´ısica, porque cuando tienes pocos recursos, pagar las matr´ıculas acad´emicas no es f´acil. Tambi´en por ofrecer becas FPI, de la que he sido beneficiaria, y que me ha permitido formarme como investigadora cobrando un sueldo y cotizando. Por ofrecer estancias breves en centros extranjeros, donde he colaborado con expertos cosm´ologos reconocidos internacional- mente. Gracias por todos estos recursos destinados a formarme como investigadora y espero que nuevos j´ovenes estudiantes puedan seguir gozando de estos esfuerzos, si se desea apostar por la investigaci´on. Hay muchas personas sin las que su ayuda esta tesis no habr´ıa sido posible. En primer lugar a Bel´en Barreiro y Enrique Mart´ınez Gonz´alez, mis directores de tesis, por su paciencia y ´animos. A Bel´en por su disponibilidad desde el primer d´ıa hasta el final, por la confianza depositada en m´ı, y ayudarme a salir de mis panick attacks. A Enrique por las ganas que pone en lo que hace y por querer abarcar tantas cosas, que aunque puede ser un “peligro”, hace que aprendamos cosas nuevas cada d´ıa. Esta tesis tampoco habr´ıa sido posible sin la ayuda de los investigadores que me acogieron durante mis estancias en centros extranjeros: a Mike Hobson y Michael Brid- ges de la Universidad de Cambridge, y Alan Heavens y Tom Kitching del Institute for Astrophisics de Edinburgo. Quiero dar las gracias tambi´en a Patricio Vielva, por estar siempre disponible para dudas y debates sobre mi trabajo y a mis compa˜neros de des- pacho, en el cual siempre ha imperado la ley del gallinero, as´ıque voy a ir por orden de antig¨uedad: a Andres Curto, por su gran ayuda al empezar mi aventura en Santander y los momentos Will and Grace en Cambridge. A Luis por buen compa˜nero de despacho, de deportes y de viajes, y por sorprenderme, me gustan las sorpresas. A Ra´ul, por compartirlo casi todo, inicios, viajes, escuelas, observaciones, crisis, desahogos y risas. A Airam por aportar la parte te´orica en el despacho, generando discusiones interesantes Edding en mano. Finalmente a David, por darle un toque de aparente normalidad y seriedad al despacho, aunque hacerse 140 Km en bicicleta en 8 horas no me parece a m´ımuy normal, pero s´ıadmirable. Tambi´en quer´ıa agradecer a los dem´as componentes del grupo por los caf´es, las comilonas y la compa˜n´ıa durante los a˜nos de mi tesis. A Patxi, Diego, Marcos C., Marcos L-C, Quincho, Laura, Chema y los que han pasado por all´ı, en especial a mis italianos preferidos, Francesco Pacci y Marina Miggliaccio. VIII Quiero agradecer especialmente a Nuria y a Jordi, por dejarme hablarles de mi trabajo, mis dudas, mis miedos, mis alegr´ıas y per ser dels que m’agraden a mi, dels valents, per no fer les coses quan toquen, si no quan ens passa pel ”forro”, qualitat que els post-docs de “pacotilla”no tenen. Perqu`esigueu feli¸cos all`aon aneu. A David Moya, por generoso, por los caf´es diarios, por los postres y por el mejor bailoteo de mis ´ultimos 5 a˜nos en el Palacio de la Magdalena. Tambi´en quiero mencionar a los otros doctorandos, Anuar, Judith, Paqui, Diego Tuccillo y Javi Brochero y a los futboleros, con los que disfruto jugando cada semana, en especial a Gerva, por aportar su grano de arena en esta tesis. No quiero dejarme lo m´as importante, mi familia. Primero de todo a mis padres, als quatre, a tu mama per donar-me no se lo que ´es, que em fa tirar endavant sempre i que em dona el coratge per enfretar-me al reptes m´es extranys, a tu Jordi, per estar al seu costat, al nostre costat sempre, a tu papa, per confiar en mi aix´ı, a cegues, a t´uRosa, per fer-me riure i per ensenyar-me una manera diferent de prendre’s la vida. A mis hermanos Albert, David, Sergi, Jordi, cunyades i nebots i a tu princesa, que no se qu`efaria sense tu. A mis amigas, las que se quedaron en Barcelona y las que andan por ah´ı, en especial a l’Anna, perqu`eno es pot ni imaginar tot el que m’ha ensenyat y a Regi, por empezar tambi´en sus aventuras, por valiente y guapa. Una menci´on muy especial a Joh por acompa˜narme en este viaje desde casi el primer momento que pis´ela Universidad de Barcelona, y por dedicar tiempo y creatividad para dibujar la portada de esta tesis entre paper y paper, y a Jordi Salvad´opor leer y comentar partes de la tesis. Por ´ultimo, porque es el m´as importante, a David Iehl, porque sin su apoyo, esto no habr´ıa sido posible, o s´ı, pero con menos estabilidad emocional (a´un). Por que conf´ıas tanto en m´ı, que me da miedo defraudarte, aunque s´eque no lo hago. Por escuchar con cara de inter´es todas mis charlas, y las que te quedan, sin quejarte y d´andome consejos y por leerte esta tesis. Por recordar lo que es fnl y la redes neuronales y por seguir pensando en acompa˜narme en mis incertidumbres. Je t’aime. DEPARTAMENTO DE F´ISICAMODERNA INSTITUTODEF´ISICA DE CANTABRIA UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA IFCA (CSIC-UC) Cosmological analyses with primordial non-Gaussianity and weak lensing magnification A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics by Biuse Casaponsa Gal´ı XI Prologue During the past few decades, large collaborations, technology innovation and a dose of creativity has led the knowledge of our Universe to grow considerably, giving rise to a standard model to explain the Universe content and evolution. The high precision cosmological observations have been and will be very important to obtain a detailed picture of our Universe, and it is the first time that those can have an impact in physics research in general. Key questions have been opened to be solved by all the scientific community, such as the mechanism for inflation and the nature of dark matter and dark energy, components of the total energy density that might require new physics to be solved. The most notable cosmological information has been obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), large scale structure distribution and supernovae Ia observations. During the next years the cosmological history should be continued with observations of weak lensing, baryonic acoustic oscillations and CMB polarization sur- veys, among other probes. The PhD thesis presented here is focused on two of these topics, CMB and weak lensing. The exploitation of the CMB data has obtained a very accurate picture of the early Universe, giving hints on the inflationary epoch using the non-Gaussian features in the temperature maps. The CMB consolidated the theory of the Big Bang, and has set constraints on the cosmological parameters at unprecedented levels. The picture will be completed with probes dependent on the redshift that will allow a study through different epochs of the Universe. The analysis of weak lensing signal, allows a reconstruction of the cold dark matter distribution, and has informa- tion also of the dark energy form. Although theoretically the cosmological information is very clear, the lensing effects are difficult to measure with the required precision for cosmological analysis. However, the community has made an important effort to achieve the necessary precision. In that sense, forecasts for future experiments are very encouraging. The aim of this thesis is to contribute with new tools to the analysis of those observables in order to extract the largest amount of information possible in a simple and computationally efficient way. The thesis is organized as follows. I start with an introduction with general ideas of the standard cosmological model, followed by an overview of the CMB and the physics behind the anisotropy distribution. Also, there is an introduction of the inflationary phase and the non-Gaussian features that are transferred to the CMB. Then, in a more technical part, different estimators to detect XII non-Gaussianity from the CMB maps are discussed. The last part of the introduction is devoted to gravitational lensing where I present the basic ideas and formalism of weak lensing.
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