Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

WALLAN SOUTH PRECINCT STRUCTURE PLAN

Sponsored by Victorian Planning Authority 8th June 2021 Prepared by Heritage Advisors Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris

PO Box 776 Beacons eld, VIC 3807 www.aatardis.com.au

Wallan South Precinct Structure Plan Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Precinct Structure Plan

Assessment Type Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Victorian Planning Authority Sponsor (ABN 58 651 383 439)

Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris Heritage Advisors Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd

Authors Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris

Completed 8th June 2021

The intellectual property within this report and the primary research material therein are the property of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd and may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written consent of Archaeology At Tardis.

Ethnographic information that has been provided by Aboriginal people and included in this report is the property of the Aboriginal community to which the informant/s is/are representing at the time the information was given. Such information may NOT be reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written permission from that community.

Any advice and/or opinions offered within this report by Archaeology At Tardis does not constitute legal advice or represent those of any third party.

The report remains the property of the Sponsor. It may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without the written consent from the Sponsor.

DOCUMENT HISTORY

Version No. Reviewed By Edits Made By Date Edited A A Murphy E McNeil 14.02.2020 A Victorian Planning Authority E McNeil 15.06.2020 Victorian Planning Authority B E McNeil 18.09.2020 Mitchell Shire Council Victorian Planning Authority C E McNeil 25.02.2021 Mitchell Shire Council C Andrea Murphy E McNeil 26.02.2021 D Andrea Murphy G Lee 04.03.2021 E Victorian Planning Authority E McNeil 06.05.2021 E McNeil F Tom Rymer 03.06.2021 S Ellis (Admin) F L.Cook (Admin) E. McNeil 07.06.2021

DISTRIBUTION OF COPIES

Version No. Distributed To Reason Date Issued A Victorian Planning Authority Draft 18.02.2020 B Victorian Planning Authority Draft 20.08.2020 C Victorian Planning Authority Final 18.09.2020 Amended draft D Victorian Planning Authority 02.03.2021 review E Victorian Planning Authority Final 10.03.2021 F Victorian Planning Authority Amended Final 08.06.2021

Authors: Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris Project Archaeologist: Emma McNeil Name of Organisation: Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Name of Project: Wallan South Precinct Structure Plan Wallan South Precinct Structure Plan Historical Heritage Name of Document: Assessment Ver. F AAT Project Number: 4150.000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of an investigation into the historical cultural heritage values and statutory obligations of the Wallan South Precinct Structure Plan area (activity area) (Map 1). This Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment (HCHA) has been prepared in order to develop a boarder understanding of the activity area and the historic heritage that is present within it. If historic heritage is present within the activity area, management strategies have been developed to inform the Sponsor of their statutory obligations.

The activity area is bound by Old Sydney Road to the west, the Hume Freeway to the east and Wallan Township to the north/north-east. The activity area is located approximately 41.5 kilometres north of Melbourne (Map 1). The area is bound by residential land to the north/north-east but is surrounded mainly by open pastoral or agricultural land. Taylors Creek and Strathaird Creek dissect the activity area.

The activity comprises the subdivision of 806 hectares of land for residential facilities. These residential facilities will be supported by town centres, schools, community centres, parks and the relevant utilities that are needed to support such infrastructure.

There are no Victorian Heritage Register or Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay sites within the activity area, however, there is one Victorian Heritage Inventory site, The Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045; Appendix 3). The Inverlochy Castle Hotel is protected under Section 123 of the Heritage Act 2017.

A survey of the activity area was undertaken on Wednesday 4th December 2019 and Thursday 3rd September 2020 as part of this assessment. A vehicular survey was conducted on the 4th of December 2019, with areas of known or identified historic significance pedestrian surveyed. A further pedestrian survey of areas of historic potential and significance was conducted on the 3rd of September 2020. Due to the size of the activity area, the entire area was not pedestrian surveyed, instead, areas of known or identified historic significance or potential were targeted, with the understanding that further historic assessment will be done within the activity area prior to development.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT (SECTION 2)

The activity area has been largely subject to agricultural activity, with the exception of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. The desktop assessment has identified that the site of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the immediate surrounding area (<50m) has potential for surface and subsurface archaeological features and occupation deposits associated with the residential, agricultural and pastoral activities in Wallan from the 1850s. The site represents one of the earliest settlements in the Wallan area, and due to this, the site has both local and historic value. Additional areas of interest have been included in Maps 4 and 5, where brick/stone huts, weatherboard homes, orchards, stockyards, shops, bridges and non-descript ‘huts’ were identified on a 1913 survey map of the activity area (Figure 23).

FIELDWORK – HISTORIC SITE SURVEY (SECTION 4)

The survey of the activity area identified that the Inverlochy Castle Hotel site was of high archaeological and scientific significance. Two sites were identified during the site survey that had not previously been identified by historic or archaeological survey in the region, both places (the quarry and bluestone drain) were determined to be of low scientific and archaeological potential. Sites of historic potential originally identified during a 1913 survey

iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY were reinvestigated and none were identified as having archaeological potential, except site six, a brick hut. The small brick hut was identified in the south-west of the activity area and may be associated with or contemporary to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. This site is of moderate scientific and archaeological potential.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (SECTION 6)

Wallan was quickly occupied by European settlers in the early 19th century; first with expansive squatter runs, before being alienated from the Crown and sold in the 1850’s as private land holdings (Appendix 6). The early settlement of Wallan is evident through the remains of the Inverlochy Castel Hotel and the brick hut identified in the south of the activity area (Map 4; Appendix 6).

The Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) is a registered Victorian Heritage Inventory site, and includes bluestone walls, a bluestone chimney, iron shearing shed, bluestone remains that could be indicative of a cellar for the Hotel, a bluestone well and introduced trees that are most likely associated with the hotel. The area surrounding (<50m) the hotel has significant potential for further bluestone and redbrick building remains and foundations, along with portable historic artefacts. The well itself, most likely has historic artefacts and debris at its base, and it is highly likely that artefacts will be recovered from the well. The building itself is in a poor state of preservation and it is not currently safe to enter the structure. The area has a high potential for surface and subsurface artefacts. The building has local significance to the Wallan area as a major stopping point on the Sydney to Melbourne Road and the roads to the goldfields. The Inverlochy Castel Hotel was owned and operated by the Laffan family, who were instrumental in the settlement and development of the Inverlochy estate and the township of Wallan (Appendix 6). The site represents the early rural development and occupation of the Wallan region and has the potential to uncover significant historic remains.

Site six contains the remains of a brick hut, first identified during a 2005 vehicular survey by Andrea Murphy and Lucy Amorosi (Murphy & Amorosi 2005). The building is in a state of disrepair and little of the structure remains. Portions of the floor and what may be a chimney breast are evident on the ground surface. The site may be contemporary with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Laffan family’s occupation of the area surrounding the hotel, or William MacLeod’s occupation of Lot 80 (Appendix 6). The site is considered to be of moderate historic potential.

Since the early to mid 20th century Wallan has undergone significant development as a result of Melbourne’s metropolitan expansion, and its location on the Eastern Railway. Two sites associated with this later development and expansion of Wallan were identified during the vehicular survey. The quarry located on the top of Green Hill was most likely used by the Wallan township to supply building materials. The quarry displayed evidence of mid-20th century mining techniques but there are no associated structures or remains evident near the quarry. It is possible that archaeological remains are associated with the site. The bluestone drain located to the west of Wallan Egg Farm was in a poor state of preservation, with grass and weeds overgrowing in the area. The drain does not seem to be in working order. These sites are considered to be of low archaeological potential.

No other historic features or areas of historic potential or significance were identified within the Wallan South activity area. The locations of previously identified areas of potential,

iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY historic archaeological sites and areas identified during the survey are presented in Map 4. There are no recorded dry stone walls within the activity area, and none were identified during the survey assessment of the area. However, dry stone walls may still occur within the activity area due to the area’s continuous occupation since the early 19th century. If so, it is likely that they may be present along major or minor roads surrounding the activity area or traversing through the centre.

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS (SECTION 7)

The legislative requirements of the local, state and commonwealth government are presented in Section 7.

MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Recommendation 1 Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) (Map 3)

The Inverlochy Castle Hotel ruins (H7823-0045) have been assessed as having high local historic and social significance, moderate scientific significance and high archaeological potential. If the site is to be impacted by the development, the following steps must occur:

1A If the site is to be harmed or impacted by future works, A Consent to Uncover and Expose under Section 124(1)(a) of the Heritage Act 2017 must be obtained from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria prior to any works being conducted that affect the site. The Consent to Uncover and Expose only allows for the uncovering of subsurface historic material. Excavation must cease upon the identification of historic archaeology.

1B If archaeological deposits are identified during the monitoring of the removal of topsoil, then a Consent to Excavate will be required, and may include extended excavation across the site extent. This will require cessation of works until a Consent to Excavate has been issued by Heritage Victoria.

1C The results of the Consent to Excavate will be used by Heritage Victoria to evaluate any future Consent to Damage and Disturb applications relating to the place. The Consent to Damage and Disturb will be required to allow site disturbance and development to proceed. In some cases, a Consent to Damage and Disturb will include a condition requiring an historic archaeologist to monitor ground disturbance works in case unexpected archaeological remains are exposed.

1D Compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 does not finish when site excavation is complete. Conditions on Consents under the Heritage Act 2017 usually require archaeology consultants to analyse all artefacts identified during the fieldwork and prepare a detailed technical report usually within 12 months. In some cases, it will be necessary for significant excavated artefacts to be conserved, to prevent their deterioration, packaged to Heritage Victoria requirements, and sent to Heritage Victoria for long-term storage. AAT can provide advice on this compliance if required.

v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Recommendation 2 Bluestone Drain (Map 4)

The bluestone drain has been assessed has having low local significance and low archaeological and scientific significance. The drain is in a poor state of preservation and does not seem to be in working order. The drain should be left in situ and remain unharmed. Ideally, the drain should be cleared of debris and retained as a feature.

However, if retention of this drain cannot be achieved, it is recommended that a section of the drain be exposed, and a detailed recording take place prior to its removal. A qualified archaeologist must undertake these works. Materials removed from the site should be repurposed and reused sensitively elsewhere within the PSP or development area.

The site should be registered on the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme to conserve the elements of the site which contribute to its significance. The Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay will ensure that development does not adversely affect the significance of the heritage site and will conserve the site by allowing a use that would otherwise be prohibited if this will demonstrably assist with the conservation of the significance of the heritage place.

Recommendation 3 Green Hill Quarry (Map 4)

The quarry has been assessed as having local historic and aesthetic heritage significance and no archaeological potential. There is no reason why the quarry should be listed on the Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay Planning Scheme. There are no statutory authorisations required to harm the quarry and the site is not currently protected under the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme. As this feature does not possess any demonstrable or potential historical archaeological significance, this place will not be required to be added to the Victorian Heritage Inventory and will not require a consent for its disturbance.

If the Quarry cannot be retained, it is recommended that a detailed recording takes place prior to its destruction. A qualified archaeologist must undertake these works.

Recommendation 4 Brick Hut (Map 3)

The brick hut ruins have been assessed as having moderate local historic and social significance, moderate scientific and archaeological potential. Little is known about the history of the brick hut; however, the hut may be associated with the Laffan family’s occupation of the area and may be contemporary with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

After a detailed inspection and recording has occurred, a site card should be submitted to Heritage Victoria to register the site on the Heritage Inventory. A qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can submit a site card to Heritage Victoria on behalf of the landowner. Once registered the following steps must be taken if the site is to be impacted or destroyed:

vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1B If archaeological deposits are identified during the monitoring of the removal of topsoil, then a Consent to Excavate will be required, and may include extended excavation across the site extent. This will require cessation of works until a Consent to Excavate has been issued by Heritage Victoria.

The site should be registered on the Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay to conserve the elements of the site which contribute to its significance. The Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay will ensure that development does not adversely affect the significance of the heritage site and will conserve the site by allowing a use that would otherwise be prohibited if this will demonstrably assist with the conservation of the significance of the heritage place.

Recommendation 5 Further Monitoring

The activity area for the Wallan South PSP has the potential to uncover historic deposits or features in a subsurface context at the areas of potential shown in Map 5. In these instances, it would be appropriate that a qualified archaeologist monitors the initial ground disturbance works associated with the development in these areas.

The role of monitoring would be to detect the presence of any significant deposit or historic materials, and if found, devise appropriate management recommendations. If an intact deposit is identified, it would require controlled excavation following the submission of a site card to Heritage Victoria and obtaining a Consent to Uncover and Expose from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can submit a site card to Heritage Victoria on behalf of a landowner or Sponsor and assist with the application of a Consent to Uncover and Expose.

Recommendation 6 Dry Stone Walls

Dry stone walls are protected under the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Schemes (Section 52.33). A Permit is required from the Mitchell Shire Council to demolish, remove or alter a dry stone wall constructed before 1940. Due to the early settlement of Wallan, it is likely that dry stone walls identified within the activity area will pre-date 1940, as such, a qualified historic archaeologist must be engaged to undertake a Dry Stone Wall Management Plan (DSWMP). A DSWMP will investigate a dry stone wall and provide the relevant information, outlined in the ‘Decision guideline’ under Section 52.33: application for a permit to demolish, remove or alter a dry stone wall. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Decision guidelines

Before deciding on an application, in addition to the decision guidelines in Clause 65, the responsible authority must consider, as appropriate:

• The significance of the post box or dry stone wall. • Any applicable heritage study, statement of significance and conservation policy. • Whether the proposal will adversely affect the significance of the post box or dry stone wall. • Whether the proposal will adversely affect the significance, character or appearance of the area.

Dry stone walls may occur throughout the activity area, along roads (formal or informal), within proximity to known historic or archaeological sites or within open areas. The Mitchell Shire Council should be notified of the identification of any dry stone walls within the activity area during further assessment.

Recommendation 7 Protection of Heritage within the Activity Area

Heritage places and sites can be significant on a local and state level and often provide valuable insight into the early non-Indigenous settlement of a region. Heritage places within the Wallan South activity area should (where possible) be retained and managed according to the Heritage Act 2017, the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme and the Planning and Environment Act 1987 . The Mitchell Shire Council has a significant role in protecting local heritage places of value to the Wallan area and the protection of these places may extend beyond retention. Prior to any works being undertaken within the Wallan South activity area, a detailed pedestrian survey should occur once the ground surface visibility is improved. If previously un-identified historic deposits, feature or remains are identified, the Mitchell Shire Council should be notified immediately upon discovery and works should cease until an appropriately qualified archaeologist or heritage advisor has been contacted to assess the finds.

If a historic archaeological site is uncovered during the course of the activity, under Section 87 of the Heritage Act 2017, it is an offence to knowingly damage, disturb or excavate a registered place or object without obtaining the appropriate consent from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can assist with this process.

viii CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work 1 1.2 Sponsor 1 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1 1.4 Location of the Activity Area and Cadastre 1 1.5 Local Municipality 1 1.6 Description of Activity Area 1 1.7 Heritage Advisor 1 1.8 Owners and Occupiers 2 1.9 Individuals and Organisations Consulted During the Study 2 1.10 Project Description 2 1.11 Date of Survey 2

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION - DESKTOP ASSESSMENT 5

2.1 Historical Background 5 2.2 Schedule of ownership of the activity area following European 37 Occupation 2.3 Archaeological Background 37 2.3.1 Previous Historic Archaeological Studies 37 2.4 Consultation with Kilmore Historic Society 45 2.5 Heritage Register, Inventory and Mitchell Shire Council Overlay Sites 45 Relevant to the Study Area 2.5.1 Victorian Heritage Register Sites 46 2.5.2 Heritage Inventory Sites 47 2.5.3 Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay Sites 48 2.6 Summary of Places Found on Other Database Searches 51

3 SITE PREDICTION MODEL 53

4 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITY AREA 54

4.1 Aims 54 4.2 Survey 54 4.3 Survey Participants 54 4.4 Methodology 54 4.5 Survey Coverage 54 4.6 Results 54

5 HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 72

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74

7 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 77

8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 80

REFERENCES 84

ix CONTENTS PAGE

APPENDICES

1 Summary CV’s 94 2 Additional Photos of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 98 3 Inverlochy Castle Hotel Site Card 106 4 Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 22.02 109 5 Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 52.33 114 6 Historian’s Report 116

TABLES (IN TEXT)

1 Historic Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Activity Area 38 2 Heritage Register Sites within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area 46 3 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites Located within the Activity Area 47 4 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites Located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity 47 Area 5 Heritage Overlay Sites located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area 48 6 Summary of Database Searches 51 7 Summary of Significance and Archaeological Potential 72 8 Summary of Significance and Archaeological Potential for Located Sites 73

FIGURES (IN TEXT)

1 Approximate Path of the 1824-1825 Hume and Hovell Expedition, 1825. 5 2 Detail View of a map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840 7 3 Detail View of a Plan of the Daraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong 9 Parishes, 1948 4 Detail View of an Undated Map Showing Pastoral Runs in the Western Port 10 District, n.d. 5 Detail View of a Plan of a Geological Survey Undertaken in 1857, Published 11 in 1862 6 Detail View of a Map of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 23rd September 1853 12 7 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 1866 13 8 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Merriang, c.1850s 14 9 Plan of County of Bourke, 1866 15 10 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Merriang, 1902 16 11 Detail View of a Photograph of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, n.d. 18 12 Detail View of a Plan of the Subdivision of Portion 79 Parish of Wallan Wallan, 20 c.1892 13 Detail View of a Photograph of the Laffan Family Outside the Inverlochy 21 Castle Hotel, 1900 14 John Francis Laffan and his Family 22 15 The Inverlochy Castle Hotel with John Laffan as the Licensee 22 16 Shorn Sheep at Inverlochy Castle Hotel 23 17 Shearing at Inverlochy Castle Hotel 23 18 Sheep Shearing at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 24 19 Inside the Woolshed at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 24 20 The Inverlochy Castle Hotel 25

x CONTENTS PAGE 21 Owen McPhillips on plough, John Francis Laffan Standing Beside the Horses 26 and Bernard and James Laffan Standing Behind Plough 1911-1912 22 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 1902 27 23 Detail View of a Map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913 29 24 Detail View of a Map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862) 31 25 Detail View of a Map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862) 33 26 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Murray’s ‘The Springs’ Estate, c.1915 35

MAPS (IN TEXT)

1 Activity Area Location 3 2 Extent of Activity Area 4 3 Registered Historic Sites and Areas of Potential within Activity Area 52 4 Areas of Historic Potential Identified During Vehicular Survey 75 5 Historic Features Surveyed During Assessment 76

PHOTOS (IN TEXT)

1 Inverlochy Castle Hotel, including the bluestone chimney and iron shearing 55 shed 2 Detail view of the bluestone chimney 55 3 Inverlochy Castle Hotel with the fenced off well and a line of introduced trees, 56 most likely planted for the Hotel 4 Introduced trees, most likely associated to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 56 5 A distance view of the entire well 56 6 Detailed view of the bluestone well 57 7 Detailed view of the well through the fencing 57 8 Iron shearing shed looking west towards the Northern Highway 57 9 Bluestone wall that has collapsed, located to the west of the bluestone well, 58 between the well and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 10 Bluestone wall located to the east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 58 11 Bluestone wall remains located to the east of the additional building remains 58 in Photo 10 12 Bluestone mound located to the west of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel 59 13 Quarry located on the top of Green Hill 59 14 Quarry located on the top of Green Hill 60 15 Evidence of explosive charges used during the extraction process 60 16 Top of Green Hill, within the activity area 60 17 Bluestone drain located next to Darraweit Road, south of the Wallan Egg 61 Farm 18 Detail view of the drain with range pole 61 19 Location of hut 62 20 Location of hut 62 21 Location of hut 62 22 Garden bed remains 63 23 Bricks, small basalt stones (10-40 centimetres), gravel and contemporary 63 refuse 24 Modern enclosure erected on the site of the potential hut 63 25 Modern animal pen erected on the site of the potential hut 64 26 Modern animal pen and fencing erected on the site of the potential hut 64

xi CONTENTS PAGE 27 Location of hut within ploughed field 65 28 Location of hut within ploughed field with dam present 65 29 Location of hut with dam present 65 30 Location of hut within ploughed field 66 31 Location of stockyard with modern structure in its place 66 32 Basalt bolder and brick remains of chimney located on the ground surface 67 33 Basalt remains of what is potentially a chimney base 67 34 Basalt remains of what is potentially a chimney base 68 35 Detail view of brick chimney remains 68 36 Detail view of basalt remains. Red brick a later addition 68 37 Modern bridge replacement 69 38 Location of potential shops – modern buildings now located on site 69 39 Location of potential shops – ploughed field with very tall grass 70 40 Location of potential shops – ploughed field 70 41 Activity area facing south-west from Taylors Lane 71 42 Activity area facing south-east from Taylors Lane 71 43 Activity area looking north towards Taylors Lane 71

xii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd would like to thank VPA for their assistance in the preparation of this Historical Heritage Assessment.

Mat Garner – Victorian Planning Authority David Portelli – Victorian Planning Authority Charlene McCoy – Victorian Planning Authority Donna Fearne – Sustaining Traces Joanne Guard – Mitchell Shire Council Celeste Jordan – Mitchell Shire Council Barbara Wilson – Kilmore Historical Society

ABBREVIATIONS

AAT Archaeology at Tardis ABN Australian Business Number AHC Australian Heritage Council AHD Australian Heritage Database ASL Above Sea Level CHL Commonwealth Heritage List HA Heritage Advisor HCHA Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment n.d. No Date NHL Natural Heritage List r regulation RNE Register of the National Estate The Secretary Department of Premier and Cabinet The Sponsor Victorian Planning Authority the Regulations Heritage Regulations 2017 VHR Victorian Heritage Register VPA Victorian Planning Authority WHL World Heritage List WWWCHAC Wurundjeri Woi Wurrrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation

© Copyright – This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Project No 4150.000

xiii

xiv Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work

This Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment (HCHA) was prepared for the purpose of identifying, assessing and make recommendations for any historical places, if present, located within the proposed Wallan South Precinct Structure Plan area (hereafter referred to as the activity area), in compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 and the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme (Map 1).

1.2 Sponsor

The Victorian Planning Authority (VPA) (ABN 58 651 383 439) is the Sponsor of this HCHA.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study

This study aims to identify and assess historic cultural heritage within the activity area in compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 and the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme. This was achieved by conducting background research into the activity area and a pedestrian and vehicular survey.

1.4 Location of the Activity Area and Cadastre

The activity area covers a total of 806 hectares and is bound by Old Sydney Road to the west, the Hume Freeway to the east and Wallan Township to the north/north-east. The activity area is located approximately 41.5 kilometres north of Melbourne (Map 1).

1.5 Local Municipality

The relevant local municipality is the Mitchell Shire Council.

1.6 Description of the Activity Area

The activity area largely comprises grassed plains with elevation levels ranging from 300 meters above seas level (ASL) in the centre of the activity area, and 390 meters ASL in the north-west of the activity area, along Old Sydney Road. The activity area has a former swamp located at the southern end. Taylors Creek and Strathaird Creek run down the western side of the activity area and roughly through the centre. There is scrub surrounding the banks of these creeks. Due to the use of the area as farming and agricultural land, there are surface runoff drains located across the activity area. Modern dwellings and associated outbuildings, such as sheds and driveways are scattered across the activity area, mainly down the western side of the activity area along Old Sydney Road. A portion of Green Hill is located in the north-east corner of the activity area.

1.7 Heritage Advisor

The heritage advisors for this project are project archaeologist Emma McNeil (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd) and executive archaeologist Andrew Morris (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 1 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1.8 Owners and Occupiers

The activity area is currently under private ownership.

1.9 Individuals and Organisations Consulted During the Study

The following individuals and organisations were consulted during this assessment:

• National Trust Register • Australian Heritage Database • State Library of Victoria • National Library of Australia • Heritage Victoria Inventory • Victorian Heritage Register/Database • Victorian War Heritage Inventory • Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Overlays • Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Advisor • Kilmore Historical Society • National Heritage List • Commonwealth Heritage List • Register of the National Estate • World Heritage List • Private landowners

1.10 Project Description

The activity comprises the subdivision of 806 hectares of land for residential facilities, such as town centres, schools, community centres, parks and the relevant utilities that are needed to support such infostructure.

1.11 Date of Survey

A historic survey of the activity area was undertaken on Wednesday 4th December 2019 by Emma McNeil (AAT) and Andrew Morris (AAT). A second targeted pedestrian survey was conducted on the 3rd September 2020 by Noah Tyler (AAT) to revisit sites of historic potential identified in Map 5.

2 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors

Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

This report would like to acknowledge that the Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Corporation are the recognised Traditional Custodians of the land which is discussed within this report. The clans responsible for the Wallan area were the Gunung willam balug and the Wurundjeri willam (Clark 1990, 384).

The following background information has been summarised from a historical report commissioned by Archaeology At Tardis. The following report was supplied by Donna Fearne of Sustaining Traces (Appendix 6).

2.1 Historical Background

After British colonisation, the first exploration of the activity area was the 1824 - 1825 expedition of Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, who journeyed near to and possibly over the activity area, which lies west of Mt Disappointment at the tail of the Great Dividing Range (Figure 1).

Expedition Heading North

Expedition Heading South

N Activity Area Mount Disappointment Port Phillip Bay

Figure 1 Approximate Path of the 1824-1825 Hume and Hovell Expedition, 1825. (Hume H, Hamilton, Brisbane, Thomas, Gellibrand, J.T., Hovell, W.H., Pettingell, Joseph & Historical Society of Victoria, 1921, 'Mr Hume's sketch of a tour performed by W.H. Hovell and himself from Lake George to Port Phillip, Bass's Straits at their own expense in the years 1824 and 1825 through the request of Sir Thos. Brisbane’, National Library of Australia).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 5 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Hume and Hovell reported of plentiful quality grazing pastures in the vicinity of Port Phillip including ‘…extensive and undulating downs of alternate wood and plain…’ and encouraged pastoralists to look to the Port Phillip District when resources were strained in Tasmania and New South Wales.

Pastoral Occupation

Stretching between the south west flank of Green Hill and the elevations west of Wallan through which Deep Creek passes, the activity area encompasses swampy, hilly and rich basalt plain land types which were first occupied by Europeans pastoral leaseholds from as early as 1836.

Lands around the activity area were taken over as sheep and cattle runs and exchanged, swapped and transferred between pastoralists so quickly that the exact extent and location of some runs are difficult to ascertain. An account contemporary to the fast-moving pastoral tide around the activity area describes a journey around the district as passing:

“…through a good deal of poor county between the Macedon Ranges and the good country about the higher parts of the Saltwater River and the Deep Creek…On the following day, we rode over a wooded country, well grassed, about the district of Kilmore, at that time quite unoccupied by anyone. In the evening we got to a station occupied by a Mr George Brodie on the Deep Creek (at Konagaderra, west of Mickleham) where we remained for the night…On the third day we rode over an open tract of country to the eastwards of Mr Brodie’s place, it was at that time called Mercer’s Vale (later Beveridge)…” (Russell in Brown P L (ed), 1935, ‘Narrative of George Russell of Golf Hill’, London, in Payne 1981, p.5).

Mercer’s Vale

No plan appears to survive outlining the exact location of Mercer’s Vale the name of which may relate to a piece of land allocated to Major George Mercer on the original Port Phillip Association survey of the District (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’; Fawkner J 1862, p.49 in The La Trobe Journal, No. 3, April 1969). Billis and Kenyon identify several pastoralists simultaneously occupying Mercer’s Vale suggesting that it was a locality rather than a specific run which appears to have evolved into the towns of Beveridge, Merriang and Olrig Station (Billis and Kenyon 1932, pgs.15 -16, 54, 57, 94, 118, 216 234).

The earliest occupant of Mercer’s Vale appears to have been Archibald Thom at Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale in 1837 located south of the activity area (Billis & Kenyon 1932, p.129) (Figure 3). At the time of Thom’s Mercer’s Flat occupation, and since 1836, James Malcolm is believed to have been occupying a single run named Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang on which the activity area may have been located (Payne 1981, p.7). A circa 1840 map identifies Malcolm's Station west of Merriang and Thom’s Station west of Beveridge, but the extent of the associated runs is not clear (Figure 2). It is possible that the Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang were the names of three runs operating under one license within the Mercer’s Vale area.

6 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Malcolm’s Station

Thom’s Station

Figure 2 Detail View of a Map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840 (PROV VPRS8168/P5/Sydney Y6). The map shows approximate locations only. The activity area is located north of Thom’s Station, not visible on map.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 7 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment In 1838 Malcolm is believed to have extended his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang Run as far north as Big Hill, later known as Pretty Sally (Payne 1981, p.7). The boundary of this run may have been near a northern outstation described as 'Malcolm's Outstation', identified between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore on an 1866 Bourke County map. If his run had not done so already Malcolm’s pastoral lease extended across the activity area from this point, as did the run of Beveridge who also had an outstation near Broadhurst’s Belle Vue Run. Although no plan appears to survive describing the early pastoral occupation of the activity area, plans of the surrounding runs of Dean, Strangeways and Belle Vue identify Malcolm as the occupier of land adjacent to those runs including land on which the activity area is located (PROV VPRS8168/P2/7511; VPRS8168/P2/9085; VPRS8168/P2/9195). Figure 3 illustrates the extent of land between the two locations identified as Malcolm’s Station and Malcolm’s Outstation.

The pastoral occupation of Mercer’s Vale appears to have either concluded by 1853 or been recorded by different names. Until this time Billis and Kenyon identify license holders in Mercer’s Vale as:

• Archibald Thom 1837 Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale • Charles Grey George 1840-1841 Mercer’s Vale Port Phillip District • James Malcolm 1840-1853 Olrig Mercer’s Vale • Andrew Beveridge 1840-1848 (including operating an Inn) Beveridge Mercer’s Vale • David Power 1845 Mercer’s Vale • Robert Scholes 1846 Mercer’s Vale • Robert Scholes and Farmer 1847-1850 Mercer’s Vale • Peter Foreman 1848-1851 Merriang Mercer’s Vale

8 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Malcolm’s Station Thom’s Station Guthrie’s Rands Run & Malcom’s Outstation Budd’s Station Activity Area Approximate Boundary of Parish of Wallan Wallan Approximate Boundary of Parish of Merriang

Figure 3 Detail View of a Plan of the Daraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong Parishes, 1948. (PROV, VPRS8168/P2/1643 FEATR6871; TOOROURRONG MERRIANG DARAWEIT GUIM- SHOWING DRAINAGE; MERRIANG SPRING PLAINS TOOROURRONG)

The activity area straddles the ‘settled area’ boundary used to determine the duration and cost of a pastoral lease in the Port Phillip District (Figure 4). Leases within the settled area were confined to a term of one year enabling land to be quickly resumed and assisting the Government to regulate the release of property for freehold sale and to manipulate the concentration and distribution of the growing Port Phillip population. An 1867 plan of Dean pastoral run which may have crossed the settled area boundary illustrates that the run had reduced considerably in size and lands once comprising the eastern and southern part of the run and located adjacent to the northern end of Malcolm’s run, had already been ‘taken ‘for common’ (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8652).

Lands outside the settled area boundary were held by maximum seven year pastoral leases restricting the availability of those lands for sale and development and for a time rendering Wallan Wallan as one of the last urbanised areas along the main Melbourne to Sydney Road.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 9 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Leases of lands in the unsettled district were for a maximum of 14 years (Research Data Australia website n.d., PROV Pastoral Run Registers).

Activity Area Bellevue Pastoral Run Wallan Wallan Pastoral Run Dean Station Pastoral Run Chintin Pastoral Run

Figure 4 Detail View of an Undated Map Showing Pastoral Runs in the Western Port District, n.d. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8971 RUNS361). Red line across the lower half of the map represents the ‘settled area’ boundary.

An 1853 survey plan of part of Wallan Wallan parish indicates that only part of the activity area had been surveyed for sale by that time, that being Portions 20 to 25 and Portions 28 to 35 including the swampy Portion 33a (Figure 6). The southern part of the activity area close to the Sydney Road was described in 1853 as being “stony ground thinly timbered chiefly with gum”. Identified on the 1853 survey, immediately south of Portion 34 within the parish of Merriang and west of the Merriang parish portion of the activity area, is a ‘Bridge of Stones’. The bridge of stones does not connect to any of the dray tracks, or the Main Sydney Road as marked on the 1853 survey and may be of an earlier pastoral origin (Figure 6). Portions 77 to 80 of the parish of Wallan were surveyed and sold between November 1857 and April 1858 (Figure 7).

The southernmost extent of the activity area lies outside the parish of Wallan Wallan in the parish of Merriang. This small part of Portion 26 parish of Merriang is sandwiched between the Northern Highway and the Hume Freeway (Figure 6).

10 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Area Budd’s Station Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Figure 5 Detail View of a Plan of a Geological Survey Undertaken in 1857, Published in 1862. (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 11 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Area

Figure 6 Detail View of a Map of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 23rd September 1853. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/FEAT376A: WALLAN WALLAN).

12 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Area Strathaird Creek Swamp

Figure 7 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 1866. (Country lots, in the Parish of Wallan-Wallan, County of Bourke, Victorian Office of Lands and Survey, MAPS; 8210BJE 1837 – WALLAN-WALLAN 1866).

All but two of the portions of land that make up the activity area (Figures 6, 7 and 8) were first alienated from the Crown during the 1850s after the Port Phillip District had separated from New South Wales and the goldrush boom had begun in Victoria. Although not on the well-travelled path between Melbourne and the Ballarat or Bendigo goldfields, Wallan was on the path to the Ovens goldfields and the main road to Sydney. The town developed quickly during the 1850s as the travelling population of Victoria grew. Portion 33a parish of Wallan Wallan was purchased from the Crown in 1860 and part of Portion 26 parish of Merriang was purchased from the Crown in 1840, along with several other allotments acquired by William Murray, who at the time, established one of the first estates taken up in the Port Phillip District (Leader, 30 October 1915, p,6) (Figure 8).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 13 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Area

Figure 8 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Merriang, c.1850s. (‘Merriang no.26’, MAPEF; 912.945l V23 Vol.1 pg.107-108, State Library Victoria).

14 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment European Occupation of the Lands around Wallan Wallan

Activity Area

Figure 9 County of Bourke, 1866 (Bibbs, 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General’s Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE).

The County of Bourke

The Charter for the Port Phillip District Council of Bourke was defined and proclaimed at the same time as the District of Grant Council on the 17th of August 1843 (Victorian Government Gazette, 5 September 1843, No.74, pgs. 1146 & 1147). The counties of Bourke, Evelyn and Mornington were defined and proclaimed on the 15th of November 1852 (Victorian Government Gazette, 17 November 1852, No. 46, pgs. 1327 & 1328).

Although not officially proclaimed until 1852, the County of Bourke (Figure 9) operated as a 'reputed' county and the land area was marked on maps and used in official proclamations from the time it was first marked out in 1837. The county was named in honour of Governor Bourke who held this office from 1831 to 1837 and who was both significant in influencing the means and rate of development in the Port Philip District and for his unequivocal repudiation of the existence of any rights, or occupation resulting in rights, of the Indigenous peoples of the Port Phillip District (City of Melbourne website 1997, p.9).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 15 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Parish of Wallan Wallan

Activity Area Parish of Wallan Wallan

Figure 10 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Merriang, 1902. (McGauran T F, 1902, ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke’, Victorian Department of Lands and Survey, MAPS: 820 BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria).

The Parish and town of Wallan Wallan were named after the pastoral station of that name held by John Boyd from 1839; however, the pastoral station was not located within the parish boundary (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan). The township and area around Wallan are located outside the area of the original Wallan Wallan run, on land believed to have formed part of Budd’s Strangeways/Strangways Run. Budd’s run was surrounded by ‘Bellevue’ held principally by Broadhurst, Tootal and James Malcolm’s run; the name of which is unclear, but which was located south and east of Strangways. The township of Wallan or parts thereof and surroundings may have been located on Malcolm’s run. By 1853, the parish of Wallan Wallan had been surveyed, and the first freehold land sales of Wallan Wallan were held that year (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan).

16 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Parish of Merriang

The parish of Merriang was surveyed in 1839 and is believed to have been named after an Aboriginal word meaning ‘stone chopper’ (Hunter-Payne, 2008; Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’;) (Figure 8). Merriang was also the name of part of James Malcolm’s run and its name was given to a town and area south of Wallan Wallan, established between 1840 and 1850 (Payne, 1981, p.7; Whittlesea Council 2015, p.314; Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’). The township of Merriang is in the adjacent parish of Epping (Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’).

Freehold Occupation of the Activity Area

The activity area is comprised of 15 portions and six partial portions of land in the parish of Wallan Wallan and a single partial Portion in the parish of Merriang. The small parcel of Merriang land, part of Portion 26, was first put up for auction in Melbourne on the 10th of June 1840 and sold to William Murray on the 30th of November 1840 (Port Phillip Gazette, 6 May 1840, p.1).

Of the activity area lands from the parish of Wallan, the first eight allotments to be alienated from the Crown were portions 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32 and 34, sold at Kilmore on the 24th of February 1854. Portion 23 was sold in May of 1854, and four months after that a further five lots (Portions 22, 25, 30, 33 and 35) were sold on or between the 15th and 21st of September 1854.

The remaining seven Wallan parish portions from which the activity area is derived were alienated from the crown between the 31st of March 1858 (when Portion 77 was conveyed to Patrick Laffey) and April of 1858 (when both Portions 79 and 80 were sold to McLeod and Taylor respectively). Portion 78 was sold to the partnership of William Johnstone, John Gorman and Patrick Laffey in March of 1858.

Inverlochy

Portions 32, 34 and 33A

Although the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was reportedly built in 1850, Angus Cameron acquired Portion 32 parish of Wallan Wallan on which land the hotel stood on the 24th of February 1854 after which time the hotel was most likely erected (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3; AP82770J, Crown Grant 28962). The Inverlochy Castle Hotel was listed for sale in March 1855 but failed to sell and was followed by a September clearance sale with no reserve of the new, quite modern furniture of the choicest description (The Argus, 8 September 1855, p.2). The furniture sale was accompanied by another attempt at disposing of the real estate, on which was “…erected those completely-finished and substantially-built wooden premises known as, “The Inverlochy Hotel containing 13 rooms, built on 75 feet 9 inches frontage by a depth of 39 feet 9 inches together with a ten-stall stable, 50 feet by 18 feet with a loft above.” The auctioneers recommended the property to investors and “…anyone desirous of combining farming with the business of a roadside inn…” (The Argus, 11 September 1855, p.2). The property was offered with no reserve but was subject to an existing mortgage of L2000.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 17 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment It was not until January of 1860 that the swampy Portion 33a parish of Wallan Wallan was sold to Patrick Hanna of Melbourne who held his land for seven years before selling to John Laffan of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. John Laffan first occupied land in the activity area in 1857 when he leased the newly erected Inverlochy Castle Hotel from Benjamin Clarke Brettell who had purchased the property from the assigned creditors of Angus Cameron (Figure 11).

Figure 11 Detail View of a Photograph of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, n.d. (Payne, 1981, p.37)

When the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was finally sold to Brettell he immediately offered it to Laffan under a five year lease, but after only three years of occupation, Laffan purchased the property outright, the land comprising a little over 88 acres as well as the hotel (Book 63 Number 493; Book 73 Number 910; Book 99 Number 530). In 1867 Laffan purchased adjoining Portions 34 and 33a parish of Wallan Wallan, the properties of which had been originally purchased from the crown by Robert Mason and Patrick Hanna respectively (AP82770J Crown Grants 27913, 902). By the time Laffan purchased Portion 34 the property had been divided and sold in two parts by Henry Bain, who had acquired the land from Mason.

Portion 20

Having purchased Portion 20 parish of Wallan Wallan from the Crown in 1854, John Nunan (Noonan) held on to his land until his death on the 23rd of March 1872 (PROV VPRS7591/P2/10 10/706). Nunan appointed his widow Catherine as his executrix in his will made only five days before his death. Following his passing Catherine sold Portion 20, described at the time as “80 acres of land situate at Wallan Wallan in the County of Bourke in the Colony of Victoria” and known as Mrs Noonan's Farm, for £375, to John Laffan on the 10th of April 1873 (Book 229 Number 206; PROV VPRS28/P/120 10/706).

Portions 23, 24 and 28

David Brown purchased Portion 23 from Phillip Dwyer in 1854 who had taken ownership of the land only one month after Rody Lawler acquired the Crown Grant (Crown Grant 29340; AP82772; Book 121 Number 71). Dwyer held the property for eight years before he sold to his neighbour, farrier David Brown, in 1862. Brown had held the neighbouring Portion 28

18 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment for eight years also, although it was leased to William Sutherland for all or some of this time (Payne 1981, p.25). Brown sold both his Portions 23 and 28 to John Laffan on the 20th of July 1874 (Book 121 Number 71; Crown Grant 28961; Book 49 Number 123, Book 71 Number 791; Book 241 Number 596). On the 10th of September 1873 Brown’s 160 acres at Wallan had been offered for auction at the Inverlochy Hotel at which time it was described as “…160 acres of the choicest farming land in the district of Wallan Wallan – adjoining the properties of Messrs. Laffin, (sic) Smyth, Oxley and McLelland…substantially fenced and well-watered in all seasons 40 acres…cleared and have been under crop…(with)…splendid timber on the land…(and including a)…weatherboard house and other outbuildings...” (Kilmore Free Press, 28 August 1873, p.3).

Two years after he acquired Portions 23 and 28 parish of Wallan Wallan, Laffan increased his frontage to the popular Sydney Road purchasing Portion 24 in April of 1876 from Joseph Lobb (Book 257 Number 254). Lobb had purchased the property from David Brown (Book 151 Number 111). Lobb’s sale of Brown’s Portion 24 may have been on his own account or acting for David Brown (The Age, 19 March 1887, p.11; Kilmore Free Press, 25 August 1887, p.3; The Age, 9 June 1888, p.15).

Joseph Lobb is believed to have been a member of the Merriang Shire Council at one time and in 1880 was operating a farm “…nicely situated on the slope of Wallan Park…” (Kyneton Guardian, 12 October 1918, p.2; Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). The departure of the Lobb family from Wallan between 1889 and 1892 appears to have been precipitated by a publicised 1890 court case concerning Lobb’s actions as a commission agent for the sale of land held at Wallan by John Dwyer.

By 1877 John Laffan held Portions 20, 23, 28 and 24 parish of Wallan Wallan and added in June of that year part of Portion 29 to his holdings. The balance of Portion 29 was acquired in June of 1877 from Charles Oxley, who had held the land for the decade prior (AP82770J).

Charles Oxley purchased Portion 29 in May of 1867, it having been offered at auction in Collins Street Melbourne on January 30 of the same year on behalf of Helen Hughes (The Argus, 26 January 1867, p.2). Helen Hughes was the widow of John Nangus Hughes known as Nangus Jack, an accredited whip maker (The Herald, 16 September 1897, p.2). Already known amongst stockmen by 1858, Nangus Jack’s whips were advertised for sale by sole agent D Grant & Co at Ballarat in that year (The Star, 20 July 1858, p.4). Nangus Jack was believed to have perished from dehydration after becoming lost whilst travelling from G A Main’s station in the Riverina to an out-hut, his remains were found in August of 1865 by the “Yanga blacks” (The Australasian, 26 August 1865, p.7). ‘Jack’s’ estate was administered by his widow on behalf of his surviving family of four children, a fifth child who was also his eldest son having been missing since 1865 (PROV VPRS28/P1/11 5/453).

Portions 21 and 29 parish of Wallan Wallan

Before Laffan was able to secure the balance of Portion 29 from Joseph Smith, he added part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan to his properties in April of 1880 (Book 286 Number 997). Laffan’s Portion 21 purchase comprised 10 acres and was acquired from William Munro; he had purchased the small allotment on which he erected his blacksmith forge, from original Crown Grant holder William MacLeod in 1865 (Book 154 Number 836; Payne, 1981, p,26).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 19 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment By 1880 Laffan was supplementing his hotel income with horse-breeding, “…there being a draught stallion – Young Robin, by Rantin’ Robin – and a thoroughbred named Confusion (one of the Panic breed) on the place…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). Both horses were prize winners in local and Victorian circles and shared the property with “…a few broodmares and dairy cattle…” and about 20 acres of crops the rest of the 600-acre farm being reportedly unworked (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). Laffan had imported young Robin and his sire, Rantin' Robin who was described as the ‘Champion Horse of Scotland’, after they were sold to an Adelaide breeder for £1200. Laffan’s horse breeding enterprise, for which a ‘good paddock’ was provided, was managed by Robert Lennox of Wallan (Leader, 18 September 1875, p.3) who was advertising another prize imported stallion Romany Rye standing at Inverlochy for the season in 1888 (Kilmore Free Press, 25 October 1888, p.4).

Laffan purchased the balance of Portion 29 from Charles Oxley on the 22nd of October 1883, part of Portion 79 in 1892 and Portion 80, in two parts, in 1885 (Book 375 Number 552; Book 323 Number 158; Book 327 Number 997) (Figure 12). All the lands appear to have formed part of the collective farming area, and there are no details as to the location of any improvements across the property (Figure 22).

In 1889 John Laffan advertised his intention to give up dairying and held a clearing sale to this end on the 6th of September of that year, offering 200 head of cattle, horse and sundries (Kilmore Free Press, 22 August 1889, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 5 September 1889, p.2). John Laffan purchased a little over 134 acres, being part of Allotment 79, from the deceased estate of Jeremiah Taylor in 1892 (PROV VPRS28/P/605 48/049) (Figure 12).

Figure 12 Detail View of a Plan of the Subdivision of Portion 79 Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1892. (AP82905)

John and Esther Laffan (Figure 13) came from Ireland to the Victorian goldfields in 1852 (Payne 1981, p.24) and remained at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel until their demise in 1901

20 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment and 1903 respectively (The Argus, 18 May 1901, p.9; The Argus, 28 November 1903, p.9). Following the reduction in traffic on the Sydney Road after the completion of the North Eastern Railway Line in 1873, Laffan was said to have devoted his attention to sheep farming and kept the hotel open more in the name of tradition than as a profitable concern (Australian Railway Historical Society Victorian Division Inc., 2018, Victorian Railway History 1839-1899; Kilmore Free Press, 23 May 1901, p.3).

Inverlochy Estate

Figure 13 Detail View of a Photograph of the Laffan Family Outside the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, 1900. From left to right: Bridget Laffan, Margaret Theresa (nee McCagh), John Francis Laffan, John Laffan and Esther (nee Kidd). The two children are Esther and Margaret Laffan. (Payne 1981, p.33)

John Laffan, hotel keeper of Wallan, died on the 16th of May 1901. His widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan were nominated executors and trustees of his estate to be held in trust for his wife as long as she remained unmarried or if she married or died, for the estate to go to his son excepting £200 bequeathed to his daughter Bridget Theresa McPhillips at the death or remarriage of Esther PROV VPRS7591/P2/320 79/635). After the death of his parents, John Francis Laffan applied for and held the licence for the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (Kilmore Free Press, 17 December 1903, p.2) and undertook extensive improvements in 1907, described by the Kilmore Press as ‘a thorough overhaul’ of the building. The improvements included new foundations, lifting the building where needed and putting in new ground plates, replacing original softwood timber used in the building, replacing rotted blocks, replacing weatherboards with dry rot and installing an additional kitchen, attached to the house, and fitted with an ‘Andrew’s Geelong patent range” (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 21 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 14 John Francis Laffan and his Family. Photo Taken 1911-1912. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

Figure 15 The Inverlochy Castle Hotel with John Laffan as the Licensee. n.d. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

22 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment At the same time he renovated the hotel, John Francis Laffan had constructed, by G T Mason of Lilydale, a new steam chaff cutting works for his farm which adjoined the hotel. The building was 40 x 16 feet and constructed with galvanised iron and a white pine floor and was driven by a four horsepower vertical engine boiler and up to date Ronaldson Bros. and Tippetts chaff cutter (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3) (Figures 16 to 19).

Figure 16 Shorn Sheep at Inverlochy Castle Hotel. n.d. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

Figure 17 Shearing at Inverlochy Castle Hotel. 1900. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 23 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 18 Sheep Shearing at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. n.d. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

Figure 19 Inside the Woolshed at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. n.d. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

24 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Only two years after undertaking his renovations, John Francis Laffan had to appear before the Licenses Reduction Board as the owner and licensee of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel in order to argue the case for the hotel retaining its licence. The Licensing Board was responsible for regulating the number of hotels in a district in relation to the number of residents, and as part of the Broadmeadows District, the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was one of several hotels that weren’t needed and Laffan’s case was refused, and the hotel delicensed. Laffan was forced to close the Inverlochy Castle Hotel despite the new improvements (Kilmore Free Press, 10 June 1909, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 1 July 1909, p.2) (Figure 13).

Figure 20 The Inverlochy Castle Hotel. Sign Showing Esther as Licensee. n.d. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

John Francis Laffan’s home on Inverlochy was threatened by fire in 1925 and several acres of grass were destroyed when holiday campers were ‘burning out’ rabbits (The Argus, 16 April 1925, p.12). The following year John Francis Laffan was widowed, his wife Margaret Teresa died on the 17th of June 1926 (The Argus, 17 June 1926, p.2). John Francis Laffan served as a councillor for the Merriang Shire and also in the Merriang Riding of the Broadmeadows Shire and died on the 25th of May 1932. John Francis Laffan was remembered for taking a prominent part in any useful movement for the benefit of the district and as a “…citizen of high outstanding character pre-eminently straightforward in his dealings and trusted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance” (The Herald, 26 May 1932, p.12).

John Francis Laffan’s career as a councillor, including serving as President, in the Broadmeadows Shire was mirrored by his son John Ambrose Laffan who served for the Wallan riding in the same capacity from around 1932 to at least 1945, serving as President of the Shire for at least one year in 1942 (Kilmore Free Press, 14 February 1935, p.2, Kilmore Free Press, 4 September 1941, p.5; Kilmore Free Press, 10 September 1942, p.1; Kilmore Free Press, 30 August 1945, p.2).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 25 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 21 Owen McPhillips on plough, John Francis Laffan Standing Beside the Horses and Bernard and James Laffan Standing Behind Plough 1911- 1912. Old Places Website. Inverlochy Castle Hotel – The Final Chapter.

Portions 31 and 78

The lands that comprised Inverlochy following the death of John Francis Laffan (25th May 1932) included Portion 31 which he acquired in 1921 from the Smythe family (Book 495 Number 534) and Portion 78 acquired from the Slatter family in 1913 (Book 464 Number 70). By 2002 the Laffan Inverlochy Estate holding comprised Crown Portions 20, part 21 (lot 1) 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 33a, 80, part 78 (lot 2) and part 79 (lot 3) (AP82770J) (Figure 22).

The part of Portion 78 Laffan purchased from the Slatter family was one of three lots subdivided out of the entire Portion 78 purchased by Crown Grant by the partnership of Patrick Laffey, William Johnston and John Gorman in March of 1858. Two of the subdivided lots were transferred to Laffey and Gorman in 1861 and the third, held by William Johnston, was transferred to Nicholas Sorraghan in September of the same year. Sorraghan’s 47 acres were sold to Patrick Sheedy before 1882 and sold in 1883 to George Slatter. By 1905 at the time of grazier George Slatter’s death, Lot 3 of Portion 78 had been improved with a four roomed weatherboard house that appears to be marked on the property in a 1913 survey of the area but had been seemingly removed by 1977 (Book 313 Number 274; PROV VPRS28/P2/736 96/017).

26 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Inverlochy Estate

Figure 22 Detail View of a Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 1902. (McGauran T F, 1902, ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke’, Victorian Department of Lands and Survey, MAPS: 820 BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 27 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Duck Farm

William Hartley Budd purchased Portion 31 parish of Wallan Wallan, being 80 acres adjacent to a swamp, by Crown Grant on the 24th of February 1854 (Crown Grant 29082). By 1872 the property was known as ‘Duck Farm’, “…where game of every description is abundant…” (Leader, 23 March 1872, p.3) and had been improved by Budd to include a “…three- roomed dwelling house, milking sheds, yard, garden &… the whole securely fenced with posts and rails…” (Leader, 23 March 1872, p.3). Thomas Smythe purchased the Duck Farm in 1872, and the property was part of the 584 acres of Wallan Wallan land identified in the inventory of Smythe’s estate after his death on the 29th of August 1875 (PROV VPRS28/P2/42 13/780). The Smyth family retained Duck Farm ‘in trust’ following Thomas Smythe’s death until it was sold to John Francis Laffan on the 31st of May 1921 (Book 495 Number 534).

Green Hills Estate

Portions 21 and 22 parish of Wallan Wallan formed part of the Green Hills Estate of Thomas and Margaret Smythe (which had also included Portion 31) which was held by that family for about 60 years as “…one of the most valuable between Kilmore and the metropolis…” before being sold during or before 1926 to Edward James Dumaresq (Kilmore Free Press, 14 October 1926, p.2). The Estate comprised at least Portions 18, 19, 22, 27 and part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan, but may have included other properties at various times as other lands were purchased and sold. Francis James Dumaresq who inherited the Green Hills Estate sold part of Portion 21 and Portion 22 in 1981 to the Laffan Brothers operated by James Leo and his brother Bernard Vincent Laffan (Book 629 Number 987; Figure 21). The Laffan Brothers also operated a petrol service station at Wallan in 1937 (Payne 1981, p. unknown).

Smyth’s Green Hills Estate had been farmed by Thomas’ widow Margaret Smyth as a dairy and agricultural concern since her husband’s death following an accident falling off his horse in 1875 (The Age, 30 August 1875, p.3). From the time of her husband’s death Margaret may have let out her 422 acre holding as tenders for the lease were advertised at a clearing sale of her husband’s stock and implements on the 27th of November 1875 and the Green Hill Estate was occupied in 1908 by Harvey Patterson under the lease (The Argus, 18 March 1908, p.8; Leader, 27 November 1875, p.3). Patterson may have been responsible for the wattle plantation on Portion 21 in 1913 (Figure 22).

28 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Inverlochy Estate Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Figure 23 Detail View of a Map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913. (Wallan and Donnybrook districts, M/DEF127, Bylands-Kalkallo- Linton-Merriang-Toorourrong-Wallan Wallan-Yan Yean, 1909, Victoria Division of Survey and Mapping, MAPMF M/DEF127, State Library Victoria).

The stock offered at the Green Hills clearing sale after Thomas Smythe’s death, comprised approximately 160 head of cattle, several draught horses, a light harness horse, a first class Lennon plough, a quantity of dairy utensils, drays, harness, ploughs, harrows and saddles (Leader, 27 November 1875, p.3).

Early in the twentieth century, Margaret Smyth moved to Moonee Ponds and the freehold for Green Hills was taken over by her family following her death in 1918 (Kilmore Advertiser, 13 July 1918, p.2). Green Hills appears to have continued to operate under the lease after Margaret’s death as the lease was sold in 1926 to Mr W E Morgan at the same time the freehold of Greenhill was sold to Edward G Dumaresq (Kilmore Free Press, 21 October 1926, p.2). As well as a grazier, Edward Dumaresq was the Wallan agent for Macarthur and Macleod (of neighbouring Macsfield), valuators, auctioneers and money lenders, he resided at Kilmore and died on the 13th of November 1949 (PROV VPRS28/P3/5073 424/704).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 29 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Edward G Dumaresq’s grazier concerns appear to have been taken over by Edward Alfred Dumaresq after his father’s death, and the property passed to Francis James Dumaresq by the time Portions 21 and 22 were sold to the Laffan brothers in 1981.

The balance of Portion 21 comprising 70 acres, two roods and 18 perches including land used as a wattle plantation in 1913, represented the last piece of land between the Northern Highway and the parallel line of Rowes Lane not owned by the Laffan Brothers until they secured it from Dumaresq in 1981.

Portion 22 parish of Wallan was first alienated from the Crown by Grant to William Thomas Mollison on the 21st of September 1854 (Crown Grant 31337). The land is a little over 78 acres took in the southern slope of Green Hill. The adjacent Portion 17 encompassing the bulk of Green Hill was reserved for public recreation following requests from the Wallan community to the Minister for Lands in 1870 (Kilmore Free Press, 26 November 1914, p.1).

By the time Portion 22 was part of the holdings of Thomas Smyth, or during his tenure, it had become a significant source of water for the Smyth Green Hills property. An artesian bore and tank had been erected on the property and pipes laid from this across the land and under the Sydney Road to reach an access point on Portion 21. So important was this water access to the activities of the Smyths that when they sold Portions 21 and 22 to Edward George Dumaresq access to the tank and pipes for maintenance, repair or replacement, the continual flow of the water to Portion 21 and the continued access by the Smyths to that water was explicitly specified in the contract of sale (Book 539 Number 499).

30 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portions 77 and 79

Activity Area Portion 77 Portion 79

Figure 24 Detail View of a Map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862). (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW)

As well as partnering with John Gorman and William Johnston to acquire Portion 78 of Wallan Wallan parish, Patrick Laffey partnered with John Gorman to purchase Portion 77 parish of Wallan Wallan (AP12666B). Laffey and Gorman divided the land between them, Laffey taking two portions (79 acres 12 perches and 79 acres 10 perches), which he transferred to William Johnston and John Gorman in 1865 (AP12666B). Gorman retained his portion until 1876 when he transferred the land to George Wallder (Book 261 Number 936).

Fairview

Johnston held the part of Portion 77 purchased by William Johnston from Patrick Laffey in 1865 until he died in 1901. John Connor purchased Johnston’s part of Portion 77 around 1914 and was living on the property on which the improvements were described as;

“…weatherboard house and detached kitchen bedroom wash house bathroom and pantry including 800- and 600-gallon iron tank and 4000 underground tank. Slab outbuildings – chaff house & buggy shed, stable and cart shed, blacksmith shop, pigsty and weather dairy…all roofs are galvanised corrugated iron…” (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 31 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The property had no wells but three small dams, one supplied by the small stream passing through the property and soil was described as 42 acres of rich soil and 37 acres of poor soil (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12).

The Victorian Government Soldier Settlement Scheme operated from 1917 - 1935 as part of a larger National initiative to repatriate returning soldiers from World War I. The Victorian Scheme "...involved subdividing large rural estates into smaller farming blocks and leasing them back to discharged service-people." Contemporary reports suggest that up to 11,000 farms were created by the Soldier Settlement Scheme (PROV, Battle to Farm, The Victorian Soldier Settlement 1917-1935). Walking away or abandoning Soldier Settlement allotments was not unusual as although there were returned service people who were able to make a livelihood out of their property many were saddled with inadequate or inappropriate land, in some cases had inadequate skills, experience and/or physical inabilities and were offered insufficient support to make their project a viable venture. So scathing was criticism of the WW1 Soldier Settlement Scheme that a Royal Commission into the program was established in Victoria within seven years of the scheme having started (Keneley, 2000, 'Soldier Settlement in the Western District').

In 1917 the Closer Settlement board acquired Johnston’s part of Portion 77, and the land as part of the Soldier Settlement Scheme for WW1 returned soldiers was taken up by Charles Swann with his wife and two young daughters. At this time the property was known as ‘Fairview’. With five years dairying experience, Swann had established a small herd of 14 animals for this purpose by July of 1917 and was offered a conditional lease in 1918 at which time the property was surveyed and redefined as Allotment 77A, the improvements on the land were identified at the time as sheds, a weatherboard house and an orchard (Figure 23).

Swann was determined by the Soldier Settlement Board to have abandoned his settlement block by 1922, and the property was offered again to returned soldiers. It was applied for by Albert Ernest Geary on the 21st of July 1922 (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12). Geary was acting as a wood carter at the time of his application and had been engaged in mixed farming at Wallan since around 1918 and since around 1914 had resided and farmed in Tasmania where he had ‘lifelong’ experience on the land (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12). Geary’s conditional purchase lease was approved in 1922 but was declared void by June of 1925 for non-payment of instalments (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12).

Around 1927 Louis Frederick Stiles and his family of two sons took up ’Fairview’ where a daughter was later born. The Stiles family had emigrated from the United Kingdom and undertook mixed farming on their property for a short time before starting a poultry business which was well established by the time their eldest son Bernard Frederick Stiles died at Fairview on the 6th of April 1944 (Kilmore Free Press, 20 April 1944, p.2; The Age, 11 April 1944, p.5). The ‘Stiles Brothers’ poultry farm at Wallan continued after Bernard’s death, and the business was involved in attempts by producers to avoid the Victorian Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board becoming a monopoly as the only buyer of eggs in the Victorian market (The Age, 25 May 1946, p.4). The Stiles brother’s poultry farm was still operating in 1952 and what appears to be a commercial scale poultry operation is located on the property in a 1977 aerial photograph that also appears to show evidence of the earlier orchard and a potentially surviving nineteenth century weatherboard house (The Age, 7 June 1952, p.18).

32 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Macsfield Estate

Activity Area Macsfield

Figure 25 Detail View of a Map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862). (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW)

William MacLeod came to Australia from Sutherlandshire in Scotland via New Zealand and reportedly found enough gold in this process to enable him to purchase land at Wallan (Payne 1981, p.23). Initially, MacLeod purchased Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan in February of 1854 then acquired Crown Portions 25 and 33 both on the 21st of September 1854.

Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan

Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan was granted to William MacLeod in 1858. MacLeod sold the southern portion of those 117 ½ acres to John, and Mary Ann Sutherland and hawthorn trees were said to still mark the house site on Portion 80 in 1981 (Payne 1981, p.116). Access to the Sutherland’s land was by Taylors Lane purchased from Jeremiah Taylor out of Portion 79 by the Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan District Board in 1866 (AP82905; Book 159 Number 181).

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 33 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 33 and 35 parish of Wallan Wallan

Portions 33 and 25 of MacLeod’s land were purchased by him through Crown Grants on the 21st of September 1854 at the same time that Portion 35 was granted by purchase to Patrick McClusky, Thomas DeCourcy Meade had taken Portion 30, also a Crown Grant on the 15th of September 1854. (AP41452)

McClusky retained his Portion 33 property until 1872, and by 1881 he had moved to Euroa. Sometime after 1872, William Macleod purchased Portion 35 extending his property to be fully opposite the whole of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel on the Main Sydney Road

Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan

On the 20th of November 1855, William MacLeod sold a part of his recently acquired Portion 25 to Joseph Smith, another portion to Henry Perkins in July of 1858 and a further portion to Joseph Smith in 1866 (AP41452). Smith consolidated his two parts of Portion 25 in 1873 and leased the whole to Edward Nash for seven years selling both parcels as well as Crown Portion 26 back to William MacLeod for L600 in 1884 (AP41452). Oxley retained his part of Portion 25 for 17 years before selling it back to William MacLeod for £260 in 1877. All three men; Oxley, Nash and Smith, appear to have used their land for grazing until it was resumed back into MacLeod’s holding (AP41452).

Portion 30 parish of Wallan Wallan

Thomas De Courcy Meade was a solicitor of Kilmore (Payne, 1981, p.23). Meade sold half of his Portion 30 in June of 1856 to Henry Perkins and in May of 1858 sold the other half to the partnership of Thomas Holdsworth and William Ball (Book 39 Number 255: Book 63 Number 292). By June of 1859 Perkins and Ball had conveyed their interest in halves to Thomas Holdsworth so that he held title to the whole against which he took at a mortgage and issued a lease to George Manning. Manning occupied Portion 30 for five years until it was sold to William McLeod in 1864 (Book 77 Number 833; Book 81 Number 99; Book 90 Number 937; Book 109 Number 367; Book 90 Number 938; Book 137 Number 847).

Portion 30 on account of its permanent spring was a potentially valuable addition to MacLeod’s property. By 1880 MacLeod’s farm had expanded and was described as 600 acres of which about two thirds were flat land and, ‘well improved by buildings and subdivision…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). The fencing was described as; “…mostly of post-and-rail and deadwood, with here and there a stiff stone wall…the stone being, of course, found on the premises…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). MacLeod’s farm was reportedly ‘admirably adapted for sheep-breeding’ although Macleod had 100 head of cattle, 40 of which he was milking, and had “…been carrying on grazing and dairying for a number of years…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) and selling his butter to a Melbourne dealer since 1870. The homestead on Macleod’s farm at this time was built of stone, as was the dairy which had a “…floor of cement and plastered walls (and was)…large, airy, and fitted with every appliance necessary for the making of butter cleanly and expeditiously…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11). The improvements described on Macleod’s farm may have been soon modified as he declared his intention at the time of moving exclusively into wool growing (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11).

34 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment MacLeod’s farm was known as Macsfield and although the main house was still standing and recommended for inclusion on the Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay as a property of local significance in both 2006 and 2013 the Macsfield House in Macsfield Lane Wallan has not been listed on any heritage register. Further, it is unclear whether the Macsfield building still survives (Mitchell Shire, 2014, 4.6.2; Mitchell Planning Scheme Schedule to Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay).

MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886, and his wife Ann (nee Hall) managed Macsfield with her surviving children (Payne 1981, p.23). At the time of William MacLeod’s death, Macsfield was comprised of Portions 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 52 and 53 parish of Wallan Wallan, of which, parts of Portions 25, 30, 33 and 35 form part of the activity area (AP41452) (Figure 26). Although the exact location of the improvements to Macsfield at the time of William’s death is unknown, the built features on the property included; “ (being) enclosed partly with a stone wall (one mile), post and two rail fence (four miles) hedges (half mile). The land is divided into paddocks…on the land is erected a stone house containing six rooms iron roof woolshed barn cowshed and stabling…” (PROV VPRS28/P2/196 31/594).

Figure 26 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Murray’s ‘The Springs’ Estate, c.1915. Allotments are coloured according to purchasers of the Estate at auction in 1915. The land purchased by John Francis Laffan is coloured pink and east of the Sydney Road which is highlighted with a blue line. Yellow lines shade part of Lot 1 of the subdivision, east of the Sydney Road indicating the approximate parcel of Portion 26 that forms part of the activity area. (Volume 3887 Folio 352)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 35 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Allotment 26 Parish of Merriang

At the time grazier John Francis Laffan died in May of 1932, as well as lands in the parish of Wallan Wallan, he owned Lot 2 of subdivision 6746 of Crown Portion 26 parish of Merriang near Beveridge. On the property was erected a 16 roomed weatherboard house which appears to have been the main homestead of his Inverlochy property (PROV VPRS28/P3/2370 251/717). The property Inverlochy of which a large part was comprised of the activity area was carrying at John Francis Laffan’s death; 1500 sheep a bit under 40 cattle of various ages, five light horses and five draft horses (PROV VPRS28/P3/2370 251/717). Portion 26 was first alienated from the crown by William Murray who also purchased by Crown Grant Portions 13, 23, 24 and 25 parish of Merriang. Ten years after acquiring Portion 26 Murray leased the land to James Malcolm for seven years between 1850 and 1858 (Book O Number 527). At the expiration of Malcolm’s lease, Roberts and Clewitt took on a 15-year lease that expired around the same time as William Murray’s death on the 20th of January 1871. It is likely that Roberts and Clewitt, or Roberts alone, continued their lease agreement with the trustees of Murray’s Estate (Book 65 Number 248: Payne, 1981, p.29).

“The Springs Estate was one of the first settled properties in Victoria, and for a time until 1914 it was…reportedly…occupied by Holmes and Boadle by lease on which they ran 7000 sheep and 400 bullocks (Leader, 27 June 1914, p.3; The Age, 18 October 1915, p.13.) Following Murray’s death, the trustees managed the estate until 1915 when it was offered for sale as a 6474 ‘The Springs’ Estate, in 21 lots on the 16th of October 1915 (The Essendon Gazette and Keilor, Bulla and Broadmeadows Reporter, 23 September 1915, p.2) (Figure 25). Although the property was reported as being subdivided for closer settlement, there does not appear to be any record of ‘The Springs’ as part of a Government closer settlement scheme (Leader, 1 August 1914, p.10).

At The Springs clearing sale, seven of the 21 lots on offer were sold. One sale was of Lot 2 to John Francis Laffan (part of Portion 26) and another (Lot 1) comprising parts of Portions 26 and 23 to Samuel John Baird (Volume 3887 Folio 352; The Argus, 19 October 1915, p.10). Part of Baird’s ‘The Springs’ purchase forms the southernmost part of the activity area. At the time of the 1915 subdivision, a stone wall was identified on the northern boundary of the activity area. Following Baird’s death in 1916 his property was sold to members of the Coutts family who owned the adjoining balance of Portion 27 and part of Portion 22 (Volume 6583 Folio 480). It was eventually absorbed into the holding of James Leo Laffan with the rest of the Coutts’s land on the 20th of January 1965 (Volume 8547 Folio 502). The small part of Portion 26 that forms part of the activity area was created when the Country Roads Board annexed part of Laffan’s holding to create the Wallan interchange on the Hume Freeway in 1973 (Volume 8991 Folio 547). Following Laffan’s death this portion, as part of two parcels of Lot 2 of Laffan’s Merriang parish holding was transferred to William Joseph Laffan on the 15th of December 1997 (Volume 9638 Folio 744).

36 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.2 Schedule of ownership of the activity area following European Occupation

A detailed schedule of land ownership is presented in the historic report provided by Donna Fearne (Appendix 6).

2.3 Archaeological Background

2.3.1 Previous Historic Archaeological Studies

Regional and localised archaeological investigations help establish the general character of historical sites within the region and help determine the potential for future historic sites to be identified. The following historic reports include those that are directly relevant to the activity area, and those directly associated with the immediate surrounding region.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 37 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Table 1 Historic Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Activity Area

Report Year & Name of Report Description and Results Number Author(s) Location 1029 2000 An Archaeological The activity area for • Brief archaeological survey of Cleve Hill, Whittlesea – Wallan Road, Jenny Tulloch Survey of a this report lies to the Wallan; Proposed Vodafone north-east of the • For proposed Vodafone facility; Facility at Cleve Hill, Wallan South precinct • Historical heritage is present around Kilmore; Wallan, (Victoria Site on the Wallan- • No historical archaeological surveys conducted in the area at the time 3634) Whittlesea Road. of the report; • Closest historical sites are Broadford WW2 No.4 Internment Camp (H7923-0013), recorded in 1996 by P. Watt and Walnaring (former Quinn’s cottage), located on Merriang Road, Wallan East. The cottage was built around 1855-1856. Some of the original features still exist today; • There were no constraints on the construction of the building in regard to historic cultural heritage.

1483 2002 An Archaeological The activity area for • Reclaimed water pipeline; Joanne Bell Survey of a this report is located at • No non-Aboriginal historic sites were located during this Wastewater the southern point of assessment; Management Wallan South precinct, • Early pastoral and squatting runs were subdivided a number of Facility, Wallan at the junction of the times during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries into Northern Highway and smaller parcels of land; the Hume Highway. • There could be relic vegetation, dry-stone walling or post-and-rail fencing, or the remains of buildings or sheds.

1803 2003 Wallan-Kilmore The pipeline runs • No reports had been previously done in the area; Anna Light Pipeline along South Mountain • Broadford Internment Camp No. 4 was the closest site to the activity Road and Main area – what remains includes a concrete slab, a water storage tank, Mountain Road, north ablution blocks remain, a rubbish pit, a brick septic tank and a of Yabamac. demolished building site; • The site was determined to be deteriorated and recorded as disturbed/damaged at the time of the 1996 report by Rhodes and Barnard 1996;

38 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• No historic sites were recorded within the study area during the field survey.

1960 2003 An Archaeological The school site has • Wallan has potential for historic sites as it was situated on the main John Hyett and Survey of the Duke street to the Melbourne to Sydney road until the construction of the Hume Claire Nicholls Bentinck Street south, Watson Street Freeway; School Site, Wallan to the north, Windham • No historic sites were located during the assessment; Street to the east and • The closest historic site is the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0043) High Street to the and its associated buildings, which dates from 1855; west. The school is • Heavy grass cover made it difficult to identify historic sites; located to the east of • Several possible low mounds were located within the surrounding Wallan South. areas of the school and the Police Station; they could indicate the sites of previous buildings; • Six basalt blocks forming three sides of a rectangle were located along the fence line of the south side of the activity area; • A small dam, several previous drainages lines, a semicircular area, and three rocks across the opening of a gateway between two paddocks – none of these sites were significant enough to register; • It was determined due to the relatively early settlement of Wallan, its known historical occupation and the presence of former buildings relating to Parkers Hotel and Boarding House, more historical research should be conducted in the area; • Subsurface testing was recommended in the area of any located historic building to determine its significance.

2254 2005 Northern Highway, The study area is • Only one historic site was located within the activity area; Andrea Wallan – Desktop bound by Old Sydney • During the assessment it was identified that a brick hut (possibly a Murphy and Cultural Heritage Road to the west, shepherd’s hut) existed in the central region of the study area and Lucy Amorosi Assessment Rowes Lane and that the structural remains of this hut may remain today; Taylors Lane to the • All historic sites in the area were determined to likely be attributed north, the Northern with the rural, pastoral and agricultural history of the area; highway to the east • The likely historic material located in the area include houses, farm and Hartfield Road to buildings, bottle dumps and fencing or dry-stone walls, post and rail the South. The study or windbreaks; area incorporates/abuts a Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 39 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

section of the • The remains of the bluestone smokehouse in the Inverlochy Castle Inverlochy Hotel, and Hotel complex are thought to be associated with the early period of as such is located with ownership, dating back to 1855 the activity area of • Given the history of the area and the relative low level of Wallan South. development, it was determined that historic archaeological sites may be present in the area; • Areas surrounding the Inverlochy Castle remains were determined to be highly likely of locating further historical archaeology.

2329 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • The land was originally a reserve, and was kept as such until the mid- Claire Nicholls Investigation: report is to the north- twentieth century; and Matt Proposed Wallan east of the Wallan • It is likely that the modifications of the land during the 1980’s Chamberlain Police Site, corner South precinct, on the (drainage lines, levelling and pedestrian paths) has reduced the Watson and corner of Watson and likelihood of identifying historical archaeology; Windham Streets, Windham Street. . • Visibility during the survey was very poor and no historic sites were Wallan located at the time; • It was determined due to the low probability of historic sites remaining in the area; no further historic investigation was conducted.

2389 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • The subject land was identified as most likely being a part of the Matt Investigation: report is inside of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel grounds, but was most likely used for Chamberlain Proposed Kalinju activity area for the agricultural or pastoral purposes; Park Estate, Northern Wallan South precinct • No historic sites were present in the area at the time the study was Highway, Wallan – in the north-eastern undertaken; corner. Taylors Creek • It was determined that the likelihood of historic heritage being runs through this area. present in the area was very low; • If historic sites are to be found in the study area, the sites will most likely consist of small-scale rural ruins and artefact scatters; • The survey was constrained by very poor ground surface visibility; • No historic archaeology was located; • It was determined that no further historic investigation of the area was required.

40 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

2477 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • No historic sites were identified in the area during the background Claire Nicholls Investigation: report is located in the research; Proposed northern most portion • Due to the past use of the land for agricultural and pastoral uses, it Subdivision, Wallan – of the Wallan South is unlikely that the area has any historic archaeology remaining in the Darraweit Road, precinct. area; Wallan • No historic sites were located during the ground survey of the study area; • It was determined that no further investigation of historic archaeology was needed after the survey.

2606 2006 A Cultural Heritage The study area runs • Three previously recorded historic sites were located within the study Vincent Clark, Study of the Northern along the Northern area – H7823-0045 (Inverlochy Castle Hotel), D7823-0044 (Kilmore Wendy Dolling Highway between Highway, from the Creek Bridge) and D7823-0046 (Pretty Sally Culverts); and Elizabeth the Hume Highway junction with the Hume • The 'D' listing means that these sites were not protected by the Blamey South of Wallan and Highway to Kilmore Heritage Act 1995; Kilmore township – the • Five places within the Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay were within the northern Highway runs study area, HO20 (Former Primary School No. 1005), HO69 (Former through the eastern Albion Mill), HO210 (WW1 Memorial and avenue of Honour, including side of the Wallan 48 Dutch Elms), HO211 (Free Library) and HO212 (Former Methodist South precinct. Church [1865]); • Four new historical sites were located during the survey of the Highway, the details of these sites were sent to Heritage Victoria to be included in the Victorian Heritage Inventory; • These sites were: • H7823-0059 (Quillinan House Site) – The site includes a timber house and outbuildings that are in a ruinous condition. The structures were not able to be fully documented due to the unstable nature of the buildings. The house seems to comprise six main rooms, with brick fireplaces and chimneys. The house was constructed on stone and brick foundations. The area comprises two wells, of which only one is well preserved. Behind the house, a ruined bluestone and brick fireplace structure is located, which could have been the kitchen. Behind the 'kitchen' is a well-preserved rectangular brick structure containing a large fireplace and oven built into the wall.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 41 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• H7823-0060 (Former Bylands Post Office) – The structure consists of a single room brick structure. Lean-to timber additions have been made to the north side (now covered by galvanised iron). The building is well-preserved. • D7823-0061 (Union Lane Quarry) – The site comprises three adjacent areas of quarrying, located on the top and sides of a low basalt rise. Two of the quarries measure approximately 8-10 meters in depth and 20-30 meters in extent. The bluestone within these quarries seems to be of good quality for building. The third quarry is or irregular size and is used for a rubbish disposal. • D7823-0062 (Northern Highway, Bylands Quarry) – The site comprises two small bluestone quarries. The northern most quarry measures about 25 x 20 meters and is 5-8 meters deep, it is used as a rubbish dump. The other irregular quarry is shallower and measures approximately 26-17 meters and is about 4 meters in depth. Both cut into what was most likely exposed basalt outcrops. • H7823-0063 (Site of the former Union Hotel, Bylands) – The site is located on private property in a paddocked area. There is little visible trace of the former hotel, apart from a shallow depression, which may mark the location of the former cellar. The site may have archaeological potential, although most of the site appears to have been destroyed. • H7823-0064 (Site of the former Big Hill Hotel) – The site comprises at least one structure and several exotic trees. Small broken fragments of brick and bluestone were found surrounded by exotic trees in an elevated area. The elevated area could represent the location of the original hotel. The area has been disturbed by the dumping of road material. The hotel rests on the location of the previous illegal grog shanty run by Sally Smith, whose name contributed to the naming on nearby Pretty Sally Hill • Several historic features were also recorded during this assessment, but did not meet the requirement to be included in the Victorian Heritage Register, these features included stone field walls, small

42 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

quarries, historic artefact scatters not associated with any structure and a historic scarred tree; • The Inverlochy Castle Hotel was determined to have extensive and well-preserved ruins. As such, the site should be extensively recorded before any damage is done to the site, along with the preparation of a detailed site plan and photographic record, historical research into the document history of the site, archaeological investigation, recording, cataloguing and preserving artefacts that are recovered. It was deemed appropriate to provide information to the public regarding this site. • Similar recommendations were made for the remaining historic sites if the sites are to be disturbed by the upgrade of the Highway; • For all sites listed as 'D', although having no legislative requirements, it was recommended that the sites be well documented if they are to be harmed by the upgrade works; • If the sites were to be damaged during the upgrade work, the relevant permits (consent to destroy) would need to be provided by Heritage Victoria.

2922 2007 Wallan Railway The historic • The area had not previously been subject to archaeological Andrea station assessment was assessment; Murphy and conducted on the • There was one previously registered Heritage Victoria Inventory site Tom Rymer Wallan station within the study area, the Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045) and complex, located east one Heritage Overlay, the Railway Station Complex (HO221); of the Wallan South • The study area was deemed unlikely to contain further historic precinct. archaeology not connected to the Wallan Station Complex; • A single green glass bottle was discovered north of Wallan- Whittlesea Road; it could not be attributed to any historic feature, site or place; • If the buildings are to be removed or any work consisting of the disturbance of any subfloor deposits, then a qualified cultural heritage advisor should be present at the time of excavation; • The station complex was deemed to be of fair or good condition, with minimal archaeological material present. The site represents a common historic occurrence;

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 43 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• The overall scientific significance of the site was deemed to be low- moderate; • The station complex was assessed as having high local cultural heritage significance.

3251 2008 Wallan Land The study area for this • There were no previously recorded historic sites located within the Andrea Development, Wallan report is located to the study area; Murphy and north-east of the • One site of potential historic cultural heritage value was identified Andrew Morris Wallan South precinct, during the site visit. The site comprised a farmhouse, shed and and directly abuts the associated structures; north-eastern boarded • It was recommended that further investigation was needed of the of the Wallan South farmhouse and associated buildings before work was to commence activity area. in the area.

3954 2011 Springridge Estate, The study area for this • There were no previously recorded historic sites located within the Andrea 625 Northern report was located study area at the commencement of the report; Murphy, Dale Highway, Wallan directly north of the • It was identified that the area most likely held historic archaeological Owen and Wallan South precinct, remains from William Hartley Budd's station, which was located in Louise Blake the area from around the 1850's; • Ground surface visibility within the area was limited (less than 5%); • The survey relocated Budd's Station (H7823-0079) in ruins within the activity area; • Additional quarries were identified during the ground survey, along with a scatter of fragmented portable historic artefacts; • Both the quarries and the artefact scatter were added to Budd's Station complex on the Heritage Victoria Inventory (H7823-0079); • The station complex was assessed as having high historical value, moderate scientific value and high social value.

44 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.4 Consultation with Kilmore Historic Society

The Kilmore Historic Society was contacted on the 15th of November 2019 onwards to discuss areas of potential historic interest within the Wallan area. Unfortunately, the society did not have any further information to add to this report. The society could not identify any areas of historic potential within the activity area that were not already on the Victorian Heritage Register or Database.

The heritage advisor for the Mitchell Shire Council was contacted on the 13th of November 2019 onwards to advise on any areas of historic potential with the Wallan South activity area. The heritage advisor was not able to advise on any further areas of historic potential or significance within the Wallan area and was only able to provide a previous historical report from Ecology & Heritage Partners. This report did not identify any areas that were not already on the Victorian Heritage Register or Database.

2.5 Heritage Register, Inventory and Mitchell Shire Council Overlay Sites Relevant to the Study Area

There are no Heritage Register sites within the boundary of the activity area; however, there is one registered Heritage Inventory Site, The Inverlochy Castle Hotel. There are no Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlays within the activity area.

To get a broader understanding of unidentified heritage that could be located within the activity area, all Heritage Victoria Register, Inventory and Overlay sites within a five kilometre radius have been included within this heritage study. There is only one Victorian Heritage Register site within the five kilometres geographic region.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 45 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.5.1 Victorian Heritage Register Sites

The following significance assessment of John Kelly’s Former House was summarised from the Victorian Heritage Database. The site is located on the eastern side of Beveridge, a town approximately three kilometres south of Wallan. There are no Victorian Heritage Register sites within the Wallan South PSP activity area or the township of Wallan.

Table 2 Heritage Register Sites within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area

Place Name Location to Place Type / Significance /Registration Activity Area Contents Number John Kelly's Former House is historically significant because of its association with Ned Kelly, one of Australia's most infamous bushrangers, and the notorious and influential series of events in Victoria's Dwelling - John history known as the 'Kelly outbreak' of the Approximately Kelly's Former 1870s. H0940 3.8 kilometres House at John Kelly's Former House is John Kelly’s south-east of Beveridge, architecturally significant as a rare Former the activity c.1860, a example of vernacular timber cottage House area. substantially construction based on Irish principles. The intact example of plan form of the original section of the vernacular timber house is uncommon in Victoria and relates construction. to Irish cottage traditions John Kelly's Former House is archaeologically significant for its potential to contain archaeological artefacts and deposits which may provide significant information about the construction and use of the place by Irish settlers in mid- nineteenth century Victoria

46 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.5.2 Heritage Inventory Sites

Table 3 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites Located within the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number H7823-0045 Located within the activity area on the Commercial- Ruins of the hotel, shed and Moderate to High scientific Inverlochy Castle Hotel south-eastern side timber stock run dated to 1855 and local significance

Table 4 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites Located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number H7923-0045 Located to the north East of the activity Railway Station – Station, platform, tracks Moderate scientific value Wallan Station Complex area – approx. 1.8 kilometres and related infrastructure, dated to the 1870’s to the present H7823-0064 Located directly north of the activity Former hotel site – No remains are visible Local and Historical value Big Hill Hotel Site area – approx. 3.4 kilometres H7823-0052 Located to the south east of the activity Domestic – Scatter of brick and dressed Could not be determined Beveridge Brick Scatter and area – approx. 5 kilometres bluestone with peppercorn trees Gangster House

H7823-0079 Located directly to the north of the Domestic – station and outbuildings, three Historic and Local Budd’s Station Complex activity area – approx. 1.4 kilometres small and one large bluestone quarry, Significance historic fragmented portable artefact scatter, pine plantings and a section of cobbled driveway

H7923-0075 Located north-east of the activity area – Farming and Grazing N/A Heather Farm Site approx. 6.5 kilometres

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 47 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

H7823-0069 Located directly South of the activity Farming and Grazing – artefact scatter and N/A Mandalay 1 area – approx. 3.8 kilometres bluestone alignment – purpose is unknown

H7823-0054 Located south-east of the current Two mounded areas that were originally the Historic value Former Beveridge Station activity area – approx. 2.9 kilometres station platforms – potential for sub-surface Complex artefacts

2.5.3 Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay Sites Table 5 Heritage Overlay Sites Located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number HO1 Located to the south-east of the activity area – Commercial N/A Post Office approx. 2.9 kilometres HO4 Located south-east of the activity area – approx. Domestic – House and outbuildings, High scientific and John Kelly’s House 3.75 kilometres semi-ruinous, dated to 1859-1863 cultural significance

HO234 Located south-east of the activity area Domestic – House and surrounding land N/A House and Palm Trees 75 Stewart Street – approx. 3.6 kilometres HO7 Located south-east of the activity area – approx. 3 Educational N/A State School No 1476 kilometres

HO5 Located south-east of the activity area Religious N/A Former St John’s Catholic Spring Street – approx. 3 kilometres Church

HO6 Located south-east of the activity area – approx. 3 Religious N/A Former St Johns kilometres Monument

48 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

HO332 Located south-east of the activity area N/A N/A Coronation Hotel Domed 17 Mollison Street – approx. 3.2 kilometres Water Tank

HO1 Located south-east of the activity area Rural – House, buildings and garden N/A Braemore 1700 Merriang Road Beveridge – approx. 6 dating to 1859 kilometres HO2 Located to the south-east of the activity area – Rural N/A Mt Fraser Homestead approx. 3.4 kilometres Complex

HO2 Located south-east of the activity area Rural - House N/A Camoola 2025 Merriang Road, Beveridge – approx. 2.5 kilometres HO3 Located to the south of the activity area, slightly Monument N/A Hume and Hovell south-east – approx. 1.5 kilometres Monument

HO220 Located to the east of the activity area Domestic – House and surrounding land N/A ‘Walnarring’ Farm Complex Merriang Road – 3.2 kilometres Buildings including Former Quinn’s Cottage

HO221 Located to the north-east of the activity area – Railway Station Complex Historical value Railway Station Complex approx. 1.8 kilometres

HO292 Located to the north-east of the activity area – Religious and community based Historic and local Wallan Cemetery approx. 1.7 kilometres value

HO210 Located to the east of the activity area – approx. WW1 Memorial and Avenue of Honour Regional, Horticultural WW1 Memorial and 790 meters including 48 purple-leaved Dutch Elms and Historic value Avenue of Honour

HO342 Located to the north-east of the activity area – Original brick façade elevation with shop Historic and Local The Former Store and Post approx. 925 meters windows, door frame and highlight sash value Office and rendered brick north and south walls

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 49 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

HO211 Located to the north-east of the activity area – Library Building N/A Free Library approx. 970 meters

HO289 Located to the north-east of the activity area – N/A N/A Uniting (Former) approx. 695 meters Presbyterian) Church 29-31 Wellington Street

HO212 Located to the north-east of the activity area – Church Building N/A Former Methodist Church approx. 1.5 kilometres (1865)

HO243 Located directly to the west of the activity area – N/A N/A Beuhne Mountain Cairn approx. 4.9 kilometres and Avenue of Southern Mahogany Gums

HO64 Located directly to the west of the activity area – Domestic N/A House and Road approx. 4 kilometres HO17 Located directly to the west of the activity area – N/A N/A “Glenview” approx. 4.9 kilometres Sugarloaf Creek Road

50 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.6 Summary of Places Found on Other Database Searches

The Victorian War Heritage Inventory, The Australian Heritage Database, Register of National Estate, National Heritage List, Commonwealth Heritage List, National Trust Register and the World Heritage List were also searched during this report. Only two sites were identified within Wallan; neither sites are within the activity area.

Table 6 Summary of Database Searches

Register and Site Site Name Site Type Distance from Activity Number Area Stained Glass Victorian War Heritage Window at Wallan Monuments and Approximately 2 Inventory Wallan St. Mark’s Memorials kilometres north-east ID: 196956 Anglican Church

Australian Heritage Quinn’s Cottage – Database & Register Walnarring Merriang Residential Buildings Approximately 5.7 of the National Estate Road (Private) kilometres south-east ID: 15485

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 51

Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 3 SITE PREDICTION MODEL

The desktop evidence has identified that the activity area has potential for surface and subsurface archaeological features and occupation deposits associated with the residential, commercial, agricultural and pastoral activities in Wallan from the 1850’s (Figure 23, Map 3). The area surrounding the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (<50m) has a high potential for subsurface and surface historic archaeological material, in particular, artefact deposits and structural remains. The site represents one of the earliest settlements in the Wallan area.

Areas of historic potential identified in Map 4 from the historic background have a low historic potential due to the past and current use of the land for ploughing and livestock grazing. If historic archaeology is located in the area, it is likely to be in a poor state of preservation. Areas of potential include: • The site of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel; • Areas identified on Map 3; • Major and minor roads for drystone walls.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 53 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 4 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

4.1 Aims

The ground surface surveys aimed to detect the presence of obtrusive historic heritage, inspect previously recorded heritage sites and to identify areas that may have historic archaeological potential.

4.2 Survey

The initial vehicular survey was conducted on the 4th December 2019. This first stage of survey was undertaken to assess previously registered sites on the Victorian Heritage Database and to identify areas of potential based on the historic background. A second pedestrian survey was conducted on the 3rd September 2020 to revisit areas of historic potential identified on Map 4.

4.3 Survey Participants

The initial survey was conducted by Emma McNeil (Project Archaeologist, AAT) and Andrew Morris (Executive Archaeologist, AAT) on the 4th December 2019. The second site visit, conducted on the 3rd September 2020, was undertaken by Noah Tyler (Project Archaeologist, AAT).

4.4 Methodology

Features and areas of potential were identified during the desktop and historic assessments. An initial vehicular survey was undertaken to survey major and minor roads to identify dry stone walls, survey the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and its immediate surrounding area (within 50m) and identify extant historic features that had not previously been recorded. A second pedestrian survey was undertaken for features identified during the historic assessment (Map 4). Areas were assessed and photographed. Due to the size of the activity area, the land being under private ownership and housing livestock, a survey of 100% of the activity area was not undertaken. Instead, a targeted survey, focusing on areas where historic features were identified was undertaken.

4.5 Survey Coverage

The entire activity area was affected by poor ground surface visibility (<5%). The activity area is currently pastoral/agricultural land, with dense, long grass present across most of the area. Poor ground surface visibility may have prevented the identification of historic artefact deposits or features but did not prevent the identification of obtrusive historic remains. Recommendations have been made in response to the poor ground surface visibility (Section 8). Dwellings, rural sheds, an egg farm, roads, driveways and fencing are also present within the activity area.

4.6 Results

The site of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was assessed and was determined to have significant historic and archaeological value, particularly the associated well, which may contain historic artefacts. Two additional sites of interest were identified during the survey, both of which were not included on the Victorian Heritage Database or 1913 survey map (Figure

54 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 23). The features identified on the 1913 survey map (Figure 23, Map 4) were investigated and only one, site six, was deemed to have historic potential. These places are discussed below.

Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) – Photos 1 to 12

The Inventory includes bluestone walls, redbrick scatter (Hoffman and wire cut), 10m mound, contains bluestones; trough, corrugate iron shearing shed in poor condition, domestic scatter, water tank, and a bluestone and red brick lined well. It is likely that once the area is cleared more artefacts and cultural heritage will be located. Additional photos of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel are attached in Appendix 2.

Photo 1

Inverlochy Castle Hotel, including the bluestone chimney and iron shearing shed.

Facing west from the Northern Highway.

Photo 2

Detail view of the bluestone chimney. Overgrown grass covers most of the site.

The iron shed has been connected to the bluestone building.

Facing south-east.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 55 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 3

Inverlochy Castle Hotel with the fenced off well (visible to the left) and a line of introduced trees, most likely planted for the Hotel.

Facing west from the Northern Highway

Photo 4

Introduced trees, most likely associated with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

Facing west.

Photo 5

A distance view of the entire well – large in size and fenced off.

Facing south.

56 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 6

Detailed view of the bluestone well. Depth unknown.

The well most likely contains portable artefacts and historic debris.

Facing south.

Photo 7

Detailed view of the well through the fencing.

Facing east.

Photo 8

Iron shearing shed looking west towards the Northern Highway.

Fencing present around the shed.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 57 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 9

Bluestone wall that has collapsed, located to the west of the bluestone well, between the well and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

Facing east towards the Northern Highway.

Photo 10

Bluestone wall located to the east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. Could represent an additional building to the Hotel.

Facing east.

Photo 11

Bluestone wall remains located to the east of the additional building remains in Photo 10.

Facing east.

58 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 12

Bluestone mound located to the west of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. Bluestone remains are located in a slight depression which could have been the cellar of the hotel.

Facing north.

Quarry on Green Hill – Photos 13 to 16

There is a quarry located on the top of Green Hill on the opposite side of the fence to the activity area. The quarry has evidence of explosive charges used in the extraction process. Based on the physical evidence, the basalt was extracted from the western face of the hill and moves in an easterly direction into the hill. There are vehicle tracks that run up the hill from the northern side and into the quarry opening.

The quarry was likely used during the early 20th century, potentially earlier, by foreign settlers. The quarry is no longer in use and there are no associated historic buildings, features or deposits associated with the site.

Photo 13

Quarry located on the top of Green Hill. The Quarry does not extend into the activity area.

Facing east.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 59 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 14

Quarry located on the top of Green Hill.

Facing south.

Photo 15

Evidence of explosive charges used during the extraction process.

Facing south.

Photo 16

Top of Green Hill, within the activity area.

Facing south.

60 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Historic Drain

A drain was identified next to Darraweit Road, south of the Wallan Egg Farm. The drain is constructed of bluestone and is redundant. The drain is located in a depression, and it is unlikely that the current activity will affect the drain.

Photo 17

Bluestone drain located next to Darraweit Road, south of the Wallan Egg Farm.

Facing west.

Photo 18

Detail view of the drain with range pole.

Facing west.

Site One: Potential Hut – Photos 19 to 24 There are no extant features or structures at the site that are indicative of a historic dwelling or hut. A modern enclosure is present, most likely the remains of a residential area, which includes the remains of garden beds and oak trees. There are also bricks, small basalt stones (10-40 centimetres), gravel and contemporary refuse. If a hut was originally present at the site, it has since been destroyed and the fabric removed. However, subsurface material could still be present, though most likely in a disturbed context.

There are also agricultural structures and features present at and surrounding the site, with these still in use. Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 61 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 19

Location of hut.

Facing South.

Photo 20

Location of hut.

Facing South.

Photo 21

Location of hut.

Facing South.

62 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 22

Garden bed remains.

Photo 23

Bricks, small basalt stones (10-40 centimetres), gravel and contemporary refuse.

Photo 24

Modern enclosure erected on the site of the potential hut.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 63 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Site Two: Potential Hut – Photos 25 to 26 Despite intensive survey of the site location no historic features or structures were identified. No extant features which are indicative of a historic dwelling were present. Modern modification has occurred with an animal pen (constructed in the last 50 years) visible. The area has been used for grazing.

Photo 25

Modern animal pen erected on the site of the potential hut.

Photo 26

Modern animal pen and fencing erected on the site of the potential hut.

Site Three: Potential Hut – Photos 27 to 29 There are no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no material culture was present. The site is a ploughed paddock, and highly unlikely to have any archaeological potential.

64 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 27

Location of hut within ploughed field. No historic remains present.

Photo 28

Location of hut within ploughed field with dam present. No historic remains present.

Photo 29

Location of hut with dam present. No historic remains present.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 65 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Site Four: Potential Hut – Photo 30 There are no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no material culture was present. The site is a ploughed paddock, and highly unlikely to have any archaeological potential.

Photo 30

Location of hut within ploughed field. No historic remains present.

Site Five: Stockyard – Photo 31

There are no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no historic material culture present. The site has a modern galvanised iron stockyard with treated pine posts. There is low archaeological potential at the site.

Photo 31

Location of stockyard with modern structure in its place. No historic remains present.

66 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Site Six: Brick Hut – Photos 32 to 36

The site consists of the foundations of a small brick and basalt building. No walls or above foundational structural elements were present (Photo 32-36). Basalt boulders located to the north and south of the site extent appear to be the brick remains of a chimney foundation (Photos 33 and 34). Red bricks are visible surrounding the basalt boulders, which may be indicative of a remaining floor (Photo 32). The site is heavily covered with grass and the footprint of the building was not visible, however, the building is approximately 4.6m in length and 3.3m wide. All visible bricks appear to be handmade, and white ceramics and glass were identified near the site.

The site is located in a paddock used exclusively for grazing and has not been ploughed. Therefore, the site has archaeological potential.

Photo 32

Basalt bolder and brick remains of chimney located on the ground surface.

Photo 33

Basalt remains of what is potentially a chimney base.

Facing north.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 67 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 34

Basalt remains of what is potentially a chimney base.

Facing east.

Photo 35

Detail view of brick chimney remains.

Photo 36

Detail view of basalt remains. Red brick a later addition.

68 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Site Seven: Bridge – Photo 37

The bridge is modern, with no historic features or structural elements identified.

Photo 37

Modern bridge replacement. No historic structures or remains present at site.

Site Eight: Potential Shops – Photo 38 to 40

The site has no visible extant features or structures in the section north of Macsfield Road. This area is predominantly paddocks with long grass, though a modern dwelling and associated outbuildings and landscaping are present. No historic material culture was identified in this northern section. South of Macsfield Road is a small paddock, surrounded by large pine trees (Photo 39), and includes a small orchard, though no historic features or structures were observed.

Photo 38

Location of potential shops – modern buildings now located on site. No evidence of historic remains.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 69 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 39

Location of potential shops – ploughed field with very tall grass. No evidence of historic remains.

Photo 40

Location of potential shops – ploughed field. No evidence of historic remains.

70 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Wallan South Activity Area

Photo 41

Activity area facing south- west from Taylors Lane. Slight mounds evident within the activity area. The area has been utilised for agricultural and/or pastoral purposes.

No visible historic material.

Photo 42

Activity area facing south- east from Taylors Lane. The area has been utilised for agricultural and/or pastoral purposes.

No visible historic material.

Photo 43

Activity area looking north towards Taylors Lane. Located in proximity to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

Farmland used for agricultural and pastoral activities.

Bluestone remains visible near range pole.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 71 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 5 HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

The assessment of historic heritage significance is based on the Burra Charter values. These values are defined as the ‘aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and spiritual values for past, present or future generations’ (Australian ICOMOS 2013). The significance assessments below (Table 7) are based on the information gathered during this HCHA. The significance of any place may alter if additional information subsequently becomes available.

Table 7 Summary of Significance and Archaeological Potential

Place How is it Significant? What is Significant? Why is it Significant? The site represents a Bluestone walls; The site may have significant phase in the redbrick scatter sub-surface deposits development of Central (Hoffman and wire Victoria, and of cut); 10m mound, Melbourne, as it was a contains bluestones; Inverlochy Castle stopping point on the trough, corrugate iron Hotel Sydney-Melbourne route shearing shed (in H7823-0045 and on the gold-fields poor condition); route. domestic scatter; water tank; and bluestone and red brick lined well full of old and new debris. Site One: No historic remains were identified. Potential Hut Site Two: No historic remains were identified. Potential Hut Site Three: No historic remains were identified. Potential Hut Site Four: No historic remains were identified. Potential Hut Site Five: No historic remains were identified. Stockyards The site may represent The building footings It could represent the early to mid-19th century and chimney remains early settlement and Site Six: development and are significant, along occupation of the Brick Hut occupation of the area with any artefacts road to the Victorian (Unregistered) by William MacLeod located in association goldfields. (Appendix 6). with the building. Site Seven: No historic remains were identified. Bridge Site Eight: No historic remains were identified. Potential Shops

The Inverlochy Castle Hotel has been assigned moderate-high scientific and local historic significance. The site represents a significant phase in the development of Central Victoria, and Melbourne, as a stopping point on the Sydney-Melbourne route and the roads to the goldfields. The Victorian Heritage Database recognises that there is potential for subsurface artefacts at the site. The well has high potential to contain historic artefacts.

72 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The following sites were located during the ground survey of the activity area. The bluestone drain is located along the road reserve of Darraweit Road and is unlikely to be harmed by the activity. The quarry located on the top of Green Hill displays evidence of 20th century mining techniques but does not have any associated historic remains or artefacts.

Table 8 Summary of Significance and Archaeological Potential for Located Sites

Place How is it Significant? What is Significant? Why is it Significant? The drain could have local The extent features of The quarry could Quarry Located on meaning or significance to the quarry. represent the early Green Hill the Wallan community. development of the Wallan Township The drain could have local The bluestone walls The drain could Bluestone Drain meaning or significance to and remains of the represent the early the Wallan community. drain. development of the Wallan Township.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 73 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

No other historic features or areas of historic potential or significance were identified within the Wallan South activity area. The locations of previously identified areas of potential, historic archaeological sites and areas identified during the survey are presented in Map 4. There are no recorded dry stone walls within the activity area, and none were identified during the survey assessment of the area. However, dry stone walls may still occur within the activity area due to the area’s continuous occupation since the early 19th century. If so, it is likely that they may be present along major or minor roads surrounding the activity area or traversing through the centre.

74 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors

Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 7 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

All Victorian municipalities are subject to land use planning controls governed by the Planning and Environment Act 1987, which is administered by State and Local Government authorities. These planning controls include historic places which may be listed on the local planning scheme Heritage Overlay. Heritage Overlays include places of local significance and places included in the Victorian Heritage Register. The Heritage Overlay aims to assist in protecting the heritage of municipalities. Municipal Councils are responsible for issuing planning permits for the development of heritage places under the Planning and Environment Act 1987.

The Mitchell Shire Council has a policy framework that requires planning to take into consideration heritage sites and to protect places and sites with significant cultural heritage value. These strategies provide for the conservation and enhancement of places which are of aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, architectural, cultural, scientific or social significance or otherwise of special cultural values. These criteria respond to those defined in The Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 1999), an internationally recognised and adopted a charter for the identification and assessment of cultural heritage sites.

State Government

Non-Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Heritage Act 2017. The following is a summary of the latest statutory obligations regarding non-Aboriginal historic archaeological sites:

• All historical archaeological sites in Victoria (not included on the Heritage Register) are protected under Section 123 of the Heritage Act 2017. Under this section it is an offence to excavate, damage or disturb relics and sites whether they are included on the Heritage Inventory or not, unless a consent has been issued under Section 124; • Under Section 87-89 of the Heritage Act 2017 it is an offence to damage, disturb, excavate or alter a registered place or object, unless a consent is granted under Section 124; • Under Section 127 of the Heritage Act 2017 any person discovering or uncovering an archaeological relic is required to report the discovery to the Executive Director of the Heritage Council;

Section 23 of the Heritage Regulations 2017 prescribes the following fees for application for consents to undertake works or activities in relation to archaeological sites or archaeological artefacts. Subject to regulation 26, for the purposes of Section 124(2)(b) of the Heritage Act 2017, the prescribed fees are as follows—

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 77 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Consent Applications Fee units* Fees One domestic dwelling or extension to one dwelling Consent to uncover and expose 20 $296.20 Consent to excavate 30 $444.30 Consent to damage or disturb 50 $740.50 All other purposes Consent to uncover and expose 50 $740.50 Consent to excavate 72.4 $1,072.20 Consent to damage or disturb under 50% of the site 200 $2962.00 Consent to damage or disturb 50% or more of the site 400 $5,924.00 Other consents • to possess, or dispose of archaeological artefacts; • to undertake geotechnical or soil testing, trenching or boring in order to install, maintain or upgrade service utilities; • a test archaeological excavation as part of a cultural heritage management plan; or 72.4 $1,072.20 • for all other purposes for which a consent is required in relation to an archaeological artefact, archaeological site or a site recorded in the Heritage Inventory. * As of 1 July 2020, a fee unit is $14.81

In addition, Heritage Victoria requires that funds be made available by developers to ensure the responsible management of all significant artefacts that are recovered during an excavation. As a condition on any consent or permit, there will be a requirement that a specified sum of money is submitted to Heritage Victoria prior to the commencement of works. The funds will be used to ensure the cataloguing and conservation of any significant artefacts that are recovered. Any unexpended funds will be returned to the client, minus a 15% levy that is used for the management of all excavation projects in Victoria.

All archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Heritage Act 2017. All known archaeological sites are listed in the Heritage Inventory. Regardless of whether they are listed in the Inventory or not, no one can knowingly excavate or disturb an archaeological site without the consent of the Executive Director.

Archaeological sites are protected in two ways. Sites, which were considered to be of significance to the State, are recommended to be placed on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). The VHR exists to protect and conserve places and objects. All other archaeological sites are protected through the requirement to gain consent from the Executive Director to disturb, destroy, or excavate an archaeological site.

The Victorian Heritage Register enables Heritage Victoria to preserve and conserve archaeological sites which are of significance to the State of Victoria while the Heritage Inventory enables Heritage Victoria to record and monitor sites which are not considered to be of State significance or where the significance is unknown. Heritage Victoria also registers sites under a 'D' listing, which accommodates sites of very low archaeological value though they may have local historic value. 'D' listed sites are typically those that have little structural or artefactual features such as earthen formations (i.e. dams, railway formations). Sites registered under this system do not require consent prior to any proposed development, but apart from this are managed in the same way as Heritage Inventory sites. 'D' Listed sites, therefore, may be subject to a variety of conditions prior to impact, such as detailed recorded, additional historic research and archaeological monitoring.

78 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The two levels of protection enable two different principles in issuing consents and permits to be followed. The guiding principle for places on the Register is to protect and conserve as much of the fabric of the place and the relics/artefacts as is possible. While for places listed in the Heritage Inventory recording, excavating and monitoring are the usual methods of assessing and managing the heritage values of a site.

Consultation with Heritage Victoria, Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning, should occur at least four months prior to lodgement of a permit application to disturb or destroy a historic archaeological site. In the event of a site or relic being uncovered or discovered during works, any works that would damage the relic object or place should cease and either the consulting archaeologist or Heritage Victoria be notified.

Australian Government

Nationally significant heritage places are primarily registered and protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, which is administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Other Australian Government Acts dealing with historic heritage include the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 and the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003. The Australian Heritage Council (AHC) is the principal adviser to the Australian Government on heritage matters and assesses nominated places and recommends to the Minister whether or not a nominated place is appropriate for listing on the Australian Heritage Database (AHD). The Minister rejects or approves the nominated place. The AHD comprises heritage places from the World Heritage List (WHL), Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL), the Natural Heritage List (NHL) and the Register of the National Estate (RNE).

Local Heritage Overlays

Protection of heritage at a local government level require permits that must be sought prior to works occurring at or impacting a place. The Mitchell Shire Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay states that its purpose is to implement the Municipal Planning Strategy and the Planning Policy Framework. This is to conserve and enhance heritage places of natural or cultural significance and to conserve and enhance those elements which contribute to the significance of heritage places. The Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay aims to ensure that development does not adversely affect the significance of heritage places and to conserve specified heritage places by allowing a use that would otherwise be prohibited if this will demonstrably assist with the conservation of the significance of the heritage place. The requirements of this overlay apply to heritage places specified in the schedule to this overlay. A heritage place includes both the listed heritage item and its associated land. Heritage places may be shown on the planning scheme map.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 79 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS

Recommendation 1 Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) (Map 3)

1A If the site is to be harmed or impacted by future works, A Consent to Uncover and Expose under the Heritage Act must be obtained from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria prior to any works being conducted that affect the site. The Consent to Uncover and Expose only allows for the uncovering of subsurface historic material. Excavation must cease upon the identification of historic archaeology.

1B If archaeological deposits are identified during the monitoring of the removal of topsoil, then a Consent to Excavate will be required, and may include extended excavation across the site extent. This will require cessation of works until Heritage Victoria has issued a Consent to Excavate.

Recommendation 2 Bluestone Drain (Map 3)

The site should be registered on the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme to conserve the elements of the site which contribute to its significance. The Mitchell Shire Heritage

80 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Overlay will ensure that development does not adversely affect the significance of the heritage site and will conserve the site by allowing a use that would otherwise be prohibited if this will demonstrably assist with the conservation of the significance of the heritage place.

Recommendation 3 Green Hill Quarry (Map 3)

If the Quarry cannot be retained, it is recommended that a detailed recording takes place prior to its destruction. A qualified archaeologist must undertake these works.

Recommendation 4 Brick Hut (Map 5)

1B If archaeological deposits are identified during the monitoring of the removal of topsoil, then a Consent to Excavate will be required, and may include extended excavation across the site extent. This will require cessation of works until Heritage Victoria has issued a Consent to Excavate.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 81 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment prepare a detailed technical report usually within 12 months. In some cases, it will be necessary for significant excavated artefacts to be conserved, to prevent their deterioration, packaged to Heritage Victoria requirements, and sent to Heritage Victoria for long-term storage. AAT will provide advice on this compliance if required.

Recommendation 5 Further Monitoring

Recommendation 6 Dry Stone Walls

Before deciding on an application, in addition to the decision guidelines I Clause 65, the responsible authority must consider, as appropriate:

Dry stone walls may occur throughout the activity area, along roads (formal or informal), within proximity to known historic or archaeological sites (such as the Inverlochy Castel

82 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Hotel) or within open areas. The Mitchell Shire Council should be notified of the identification of any dry stone walls within the activity area during further assessment.

Recommendation 7 Protection of Heritage within the Activity Area

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88 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment As Book 229 Number 206, General Law Library, Laverton. cited

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90 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1915 30 October 1915, Page 6, accessed 18 November 2019, https://trove.nla.gov.au/

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 91 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1882 VPRS8168/P2/7511 RUN1181, accessed 14 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

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1864 VPRS28/P1/11 5/453 Probate and Administration John L Hughes

1892 VPRS28/P0/605 48/049 Probate and Administration Jeremiah Taylor

1905 VPRS28/P2/736 96/017 Probate and Administration George Slatter

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92 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The Star 1858 The Star, 20 July 1858, accessed 20 November 2019, www.trove.nla.gov.au

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 93 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

APPENDIX 1 - SUMMARY CV’S

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APPENDIX 2 – ADDITIONAL PHOTOS OF THE INVERLOCHY CASTLE HOTEL

98 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Well located on the east side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

Inside of bluestone well (through fence).

West side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – Wrought iron shed.

The building was unsafe to enter.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 99 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Fencing/pens on the west side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

West side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – Iron shearing shed.

Bluestone path on the west side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, leading to the hotel.

100 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Bluestone Wall - east

Introduced trees leading to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – maybe related to construction of Hotel.

Bluestone Wall – east

Scale = 20 centimetres

Wall measured above 2 meters tall.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 101 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Abandoned farm equipment scattered around the hotel.

Collapsed Bluestone wall on the south-east side of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

Scale = 20 centimetres

102 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Bluestone remains – possible wall. South of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Remains of a bluestone outbuilding, associated with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – south- east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Inverlochy Castle Hotel – Facing west

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 103 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Inverlochy Castle Hotel – Facing west

Remains of a bluestone outbuilding, associated with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – south- east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Scale = 20 centimetres

Remains of a bluestone outbuilding, associated with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel – south- east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

104 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Remains of a bluestone outbuilding, associated with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (corner) – south-east of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

Introduced exotic trees lining entrance to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel

View from the Northern Freeway

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APPENDIX 3 – INVERLOCHY CASTLE HOTEL SITE CARD

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APPENDIX 4 – MITCHELL SHIRE COUNCIL PLANNING SCHEME SECTION 22.02

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APPENDIX 5 – MITCHELL SHIRE COUNCIL PLANNING SCHEME SECTION 52.33

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APPENDIX 6 – HISTORIAN’S REPORT

116 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Historical Report Wallan South PSP TPN 4149.000

Detail of an aerial image of part of the land around Wallan. The approximate extent of the activity area is outlined with a yellow dotted line. (Department of Primary Industries, 2008, in Tardis Archaeology Pty Ltd, Map 3, ‘Extent of Activity Area’)

Prepared by Donna Fearne at Sustaining Traces for Tardis Archaeology Pty Ltd November 2019

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 117 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment INTRODUCTION

This report investigates the post European arrival land use history of the activity area described as Wallan South PSP.

Sources consulted for this report have been created by the systems and practices of the post European occupation of Australia. As a result local Indigenous peoples may appear to be absent from the activity area and surrounding lands once European occupation was established. This report acknowledges that although largely absent from the consulted resources, the Wurundjeri tribe or clan of the Woi Wurrung language group or Nation (Figure 1) and other Indigenous peoples were and may still be living on or near the activity area and nearby lands for an indeterminate period of time contemporary to European occupation.

This report is limited by time constraints and the availability of some records.

Institutions and resources consulted in preparing this report include the Public Record Office Victoria (PROV), State Library of Victoria (SLV), the Trove website of the National Library of Australia (NLA), The Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning – Land and Survey Spatial Information website (LASSI), Victorian Heritage Database (VHD), Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) and Victoria Government Gazette (VGG)

Figure 1 Plan showing some clans and language groups/tribes that make up the Indigenous Kulin Nation, 2010. The approximate boundary of the Woiwurrong language group or tribe is outlined with red lines and the approximate and general location of the area around Wallan Wallan including the activity area is highlighted with a blue circle and arrow. The approximate location of the junction of the Yarra Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers at Melbourne is highlighted with a yellow circle. (Presland G, 2010 in History of Wurundjeri Walk, n.d., ‘Kulin Nation’)

118 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS

• EARLY EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT

• Pastoral Occupation

• Mercer’s Vale

• EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE LANDS AROUND WALLAN WALLAN

• County of Bourke

• Parish of Wallan Wallan

• Parish of Merriang

• Municipal History

• FREEHOLD CCUPATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

• Inverlochy Estate

• Portions 32, 34 and 33A

• Portion 20

• Portions 23, 24 and 28

• Portions 21 and 29

• Portions 31 and 78

• Duck Farm

• Green Hills Estate

• Portions 77 and 79

• Fairview

• Macsfield Estate

• Portion 80 parish of Wallan

• Portion 33 and 35 parish of /Wallan Wallan

• Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan

• Portion 30 parish of Wallan Wallan

• The Springs

• Allotment 26 parish of Merriang

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 119 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• TRANSPORT ROUTES

• The Sydney Roads • Hume Highway

• RECOGNISED HERITAGE LISTED PLACES

• Victorian Heritage Database

• Aboriginal Heritage Sites

• TABLE OF FREEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Known historic sites within the activity area

• Images and Original Documents

• Publications including websites

120 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment EARLY EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT

Britain formally claimed possession of the Port Phillip district of New South Wales following the arrival of Ltnt. John Murray in Port Phillip Bay on 14 February 1802. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) Two official settlements were established in the newly claimed district then swiftly abandoned: one at Sullivan Bay near Sorrento from 1803 and a second at Corinella in Western Port Bay from 1826. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851)

The pace at which the initial European occupation of the Port Philip District grew was slow. Pastoralists wanting to take advantage of the high demand for meat in the colonies but experiencing a shortage of available suitable pasture, particularly in Van Diemans Land, (SLV website ERGO, 2019, Early exploration of Port Phillip) were frustrated by the lack of Government urgency to open up the Port Phillip District for selection. In contrast to unfavourable reports (Flinders (1802) and Grimes (1803) of the suitability of the Port Phillip District for European Occupation (Maloney, 2007, Shire of Melton Heritage Study Stage Two, 2006: Environmental History, pp. 3-4), explorers Hume & Hovell in 1824 and Charles Sturt in 1830 reported that the Port Philip District was overflowing with suitable available grazing land.

The 1824 - 1825 expedition of Hume and Hovell journeyed near to and possibly over the activity area which lies immediately of Mt Disappointment at the tail of the Great Dividing Range. (Figure 2) The expedition diary entry dated the 9th of December 1824 recording the Hume and Hovell exploration party as “…ascending a mountain which from the repulse they subsequently experienced, they afterwards named Mount Disappointment at ten they arrive at the top and crossing their track of yesterday commence descending its western aspect.” (Hume and Hovell diary, 1824, in Payne, 1981, p.3)

As Hume and Hovell’s party retreated from the impenetrable bush on Mount Disappointment they are believed to have followed the banks of a creek through present day Broadford to the vicinity of what became the main Melbourne to Sydney Road. Travelling south to Port Phillip, the expedition is thought to have passed through the general area of present day Wandong, Kilmore Junction and the Wallan Railway Station (near to which they crossed the Merri Creek) before forging south through Beveridge and the lands near Bulla and Sydenham before reaching Port Phillip. (Figure 3) As the Wallan Railway Station was erected on land surveyed as part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan from which the activity area is also derived, it is likely the Hume and Hovell expedition party passed near to and possibly crossed the activity area on their journey south to Port Phillip.

Hume and Hovell’s reports of plentiful quality grazing pastures in the vicinity of Port Phillip including ‘…extensive and undulating downs of alternate wood and plain called by the natives Iramoo…’, and accounts of the European settlement established at Portland Bay by Edward Henty in 1834 encouraged pastoral eyes to look to the Port Phillip District when resources were strained in Tasmania and New South Wales.

By 1835 several entrepreneurs had taken the law into their own hands and made plans to set forth and claim the pastoral utopia that seemed to be waiting for their occupation just a short voyage away. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851; Agricultural and Commercial Advertiser, 26 February 1836, p.63)

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Figure 2 Detail of a sketch of approximate path of the 1824-1825 sketch of the Hume and Hovell expedition party, 1825. The approximate path of the expedition heading south to Port Phillip is highlighted with a red line and the approximate path of the expedition heading north returning to Sydney is highlighted with a blue line. The approximate location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a red arrow and the approximate location of Port Phillip Bay is highlighted with a blue arrow. The approximate and general location of lands around the activity area is highlighted with a black circle. (Hume, Hamilton. & Brisbane, Thomas & Gellibrand, J.T. & Hovell, W.H. & Pettingell, Joseph & Historical Society of Victoria, 1921, ‘Mr Hume’s sketch of a tour performed by W.H. Hovell and himself from lake George to Port Phillip, Bass’s Straits at their own expense in the years 1824 and 1825 through the request of Sir Thos. Brisbane, National Library of Australia)

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Figure 3 Detail of a twentieth century rendering of the approximate and estimated path of the 1824-1825 expedition of Hume and Hovell from Sydney to Port Phillip. The approximate path followed by the expedition party is highlighted with yellow directional arrows. A blue dot and blue arrow highlight the approximate location of Wallan and a red dot and red arrow highlight the approximate location of the Wallan Railway Station. A white dot highlights the approximate location of Kilmore, a purple dot the approximate location of Broadford and a green dot the approximate location of Yea. The approximate and general location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a red circle. (Hansford H & Buston W J, est.1924, ‘Map showing track of Hume and Hovell across Victoria: November and December 1824 and January 1925’, Green H J for Department of Crown Lands and Survey Victoria, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820.5 AT 1824-1825)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 123 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Two of these enterprising Vandemonians, John Batman and John Fawkner and their teams, were almost simultaneous in their arrival at, and determination to occupy the land around Port Philip. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) Endeavouring to legitimise claims to ownership of the land by a group of Tasmanian investors later known as the Port Philip Association (PPA), Batman reportedly negotiated a treaty with Port Philip Aborigines on 6 June 1835 (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) and Port Phillip Association member John Helder Wedge prepared a plan of subdivision of the claimed lands with portions allocated to investors in the project. (Figure 4)

Figure 4 Detail of a plan of the Port Phillip District subdivision by John Helder Wedge on behalf of the Port Phillip Association, 1835. The approximate and general area reserved for ‘a township and other purposes’ (Wedge J H, est. 1835, ‘Map of Port Phillip from the survey of Mr Wedge and others’) is highlighted with a blue line and the approximate boundary of Lot 2 allocated to Mr Mercer is outlined with red lines. (Wedge J H, 1835, ‘Plan of the Port Phillip District, 1835’, State Library of Victoria, MS; SAFE1)

124 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment In the same year of its creation, Government officials deemed Batman’s treaty with the Indigenous inhabitants of the Port Phillip District invalid, both as the Port Phillip Association investors were claiming property on behalf of themselves rather than the crown, and because the treaty inherently acknowledged the prior occupation and attendant rights of the Indigenous inhabitants of the District, a claim unrecognised by the British Government. On the 26 August 1835 in response to news of the PPA land claim, Governor Bourke of NSW issued a proclamation "...stating that treaties with Aborigines for the possession of land would be dealt with as if the Aborigines were trespassers on Crown Lands." (City of Melbourne, 1997, p.9)

Despite the Government declaring that Batman's treaty with Indigenous people was invalid and that occupation of the Port Phillip district by anyone, without permission from the Crown, was therefore illegal, keen settlers continued to arrive at Port Philip intent on taking up land. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851; The Cornwall Chronicle, 19 March 1836, p.2)

The 'illegal' occupation of Port Phillip increased following the publication of favourable descriptions of the District as 'Australia Felix' by Major Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales following an 1836-37 expedition. Consequently, the trickle of settlers into Port Phillip became a flood, and the rush of land seekers forced Governor Bourke to officially allow the European occupation of the Port Phillip District by squatters from 1837. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851)

In 1837 Melbourne was officially established and squatters, undeterred by the £10 minimum licence fee imposed by Governor Bourke, claimed pastoral stations with such rapidity that by 1840 "most of the places and foothill country was occupied" by European settlers. (Moulds and Hutton, 1994, p.5)

The establishment of pastoral runs across Victoria was one element of the frontier wars between European pastoralists and Indigenous peoples in Australia. The activity area is part of lands occupied by people of the Wurundjeri Willam clan (Figure 1) of the Woi Wurrung Language Group which forms part of the Kulin Nation. Country occupied by the Wurundjeri Willam at the time of European pastoral expansion extended from the northern bank of the Yarra at Yarra Bend to the Merri Creek. (Merri Creek Management Committee, 2018, Wurundjeri-willam: Aboriginal Heritage of Merri Creek) The activity lies close to the boundary between the Woi wurrung language group and the Taungwurrung language group which appears to be generally defined by the nearby adjoining mountain ranges. (Figure 6)

There appear to be few records specifically related to the Indigenous occupation of the Wallan Wallan parish including the activity area and a limited desktop search has found no references to accounts of conflict or massacres of Indigenous or foreign peoples on or near the activity area. In 2014 there were 84 registered Aboriginal sites of chiefly artefact scatters and isolated artefacts within an 8 kilometres radius of the Wallan Structure Plan (WSP) study area and 15 sites with the WSP itself. There appear to be at least four sites identified on the Aboriginal Heritage Register within or on the boundary of the activity area. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2) (Figure 5) The limited recognition and accounts of the Indigenous occupation of the activity area and encounters between Indigenous and invading peoples on or near the activity area does not mean such action did not regularly take place on or near the activity area.

A 2014 study attributes the small number of identified Indigenous sites around Wallan to the restriction of investigations to areas of Cultural Heritage Sensitivity, they being within 200 metres of the unmodified Merri Creek. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2) The activity area is unlikely therefore to have been subject to any investigations of evidence for the Aboriginal occupation of the site however the presence on the land of swamp and related intermittent water course recommends the site as an area where Aboriginal archaeological material in the form of stone artefact scatters and isolated artefacts may “…be present in both surface and subsurface contexts…” regardless of disturbances that may have occurred on the site. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2)

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Fgure 5 has bee redacted as it contained sensitive information pertaining to Aboriginal cultural heriatge.

Figure 5 Detail of a map of the area around Wallan c.2014. The approximate boundary of the Wallan Structure Plan is outlined with red lines and the approximate boundary of the activity area is outlined with yellow dotted lines. Several previously identified sites of Aboriginal archaeological evidence within and bordering the activity area are highlighted with black arrows and previously identified sites of Aboriginal archaeological evidence near to but outside the activity area are highlighted with yellow arrows. (Ecology and Heritage Partners in Wallan 3756, May 2014, p.3)

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Figure 6 Detail of a map showing the approximate areas occupied by some Indigenous people of Victoria, 1878. The names of the identified Nations of Taoungurong and Wawurrong are underlined with red lines, the approximate location of the Merri Creek is highlighted with a blue line, the approximate location of the City of Melbourne is highlighted with a light blue square and the approximate location of the surveyed town of Wallan Wallan is highlighted with a yellow square. The approximate location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a light blue circle and the approximate and general including and around the activity area is highlighted with a red circle and arrow. (Brough Smyth R, est.1878, ‘Map showing approximately some of the areas occupied by the Aboriginal tribes of Victoria’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 EDC (18

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 127 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Pastoral Occupation

Stretching between the south west flank of Green Hill and the elevations west of Wallan through which the Deep Creek passes, the activity encompasses swampy, hilly and rich basalt plain land types which were first occupied by European by pastoral leasehold from as early as 1836.

Lands around the activity area were taken over as sheep and cattle runs and exchanged, swapped and transferred between pastoralists so quickly that the exact extent and location of some runs is difficult to ascertain. An account contemporary to the fast moving pastoral tide around the activity area describes a journey around the district as passing;

“…through a good deal of poor county between the Macedon Ranges and the good country about the higher parts of the Saltwater River and the Deep Creek…On the following day we rode over a wooded country, well grassed, about the district of Kilmore, at that time quite unoccupied by anyone. In the evening we got to a station occupied by a Mr George Brodie on the Deep Creek (at Konagaderra, west of Mickleham) where we remained for the night…On the third day we rode over an open tract of country to the eastwards of Mr Brodie’s place, it was at that time called Mercer’s Vale (later Beveridge)…” (Russell in Brown P L (ed), 1935, ‘Narrative of George Russell of Golf Hill’, London, in Payne, 1981, p.5)

Mercer’s Vale

No plan appears to survive outlining the exact location of Mercer’s Vale the name of which may relate to a piece of land allocated to Major George Mercer on the original Port Phillip Association survey of the District. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc., n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’; Fawkner J, 1862, p.49 in The La Trobe Journal, No. 3, April 1969) (Figure 4) Billis & Kenyon identify several pastoralists simultaneously occupying Mercer’s Vale suggesting also that it was a locality rather than a specific run which appears to have evolved into the towns of Beveridge and Merriang and Olrig Station. (Billis and Kenyon, 1932, pp. 94, 234, 15, 16, 54, 57, 118 and 216)

The earliest occupant of Mercer’s Vale appears to have been Archibald Thom at Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale in 1837 located not far south of the southern boundary of the activity area. (Billis & Kenyon, 1932, p.129) (Figure 9) At the time of Thom’s Mercer’s Flat occupation, and since 1836, James Malcolm is believed to have been occupying a single run named Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang on which the activity area may have been located. (Payne, 1981, p.7) A circa 1840 map identifies Malcom’s Station west of Merriang and Thom’s Station west of Beveridge but the extent of the associated runs is not clear. (Figure 7) It is possible that the Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang run were the names of three runs operating under one license within the Mercer’s Vale area.

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Figure 7 Detail of a map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840. The approximate path of the Merri Creek is highlighted with a blue line. The approximate path of the Sydney Road is highlighted with a red dotted line and the approximate locations of sites marked as Thom’s Station and Malcolm’s Station are highlighted with blue and red arrows respectively. Two huts along the Merri Creek attached to sheep stations are highlighted with pink and black arrows. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/Sydney Y6)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 129 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment In 1838 Malcolm is believed to have extended his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang Run as far north as Big Hill, later known as Pretty Sally, (Payne, 1981, p.7) the boundary of which may have been near a northern outstation described as ‘Malcolm’s Outstation’ on an undated map of The Great Dividing Range between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore and an 1866 Bourke County map. (Figures 8) If his run had not done so already Malcolm’s pastoral lease extended across the activity area from this point, as did the run of Beveridge who also had an outstation near Broadhurst’s Belle Vue Run. Although no plan appears to survive describing the early pastoral occupation of the activity area, plans of the surrounding runs of Dean, Strangeways and Belle Vue identify Malcolm as the occupier of land adjacent to those runs including land on which the activity area is located. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/7511; VPRS8168/P2/9085; VPRS8168/P2/9195) Figure 9 illustrates the extent of land between the two locations identified as Malcolm’s Station and Malcolm’s Outstation.

Archibald Thom 1837 Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale Charles Grey George 1840-1841 Mercer’s Vale Port Phillip District James Malcolm 1840-1853 Olrig Mercer’s Vale Andrew Beveridge 1840-1848 (including operating an Inn) Beveridge Mercer’s Vale David Power 1845 Mercer’s Vale Robert Scholes 1846 Mercer’s Vale Robert Scholes and Farmer 1847-1850 Mercer’s Vale Peter Foreman 1848-1851 Merriang Mercer’s Vale

Figure 8 Detail of a map of the Great Dividing Range between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore, n.d. The approximate path of the main road to Sydney through Kilmore is highlighted with a light blue line, the approximate path of a road to Ferguson’s Inn and the Goulburn River is highlighted with a black line and the approximate line of a track from Melbourne and a connecting track also from the south is highlighted with a purple line. The approximate and general location of Green Hill is highlighted with a yellow dotted circle and the approximate and general location of Broadhurst’s Belle Vue Station and Beveridge’s nearby outstation is outlined with solid yellow lines. The approximate and general location of a ‘Rand’s Water Hole’ is highlighted with a blue circle, a nearby hut to the water hole with a blue dotted circle and the label Malcolm’s Outstation with a blue line. The approximate and general location of Budd’s Station is outlined with a pink line and the site of a splitters hut with a purple arrow. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/2687 LODDON11; MT DISAPPOINTMENT; BYLANDS WALLAN WALLAN)

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Figure 8 See Notation on previous page.

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Figure 9 Detail of a plan of the Daraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong parishes, n.d. The approximate and general location of Malcolm’s Station, believed to be Olrig Mercer’s Vale, is highlighted with a pink dot and arrow and the approximate and general location of Malcolm’s outstation is highlighted with a yellow dot and arrow. The approximate and general location of Thom’s 1837 Mercer’s Vale Station is highlighted with a blue arrow. The approximate location of the towns of Beveridge and Wallan Wallan are outlined with pink and light blue lines respectively. The approximate land general location of Budd’s Station and pre-emptive right is outlined with a dark blue line and the approximate location of Guthrie’s ‘Rands Run’ Pre- emptive Right is outlined with a yellow line. The approximate path of the Merri Creek with a blue dotted line and the approximate path of the main Sydney to Melbourne Road at the time the map was created. The approximate boundary of the Merriang and Wallan Wallan Parishes are outlined with black and red dotted lines respectively. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/1643 FEATR6871; TOOROURRONG MERRIANG DARAWEIT GUIM- SHOWING DRAINAGE; MERRIANG SPRING PLAINS TOOROURRONG)

132 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The activity area straddles the ‘settled area’ boundary used to determine the duration and cost of a pastoral lease in the Port Phillip District. (Figure 10) Leases within the settled area were confined to a term of 1 year enabling land to be quickly resumed and assisting the Government to regulate the release of property for freehold sale and to manipulate the concentration and distribution of the growing Port Phillip population. An 1867 plan of Dean pastoral run which may have crossed the settled area boundary illustrates that the run had reduced considerably in size and lands once comprising the eastern and southern part of the run and located adjacent to the northern end of Malcolm’s run, had already been ‘taken ‘for common’. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8652)

Lands outside the settled area boundary were held by maximum 7 year pastoral leases restricting the availability of those lands for sale and development and for a time rendering Wallan Wallan as one of the last urbanised areas along the main Melbourne to Sydney Road. Leases of lands in the unsettled district was for a maximum of 14 years. (Research Data Australia website n.d., PROV Pastoral Run Registers)

Payne, Billis and Kenyon indicate that Malcolm relinquished his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang pastoral run in 1844 and leased the property to Robert Rand before taking the run back over again as ‘Rands Run’ between 1848 and 1854. At the time Malcolm took back over Rands Run (also known as The Big Hill), it was described as;

“…6000 acres…(with an)…estimated grazing capability – 4000 sheep…Bounded on the south and east by purchased land, on the west by a line of marked trees on the top of the range of hills and on the north by marked trees and on a portion of the east by a cart track.” (The Argus, 16 March 1849, p.1) The land was bordered to the East by William Budd’s Strangeways run and the north west boundary about Beveridge’s run known as ‘The Dean’. (The Argus, 16 March 1849, p.1)

In February of 1850, whilst holding the Rands Run lease, James Malcolm acquired the pre-emptive right to lease 4 lots of 640 acres west of Merriang and 6 lots of 640 acres north of Merriang. (The Argus, 2 February 1850, p.4) These pre-emptive rights appear to relate to the properties Olrig and Mercer’s Vale which Malcolm retained until early in the twentieth century. (The Age, 13 April 1905, p.2)

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Figure 10 Detail of an undated map showing pastoral runs in the Western Port District, n.d. The approximate location of the settled area boundary is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate and general vicinity of the activity area is highlighted with a blue dotted line. The approximate location of Budd’s and Broadhurst’s Home Stations are outlined with red and blue lines respectively and the approximate boundaries of the pastoral runs of Dean Station, Bellevue, Wallan Wallan and Chintin are outlined (except where bordering another station) with black, light blue, green and purple lines respectively. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8971 RUNS361

134 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment James Malcolm was a native of Caithness and is believed to have arrived in Van Diemans Land ‘with 50shillings in his pocket’ about 1829 and was one of the first Europeans to cross to the Port Phillip District in 1835 with Gardiner, Buckley, Gellibrand, Leake and Robertson. (The Melbourne Daily News, 27 March 1851, p.4; Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) By 1851, described as shrewd and original and “…in hardihood and sagacity…the ‘beau ideal’ of an emigrant and colonist”, Malcolm was reputed to have become “…the largest individual sheep farmer in the colony being the owner of 30000 sheep and land sufficient, reckoning as he does, a sheep to an acre to feed 60,000. He is now worth L3000 a year.” (The Melbourne Daily News, 27 March 1851, p.4)

During a trip to Scotland in 1851 Malcolm was married and returned to Australia in 1852 accompanied by his new wife with whom he had a daughter and son in Sydney in 1852 and 1853 respectively. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) By the end of October 1853 both of James Malcolm’s children and his wife had died and around November of 1854 Malcolm left for Britain and never returned to Australia. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) Malcolm remarried in Britain and had two sons before dying in 1878 from which time his remaining Australian properties were managed in trust for his children until they reached 21 years of age. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’)

Before Malcolm departed Australia permanently, Hugh Miller Guthrie took over Rands Run from around 1854/1855 and had acquired a pre-emptive right of the same name, north east of the activity area by 1857. (Payne, 1981, p.114; Billis & Kenyon, 1932, pp. 94 and 240) (Figure 11)

An 1853 survey plan of part of Wallan Wallan parish indicates that only part of the activity area had been surveyed for sale by that time, that being Portions 20 to 25 and Portions 28 to 35 including the swampy Portion 33a. (Figure 12) At Figure 12 two swamps, and intermittent waterways draining into or connecting between them, are illustrated within the activity area which is otherwise unimproved. Of note in the 1853 survey are the dray tracks mirroring the ‘Main Sydney Road’. The track east of the Sydney Road passes through Portions 34, 32, 29, 24 and 21 and the track to the west of the Sydney Road passes through Portions 35, 33, 30,25 and 22 and both tracks terminate on the 1853 plan on Budd's pre-emptive right. (Figure 12) The track east of Sydney Road is believed to have been a “…carrying route used by the bullock drivers and teamsters…before the Sydney Road was constructed…” and an old glass bottle marked “imported by Bayldon and Graham Geelong” was found in 1919 when ploughing half a mile from this track on one of Portions 34, 32, 29, 24 or 21. (Geelong Advertiser, 1 July 1919, p.4)

Two other tracks from Melbourne that travelled through Herne’s/Hearne’s Swamp pass through the activity area across Portion 25, converging into a single path between Portions 25 and 22 and meeting with the Melbourne dray track west of the Sydney Road on Portion 22. This dray track loops around the base of Green Hill then passes back, south east, through Herne’s Swamp towards Melbourne. As Herne’s Swamp was dry in summer the tracks may have been abandoned in favour of the tracks closer to the Sydney Road in the wetter months. (Figure 12)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 135 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The southern part of the activity area close to the Sydney Road was described in 1853 as being “stony ground thinly timbered chiefly with gum”. Identified on the 1853 survey, immediately south of Portion 34 within the parish of Merriang and west of the Merriang parish portion of the activity area is a ‘Bridge of Stones’. The bridge of stones does not connect to any of the dray tracks, or the Main Sydney Road as marked on the 1853 survey and may be of an earlier pastoral origin or part of an Indigenous construction unrelated to the European occupation of the area. (Figure 12)

Portions 77, 78, 79 and 80 of the parish of Wallan (Figure 13) were surveyed and sold between November 1857 and April 1858. These four portions abut a north south road between Broadmeadows and Sydney which forms the western boundary of the activity area.

Figure 11 Detail of a plan of a geological survey undertaken in 1857, published in 1862. The approximate extent of the activity area is outlined with red lines, the approximate extent of Budd’s pre-emptive right is outlined with a purple line, the approximate extent of Budd’s Station is outlined with a light blue line and the approximate extent of Guthrie’s pre-emptive Rand’s Run is outlined with white lines. The approximate path of the Merri Creek and water courses that drain into the swamps are highlighted with blue lines and the approximate location of Green Hill is highlighted with yellow lines. Outside the activity area within Guthrie’s pre-emptive right a red and black arrow highlights the approximate location of a shed and hut respectively and a green arrow adjacent to the Main Sydney Road on Portion 16 identifies the approximate location of McLeod’s Hotel. Within the activity area a pink arrow identifies the approximate location of a hut on Portion 80 and a purple arrow highlights the approximate location of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW)

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Figure 12 Detail of a map of small sections in the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 23rd September 1853. The approximate extent of the eastern part of the activity area is outlined with blue dotted lines and the approximate path of several dray tracks are highlighted with black dotted lines. The approximate path of several water courses crossing the activity area, including the Merri Creek, are highlighted with light blue lines, the approximate extent of areas identified as swamps are highlighted with green lines and the general area of Green Hill is highlighted with yellow lines. The approximate location of a fence erected around a Merriang parish property is highlighted with pink lines and the approximate boundaries of an explicitly defined area across the swamp on Portion 33a is highlighted with orange lines. A site outside of the activity area identified as ‘Bridge of Stones’ is highlighted by a red oval. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/FEAT376A: WALLAN WALLAN)

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Figure 13 Detail of a plan of part of the parish of Wallan Wallan, 1866. The approximate location of the activity area is outlined with a red line, the approximate path of a water course that enters swamps in southern portion of the activity area is highlighted with a light blue line and a swamp that straddles Portions 80 and 33a is highlighted with green lines. (Country lots, in the Parish of Wallan-Wallan, County of Bourke, Victorian Office of Lands and Survey, MAPS; 8210BJE 1837 – WALLAN-WALLAN 1866)

The southernmost extent of the activity area lies outside the parish of Wallan Wallan in the parish of Merriang. In 2019 this small part of Portion 26 parish of Merriang is sandwiched between the Northern Highway and the Hume Freeway and when surveyed in 1853 it was likewise sandwiched between what was then known as the Main Sydney Road (now Northern Highway) and the dray track west of and roughly parallel to the Sydney Road. (Figure 12)

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Figure 14 Detail of a plan of the parish of Merriang, c.1850s. The approximate location of the where the activity area occupies part of the Merriang parish as part of Portion 26 is outlined and shaded with red lines. (‘Merriang no.26’, MAPEF; 912.945l V23 Vol.1 pg.107-108, State Library Victoria)

All but two of the Portions of land that make up the activity area (Figures 12, 13 and 14) were first alienated from the Crown during the 1850s after the Port Phillip District had separated from New South Wales and the goldrush boom had begun in Victoria. Although not on the well-travelled path between Melbourne and the Ballarat or Bendigo goldfields, Wallan was on the path to the Ovens Goldfields and the Main Road to Sydney and the town developed quickly during the 1850s as the travelling population of Victoria grew. Portion 33a parish of Wallan Wallan was purchased from the Crown in 1860 and Part of Portion 26 parish of Merriang was purchased from the Crown in 1840 rather than the 1850s and along with several other Allotments acquired by William Murray at the time was one of the first Estates taken up in the Port Phillip District. (Leader, 30 October 1915, p,6) (Figure 14)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 139 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE LANDS AROUND WALLAN WALLAN

Figure 15 Plan of County of Bourke, 1866. The approximate and general location of the activity area is highlighted with red inside the Bourke County Boundary. (Bibbs, 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General’s Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE)

The County of Bourke.

In 1837, not long after Batman relocated to Port Phillip, Governor Bourke visited the district and ‘laid down’ the counties of William, Melbourne and Bourke and the townships of Melbourne and Geelong (The Sydney Monitor, 10 April 1837, p.2) describing the country around Port Phillip at the time as;

“…harbouring a population of ‘…above 500 souls, whilst more than 100,000 sheep may be found on its ample pastures…” (Victorian Government Gazette, 7 June 1837,No. 279, p.423)

The Charter for the Port Phillip District Council of Bourke was defined and proclaimed at the same time as the District of Grant Council on the 17th of August 1843 (Victorian Government Gazette, 5 September 1843, No.74, pp. 1146 and 1147) and the Counties of Bourke, Evelyn and Mornington were defined and proclaimed on the 15th of November 1852. (Victorian Government Gazette, 17 November 1852, No. 46, pp. 1327 and 1328)

Although not officially proclaimed until 1852, the County of Bourke (Figure 15) operated as a 'reputed' County and the land area was marked on maps and used in official proclamations from the time it was first marked out in 1837. The county was named in honour of Governor Bourke who held this office from 1831 to 1837 (Wikipedia 2018, County of Bourke) and who was both significant in influencing the means and rate of development in the Port Philip District and for his unequivocal repudiation of the existence of any rights, or occupation resulting in rights, of the Indigenous peoples

140 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment of the Port Phillip District. (City of Melbourne website 1997, p.9) As defined in 1852, Bourke County is;

"...bounded on the south-west and west by the Werribee River to its source in the great Dividing Range; on the north by the Great Dividing Range, from the source of the Werribee to that of the Plenty River; on the east by the Plenty River, from its source to its confluence with the Yarra River, thence by the Yarra River upwards, to the confluence of the Deep Creek, thence by the Deep Creek upwards, to the point where the main stream commences to run in a north-west direction; thence by a line south two miles fifty-eight chains, from the aforesaid bend to the Dandenong Creek, thence by that Creek downwards, to the Carrum Swamp; on the south by the Carrum Swamp and mordiallve(sic) Creek to its embouchure at the Long Beach below Ben-ben-gin, and on the remainder of the south by the shore of Port Phillip Bay to the mount of the Werribee River aforesaid..." (Victorian Government Gazette 46, 17 November 1852, p. 1328)

Bourke County is divided into 59 Parishes some of which cross over adjacent County boundaries and the activity area is located in the Parishes of Wallan Wallan and Merriang. (Figures 16 and 14)

Parish of Wallan Wallan

Figure 16 Detail of a plan of the parish of Merriang, 1902. (McGauran T F, 1902, ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke’, Victorian Department of Lands and Survey, MAPS: 820 BJE 1837- WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria)

The Parish and town of Wallan Wallan were named after the pastoral station of that name held by John Boyd from 1839, however the pastoral station was not located within the parish boundary. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) The township and area around Wallan is located outside the area of the original Wallan Wallan run on land believed to have formed part of Budd’s Strangeways/Strangways Run. Budd’s Run was surrounded by ‘Bellevue’ held principally by Broadhurst and Tootal and James Malcolm’s Run the name of which is unclear, but which was located south and east of Strangways. The township of Wallan or parts thereof and surroundings may have been located on Malcolm’s run. (Figure 17) By 1853, the parish of Wallan Wallan had been surveyed, the township was surveyed, and the first freehold land sales of Wallan Wallan were held in that year. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 141 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 17 Detail of a plan of Budd’s Strangways/Strangeways Run c.1882. The approximate and general location of the boundary of the Strangeways Run is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate and general location of the pre-emptive right and homestead block of the Strangeways Run is outlined with a red line. The approximate location of part of allotments adjoining the southern boundary between the parishes of Wallan Wallan and Merriang are highlighted with blue lines. Blue arrows indicate the general area of lands occupied by Broadhurst and Tootal and red arrows indicate the general area of lands occupied by James Malcolm. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/RUN 1181: STRANGEWAYS)

142 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Even as European cartographic devices were being overlaid across the Port Phillip landscape, local and visiting Indigenous peoples continued to move about and camp where they needed throughout the Port Phillip District including; “…South Melbourne by the Yarra Falls, Botanical Gardens, Eastern Hill, Richmond paddocks near the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Abbotsford, South Yarra, Toorak, Bulleen Swamp, Merri Creek, Moonee Ponds, North Melbourne and Port Melbourne.” (Fels, 2011, p.27)

Parish of Merriang

The parish of Merriang was surveyed in 1839 and is believed to have been named after an Aboriginal word meaning ‘stone chopper’. (Hunter-Payne, 2008; Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’;) (Figure 14) Merriang was also the name of part of James Malcolm’s Run and its name was given to a town and area south of Wallan Wallan established between 1840 and 1850. (Payne, 1981, p.7; Context, 2015, p.314; Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’) Of the several townships in the Merriang parish the activity area is close to Beveridge which evolved from Thom’s Beveridge Flat Station at Mercer’s Vale, was primarily a site for grazing in 1846 and described in 2015 as a rural district. (Billis & Kenyon, 1932, p.129, Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’). The township of Merriang is in the adjacent parish of Epping. (Victorian Places, 2015, ‘Merriang’)

Municipal History

Wallan Wallan and Beveridge were first defined and proclaimed as part of the Donnybrook, Wallan Wallan and Bylands Road District in June of 1863 for which Beveridge was the administrative centre. (Victorian Government Gazette, 26 June 1863, p.1418; Victorian Places, 2015, Beveridge) The area was redefined and renamed as the Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan Road District in August of the same year. (Victorian Government Gazette, 19 August 1863, p.1822) The redefined area excluded lands which became part of the Bylands and Glenburnie Road District. (PROV VPRS8332/Rate Books)

The Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan Road District was proclaimed part of the Shire of Merriang in November of 1871 (Victorian Government Gazette No.70, 3 November 1871, p.1914) and Wallan Wallan remained part of the Shire of Merriang until it became part of the Broadmeadows Shire in 1915. (Victorian Government Gazette no.115, 15 September 1915, p.3344) The boundaries of the Merriang Shire had been redefined in 1897. (Victorian Government Gazette No.62, 31 May 1897, p.2097) Initially Wallan Wallan existed as a riding of the Merriang Shire and from 1915 as part of the Merriang Riding of the Broadmeadows Shire (Research Data Australia, n.d., ‘Merriang (Shire 1871- 1915’ Public Record Office); Victorian Government Gazette no.115, 15 September 1915, p.3345) In 1955 Wallan, along with nearby Beveridge, was absorbed into the Kilmore Shire. (Victorian Places, 2015, Kilmore)

Wallan remained part of the Merriang municipality until it was amalgamated with the Shire of Pyalong, most of the Shires of McIvor and Broadford and most of the Rural City of Seymour to form the Shire of Mitchell on the 18th of November 1994. (Victorian Places, 2015, Kilmore)

Located on the busy Sydney Road Wallan was a well-known rural village north of Melbourne that was primarily engaged in grazing and quarrying until the second half of the twentieth century. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) When the Hume Freeway bypassed the Wallan township when it opened in 1959 this may have added to the attraction of the location as a dormitory suburb for Melbourne commuters, who made up 81% of the employed population of Wallan in 1978. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) By 2001 regular residential growth at Wallan had seen its population increase to close to five times it’s 1981 level and by 2006 it had reached 5410 residents. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 143 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Changes in the development of Wallan directly affected the activity area through which part of the Hume Freeway is constructed. Having first been occupied by Europeans as part of large land holdings, the activity area had been gradually purchased in smaller Portions early in the 1850s but across the nineteenth century were largely amalgamated into three large properties; Inverlochy, Green Hills and Macsfield. Parts of these three Estates have since been subdivided into smaller rural lifestyle allotments to meet the demands of a growing residential community.

Freehold Occupation of the Activity Area

The activity area is comprised of 15 Portions and 6 part Portions of land in the parish of Wallan Wallan and a single part Portion in the parish of Merriang. The small parcel of Merriang land, as part of Portion 26, was first put up for auction in Melbourne on the 10th of June 1840 and sold to William Murray on the 30th of November 1840. (Port Phillip Gazette, 6 May 1840, p.1)

Of the activity area lands from the parish of Wallan, the first 8 of these allotments to be alienated from the crown were Portions 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32 and 34,sold at Kilmore on the 24th of February 1854. Portion 23 was sold in May of 1854 and four months after that a further 5 lots being Portions 22, 25, 30, 33 and 35 were sold on or between the 15th and 21st of September.

The remaining 7 Wallan parish portions from which the activity area is derived were alienated from the crown between the 31st of March 1858 when Portion 77 was conveyed to Patrick Laffey and April of 1858 when both Portions 79 and 80 were sold to McLeod and Taylor respectively. Portion 78 was sold to the partnership of William Johnstone, John Gorman and Patrick Laffey in March of 1858.

Inverlochy

Portions 32, 34 and 33A

It was not until January of 1860 that the swampy Portion 33a parish of Wallan Wallan was sold to Patrick Hanna of Melbourne who held his land for 7 years. before selling to John Laffan of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel.

John Laffan first occupied land in the activity area in 1857 when he leased the newly erected Inverlochy Castle Hotel from Benjamin Clarke Brettell who had purchased the property from the assigned creditors of Angus Cameron. (Figure 18) Although the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was reportedly built in 1850, Cameron acquired Portion 32 parish of Wallan Wallan on which land the hotel stood on the 24th of February 1854 after which time the hotel was most likely erected.(Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3; AP82770J, Crown Grant 28962) By November of the same year Cameron had signed a deed of assignment with his creditors. (The Argus, 1 December 1854, p.8) Three months after taking over Cameron’s assets, the creditors attempted to sell the Inverlochy Castle Hotel property describing Portion 32 as comprising the:

“Inverlochy Castle Hotel and 88 acres of ladd(sic)…the Inverlochy Castle Hotel containing 14 rooms, situated on the Sydney Road, 28 miles from Melbourne, with 88 acres of land…” including a well of spring water on the premises. (The Argus, 22 February 1855, p.3)

144 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 18 Detail of a photograph of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, n.d. (Payne, 1981, p.37)

The business of the hotel on the busy Sydney Road was described as ‘first-rate’ and the property was touted as offering “…an excellent opportunity for making a handsome competency; the house…particularly well-furnished, the furniture being new, and cost L800…” and included, with everything needed to run the business, in the sale. (The Argus, 22 February 1855, p.3)

The failed March 1855 sale of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was followed by a September clearance sale with no reserve of the new, quite modern furniture of the choicest description (The Argus, 8 September 1855, p.2) and another attempt at disposing of the real estate on which was “…erected those completely-finished and substantially-built wooden premises known as The Inverlochy Hotel containing 13 rooms, built on 75 feet 9 inches frontage by a depth of 39 feet 9 inches together with a ten-stall stable, 50 feet by 18 feet with a loft above..” The auctioneers recommended the property to investors and “…any one desirous of combining farming with the business of a roadside inn…” (The Argus, 11 September 1855, p.2) The property was offered with no reserve but was subject to an existing mortgage of L2000.

When the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was finally sold to Brettell he immediately offered it to Laffan under a 5 year lease but after only 3 years of occupation, Laffan purchased the property outright, the land comprising a little over 88 acres as well as the hotel erected thereon. (Book 63 Number 493; Book 73 Number 910; Book 99 Number 530) The hotel was one of the changing stages for Cobb and Co’s coaches and the last stage heading south before reaching Melbourne. (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 2 November 1950, p.5)

In 1867 Laffan purchased adjoining Portions 34 and 33a parish of Wallan Wallan the properties have been originally purchased from the crown by Robert Mason and Patrick Hanna respectively. (AP82770J Crown Grants 27913, 902) (Figure 19) By the time Laffan purchased Portion 34 the property had been divided and sold as two parts by Henry Bain who had acquired the land from Mason. The northern part of Portion 34, being described as ’45 acres of fine land’, was acquired by Patrick Hanna in 1859 and retained for 8 years before being sold to John Laffan three months after Laffan had secured the southern part of Portion 34 from Henry Bain. (The Argus, 28 October 1859, p.2; AP82770J Book 171 Number 185; Book 175 Number 103) Hanna already held the northern part of Portion 34 when he purchased Portion 33a which was sold at a Melbourne land sale as a country lot “…situate near the road to Kilmore…containing 80 acres” (The Age, 30 January 1860, p.2)

From around the time of his arrival at Port Phillip in 1853, Hanna operated a ferry-boat on the Yarra at the foot of King Street and held the lease for toll gates on the Sydney Road, which included the

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 145 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment lease for the Wallan-Wallan toll gate on the Sydney Road from the 1st of June to the 31st of December 1859 for £972. (The Argus, 4 June 1859, p.5; The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 September 1890, p.9) Held to be responsible through his work as an MLA for the route of the North Eastern Railway Hanna was also the contractor who erected the Goulburn Bridge. (Seymour Express & c, 4 May 1883, p,.2) Following the sale of his Wallan lands Hanna went on to become a councillor for the Borough of Emerald Hill before 1867, was a trustee of the West Melbourne, Hotham and Carlton Permanent Building and Investment Society by 1869 and served as a Member of the Legislative Council for the Murray Boroughs from 1866 to 1877. (The Age, 25 July 1867, p.8; The Age, 12 October 1869, p.1; The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 September 1890, p.9)

146 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 19 Detail of a map of small sections in the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 23rd September 1853. The approximate extent of the eastern part of the activity area is outlined with blue dotted lines and the approximate path of several dray tracks are highlighted with black dotted lines. The approximate path of several water courses crossing the activity area, including the Merri Creek, are highlighted with light blue lines, the approximate extent of areas identified as swamps are highlighted with green lines and the general area of Green Hill is highlighted with yellow lines. The approximate location of a fence erected around a Merriang parish property is highlighted with pink lines and the approximate boundaries of an explicitly defined area across the swamp on Portion 33a is highlighted with orange lines. A site outside of the activity area identified as ‘Bridge of Stones’ is highlighted by a red oval. The approximate boundaries of Portion 32 are highlighted with white lines and the approximate boundaries of Portions 34 and 33a are highlighted with yellow lines. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/FEAT376A: WALLAN WALLAN)

The diverse patchwork of Crown Grant holders across the activity area became concentrated across the nineteenth century as comfortably established residents consolidated their positions adding the properties of their neighbours to their real estate portfolios. Laffan acquired considerable lands from the activity area during this time purchasing Portions 20, 23, 28, 24 and part of Portion 29 in 1873, 1874, 1874, 1876 and 1877 respectively, part of Portion 21 in 1880 and the remaining part of Portion 29 in 1883. (Book 229 Number 206; Book 241 Number 596; Book 257 Number 254; Book 267 Number 55; Book 287 Number 997; Book 312 Number 481) (Figure 20)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 147 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 20 Detail of a map of small sections in the Parish of Wallan Wallan, 23rd September 1853. The approximate extent of the eastern part of the activity area is outlined with blue dotted lines and the approximate path of several dray tracks are highlighted with black dotted lines. The approximate path of several water courses crossing the activity area, including the Merri Creek, are highlighted with light blue lines, the approximate extent of areas identified as swamps are highlighted with green lines and the general area of Green Hill is highlighted with yellow lines. The approximate location of a fence erected around a Merriang parish property is highlighted with pink lines and the approximate boundaries of an explicitly defined area across the swamp on Portion 33a is highlighted with orange lines. A site outside of the activity area identified as ‘Bridge of Stones’ is highlighted by a red oval. The approximate boundaries of Portion 32 are highlighted with white lines, the approximate boundaries of Portions 34 and 33a are highlighted with yellow lines and the approximate boundaries of Portions 20, 21, 23, 24, 28 and 29 are highlighted with red lines. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/FEATR376A: WALLAN WALLAN)

Portion 20

Having purchased Portion 20 parish of Wallan Wallan from the Crown in 1854, John Nunan (Noonan) held on to his land until his death on the 23rd of March 1872. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/10 10/706) Nunan appointed his widow Catherine as his executrix in his will made only 5 days before his death. Following his passing Catherine sold Portion 20, described at the time as “80 acres of land situate at Wallan Wallan in the County of Bourke in the Colony of Victoria” and known as Mrs Noonan's Farm, for £375, to John Laffan on the 10th of April 1873. (Book 229 Number 206; PROV VPRS28/P/120 10/706)

148 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment In March of 1865 before the death of John Nunan, Noonan’s farm, part of the Wallan Farmers Common and most of the eastern country lots of Wallan Wallan, including all but one of the properties purchased at Wallan by Laffan during the 1870s, were reportedly damaged to some degree by fire. Noonan lost a stack of hay, fence and grass in the blaze, David Brown of Portions 23 and 28 lost a house, haystack and half his fencing and Joseph Smith grass and fencing. (The Age, 6 March 1865, p.5)

Portions 23, 24 and 28

It is unknown whether David Brown’s fire destroyed house in 1865 was erected on Portion 23 or 28 parish of Wallan Wallan built features and improvements had been erected on the property. Brown had purchased Portion 23 from Phillip Dwyer in 1854 who had taken ownership of the land only one month after Rody Lawler acquired the Crown Grant. (Crown Grant 29340; AP82772; Book 121 Number 71) Dwyer held the property for 8 years before he sold to his neighbour farrier David Brown in 1862. Brown had held the neighbouring Portion 28 for 8 years also, although it was leased to William Sutherland for all or some of this time. (Payne, 1981, p.25) Brown sold both his Portions 23 and 28 to John Laffan on the 20th of July 1874. (Book 121 Number 71; Crown Grant 28961; Book 49 Number 123, Book 71 Number 791; Book 241 Number 596) On the 10th of September 1873 Brown’s 160 acres at Wallan had been offered for auction at the Inverlochy Hotel at which time it was described as “…160 acres of the choicest farming land in the district of Wallan Wallan – adjoining the properties of Messrs. Laffin, (sic) Smyth, Oxley and McLelland…substantially fenced and well- watered in all seasons 40 acres…cleared and have been under crop…(with)…splendid timber on the land…(and including a)…weatherboard house and other outbuildings...” (Kilmore Free Press, 28 August 1873, p.3) David Brown appears to have either had two houses before his 1865 fire and only lost one, or had erected or replaced a house between 1865 and his 1873 sale.

Two years after he acquired Portions 23 and 28 parish of Wallan Wallan, Laffan increased his frontage to the popular Sydney Road purchasing Portion 24 in April of 1876 from Joseph Lobb. (Book 257 Number 254) Lobb had purchased the property from David Brown (Book 151 Number 111) who was described in 1871 as an ‘old member of the Bylands Road Board’ who was returned unopposed to the south subdivision office following the retirement of the incumbent in that year. (Kilmore Free Press, 17 August 1871, p.2)

Brown had arrived in in the Wallan district as a young man and served in the police force at Kilmore before taking up farming and dairying which he pursued until his death in 1892. (Kilmore Free Press, 25 August 1892, p.2) At the time of his death Brown was a director of the Kilmore Dairy Company, left a widow and large family and was described as; “…a warm hearted, reliable, good, kindly man, a staunch friend and obliging neighbour…” (Kilmore Free Press, 25 August 1892, p.2)

Lobb’s sale of Brown’s Portion 24 may have been on his own account or acting for David Brown as Lobb had offered his Wallan butchers business for sale in 1887 and in the same year was acting as a mail contractor and commission agent. (The Age, 19 March 1887, p.11; Kilmore Free Press, 25 August 1887,p.3; The Age, 9 June 1888, p.15)

Joseph Lobb is believed to have been a member of the Merriang Shire Council at one time and in 1880 was operating a farm “…nicely situated on the slope of Wallan Park…” (Kyneton Guardian, 12 October 1918, p.2; Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) The departure of the Lobb family from Wallan between 1889 and 1892 appears to have been precipitated by a publicised 1890 court case in relation to Lobb’s actions as a commission agent for the sale of land held at Wallan by John Dwyer. Lobb was living at Essendon at the time of his wife’s death on the 24th of 1892. (Kilmore Free Press, 3 January 1889, p.3; Kyneton Guardian, 12 October 1918, p.2; The Age, 19 July 1890, p.9; )

By 1877 John Laffan held Portions 20, 23, 28 and 24 parish of Wallan and added in June of that year part of Portion 29 to his holdings. The balance of Portion 29 was acquired in June of 1877 from Charles Oxley who had held the land for the decade prior. (AP82770J)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 149 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Charles Oxley purchased Portion 29 in May of 1867, it having been offered at auction in Collins Street Melbourne on January 30 of the same year on behalf of Helen Hughes as; “…the northern half of a Crown Grant to John Nangus Hughes and adjoining land occupied or owned by Messrs. Brown, Brittle and Crump, having a frontage of nearly 600 feet to the Sydney road and containing 43 acres or thereabouts…” (The Argus, 26 January 1867, p.2)

Helen Hughes was the widow of John Nangus Hughes known as Nangus Jack a whip maker who was credited as being the “…best maker of the large stock whip for general use and falling purposes...(who)…learned the art himself and travelled about from station to station making the heavy whips used in the fifties and later on…” (The Herald, 16 September 1897, p.2) Already known amongst stockmen by 1858, Nangus Jack’s whips were advertised for sale by sole agent D Grant & Co at Ballarat in that year. (The Star, 20 July 1858, p.4)

Nangus Jack was believed to have perished from dehydration after becoming lost whilst travelling from G A Main’s station in the Riverina to an out-hut, his remains were found in August of 1865 by the “Yanga blacks”. (The Australasian, 26 August 1865, p.7) ‘Jack’s’ estate was administered by his widow on behalf of his surviving family of 4 children, a fifth child who was also his eldest son having been missing since 1865. (PROV VPRS28/P1/11 5/453)

In 1877 the first meeting of the Wallan Wallan Amateur Coursing Club was held for which John M Laffan was the honorary secretary, participated in with his dog Veno and hosted a post sport dinner at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. (Kilmore Free Press, 2 August 1877, p.3)

Portions 21 and 29 parish of Wallan Wallan

Before Laffan was able to secure the balance of Portion 29 from Joseph Smith, he added part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan to his properties in April of 1880. (Book 286 Number 997) Laffan’s Portion 21 purchase comprised 10 acres and was acquired from William Munro he having purchased the small allotment, on which he erected his blacksmith forge, from original Crown Grant holder William MacLeod in 1865. (Book 154 Number 836; Payne, 1981, p,26) Munro remained blacksmithing opposite Green Hill for 16 years and his implements and ploughs were of such quality that he received prizes at agricultural shows. William MacLeod eventually owned extensive property south of Wallan Township and east of the Sydney Road directly opposite Laffan’s property.

By 1880 Laffan was supplementing his hotel income with horse-breeding, “…there being a draught stallion – Young Robin, by Rantin’ Robin – and a thoroughbred named Confusion (one of the Panic breed) on the place…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) Both horses were prize winners in local and Victorian circles and shared the property with “…a few brood mares and dairy cattle…” and about 20 acres of crops the rest of the 600 acre farm being reportedly unworked. (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) Young Robin had been imported by Laffan and his sire Rantin' Robin who was described as the Champion Horse of Scotland, was sold to an Adelaide breeder for £1200. Laffan’s horse breeding enterprise, for which a ‘good paddock’ was provided, was managed by Robert Lennox of Wallan (Leader, 18 September 1875, p.3) who was advertising another prize imported stallion Romany Rye standing at Inverlochy for the season in 1888. (Kilmore Free Press, 25 October 1888, p.4)

The balance of Portion 29 was purchased by Laffan from Charles Oxley on the 22nd of October 1883, Part of Portion 79 in 1892 and Portion 80, in two parts, in 1885 (Book 375 Number 552; Book 323 Number 158; Book 327 Number 997) (Figure 32) All of the lands appear to have formed part of the collective farming area and there are no details as to the location of any improvements across the property.

150 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Press, 22 August 1889, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 5 September 1889, p.2) By 1892 John Laffan was styling himself as ‘John Laffan Snr.’ as his son John Francis Laffan was also engaged in farm and property dealings in the Wallan Wallan area. (Kilmore Free Press, 19 May 1892, p.3)

John Laffan Snr. purchased a little over 134 acres being part of Allotment 79 from the deceased estate of Jeremiah Taylor in 1892 (PROV VPRS28/P/605 48/049) and applied to bring the same as well as a government road under the transfer of land act in June of the same year. (Kilmore Free Press, 30 June 1892, p.3) (Figure 32) The Government Road concerned is now known as Taylors Lane. (Figure 26)

Figure 32 Detail of a plan of the subdivision of Portion 79 parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1892. (AP82905)

John and Esther Laffan (Figure 21) came from Ireland to the Victorian goldfields in 1852 (Payne, 1981, p.24) and remained at the Inverlochy Castle Hotel until their demise in 1901 and 1903 respectively. (The Argus, 18 May 1901, p.9; The Argus, 28 November 1903, p.9) Following the reduction in traffic on the Sydney Road after the completion of the North Eastern Railway Line in 1873, Laffan was said to have devoted his attention to sheep farming and kept the hotel open more in the name of tradition than as a profitable concern. (Australian Railway Historical Society Victorian Division Inc., 2018, Victorian Railway History 1839-1899; Kilmore Free Press, 23 May 1901, p.3) Servicing as advertising for the hotel and possibly adding to the income of the Inverlochy property, in November of 1873, auctioneers A. Strettle & Co. announced they would hold “…monthly sales by auction at the yards attached to Mr John Laffrie’s (sic) Inverlochy Castle Hotel…of horses, cattle, farm and dairy produce pigs, sheep, agricultural implements & c…” and that sales would be held on the first Tuesday of each month commencing on the 2nd of December 1873. (Leader, 29 November 1873, p.2) The Inverlochy Hotel had already been used as a site for property auctions including the sale of Browns 160 acre farm and Budd’s Duck Farm, and Strettle & Co continued to

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 151 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment sell property as well as stock and implements from the Hotel each month until at least 1877 by which time the firm was known as Stratford, Strettle and Co. (The Age, 6 January 1874, p.4; Leader, 30 January 1875, p.15; Kilmore Free Press, 19 April 1877, p.3)

John Laffan was described as being; “…in all his dealings, kind and charitable…(performing)…many acts of private, unobtrusive charity and good fellowship…who was deservedly respected and esteemed by all who knew him.” (Kilmore Free press, 23 May 1901, p.3)

Inverlochy Estate

Figure 21 Detail of a photograph of some of the Laffan family outside the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, n.d. From left to right are Bridget Laffan, Margaret Theresa (nee McCagh), John Francis Laffan, John Laffan and Esther (nee Kidd). The two children are Esther and Margaret Laffan. (Payne, 1981, p.33)

After the death of his parents, John Francis Laffan applied for and held the licence for the Inverlochy Hotel (Kilmore Free Press, 17 December 1903, p.2) and undertook extensive improvements in 1907 described by the Kilmore Press as ‘a thorough overhaul’ of the building. The improvements included new foundations, lifting the building where needed and putting in new ground plates, replacing original softwood timber used in the building, replacing rotted blocks, replacing weatherboards with dry rot and installing an additional kitchen, attached to the house, and fitted with an ‘Andrew’s Geelong patent range.” (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3) In the course of the extensive repairs an 1817 George III shilling was reportedly found in the lining of the building. (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3)

152 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment At the same time he renovated the hotel, J F Laffan had constructed, by G T Mason of Lilydale, a new steam chaff cutting works for his farm which adjoined the hotel. The building was 40 x 16 feet and constructed with galvanised iron and a white pine floor and was driven by a 4 horsepower vertical engine boiler and up to date Ronaldson Bros. and Tippetts chaff cutter. (Kilmore Free Press, 26 September 1907, p.3)

Only two years after undertaking his Inverlochy renovations, J F Laffan had to appear before the Licenses reduction board as the owner and licensee of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel in order to argue the case for the hotel retaining its licence. The Licensing Board was responsible for regulating the number of Hotels in a district in relation to the number of residents and as part of the Broadmeadows District the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was one of several hotels that weren’t needed, and Laffan’s case was refused and the Hotel delicensed. Laffan was forced to close the Inverlochy Castle Hotel despite the new improvements he had undertaken, the good order in which it had been kept and its history of serving the Wallan and surrounding communities and passing traffic, including the Cobb & Co coaches ,for around 50 years. (Kilmore Free Press, 10 June 1909, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 1 July 1909, p.2) (Figure 22)

Figure 22 Detail of an aerial photograph of the land around the Inverlochy Castle Hotel site within the activity area, 1956. The approximate path of the Northern Highway or Main

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 153 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Sydney Road is highlighted with a red line and the boundary between Portions 32 and 33 to the south and Portions 29 and 30 to the north is highlighted with a blue dotted line. A red arrow indicates the Inverlochy Castle Hotel complex on Portion 32 and two blue and a single yellow arrow on Portions 33 and 30 respectively indicate possible locations for butchers’ shops and other buildings reportedly opposite or close to opposite the Inverlochy Castle Hotel in the late 1850s and early 1860s (The Age, 10 May 1858, p.7). (Landata, 1956)

John Laffan’s home on Inverlochy was threatened by fire in 1925 and several acres of grass were destroyed when holiday campers were ‘burning out’ rabbits. (The Argus, 16 April 1925, p.12) The following year John F Laffan was widowed, his wife Margaret Teresa dying on the 17th of June 1926. (The Argus, 17 June 1926, p.2) John F Laffan (Figure 21) served as a councillor for the Merriang Shire and served also in the Merriang Riding of the Broadmeadows Shire and died on the 25th of May 1932. John Laffan Jnr. was remembered for taking a prominent part in any useful movement for the benefit of the district and as a “…citizen of high outstanding character pre-eminently straightforward in his dealings and trusted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance.” (The Herald, 26 May 1932, p.12) John Francis Laffan’s career as a councillor, including serving as President, in the Broadmeadows Shire was mirrored by his son John Ambrose Laffan who served for the Wallan riding in the same capacity from around 1932 to at least 1945, serving as President of the Shire for at least one year in 1942. (Kilmore Free Press, 14 February 1935, p.2, Kilmore Free Press, 4 September 1941, p.5; Kilmore Free Press, 10 September 1942, p.1; Kilmore Free Press, 30 August 1945, p.2)

Portions 31 and 78

The lands that comprised Inverlochy following the death of John Francis Laffan included Portion 31 which he acquired in 1921 from the Smythe family (Book 495 Number 534) and Portion 78 acquired from the Slatter family in 1913 (Book 464 Number 70) so that by 2002 the Laffan Inverlochy Estate holding comprised Crown Portions 20, part 21 (lot 1) 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 33a, 80, part 78 (lot 2) and part 79 (lot 3). (AP82770J) (Figure 25)

The part of Portion 78 Laffan purchased from the Slatter family was one of three lots subdivided out of the entire Portion 78 purchased by Crown Grant by the partnership of Patrick Laffey, William Johnston and John Gorman in March of 1858. (Figures 24 and 33) Two of the subdivided lots were transferred to Laffey and Gorman in 1861 and the third, held by William Johnston, was transferred to Nicholas Sorraghan in September of the same year. Sorraghan’s 47 acres were sold to Patrick Sheedy before 1882 and sold in 1883 to George Slatter. By 1905 at the time of grazier George Slatter’s death, Lot 3 of Portion 78 had been improved with a 4 roomed weatherboard house that appears to be marked on the property in a 1913 survey of the area but had been seemingly removed by 1977. (Book 313 Number 274; PROV VPRS28/P2/736 96/017) (Figures 26 and 33)

154 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 23 Detail of an aerial photograph of the activity area, 1977. The approximate external boundaries of Portions 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31 and 32 are highlighted with red lines and the approximate internal boundaries with red dotted lines. The approximate extent of an area identified as a wattle plantation in 1913 is highlighted with green lines, the approximate and general location of what may be the site of a now vanished hut that appears to be identified on a 1913 plan (Figure 26) is highlighted with a yellow circle and a yellow arrow identifies a dam illustrated on a 1913 plan and still in use in 2019. A blue arrow indicates the general location of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel complex. (Landata, 1977)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 155 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 24 Detail of a plan showing the subdivision of Portion 78 parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1879. (AP12666C)

156 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 25 Detail of a plan of the parish of Wallan Wallan, 1902. The approximate boundary of the estate known as Inverlochy and owned by the Laffan family trust after 1921 is outlined in red. (McGauran T F, 1902, ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke’, Victorian Department of Lands and Survey, MAPS: 820 BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 157 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Duck Farm

William Hartley Budd purchased Portion 31 parish of Wallan Wallan, being 80 acres adjacent to a swamp, by Crown Grant on the 24th of February 1854. (Crown Grant 29082)

By 1872 the property was known as ‘Duck Farm’, “…where game of every description is abundant…” (Leader, 23 March 1872, p.3) and had been improved by Budd to include a “…three- roomed dwelling house, milking sheds, yard, garden & c; the whole securely fenced with posts and rails…” (Leader, 23 March 1872, p.3) Thomas Smythe purchased Duck Farm in 1872 and the property was part of the 584 acres of Wallan Wallan land identified in the inventory of Smythe’s estate after death on the 29th of August 1875. (PROV VPRS28/P2/42 13/780)

The Smyth family retained Duck Farm ‘in trust’ following Thomas Smythe’s death until it was sold to John Francis Laffan on the 31st of May 1921. (Book 495 Number 534)

Green Hills Estate

Portions 21 and 22 parish of Wallan Wallan formed part of the Green Hills Estate of Thomas and Margaret Smythe (which had also included Portion 31) which was held by that family for about 60 years as “…one of the most valuable between Kilmore and the metropolis…” before being sold during or before 1926 to Edward James Dumaresq. (Kilmore Free Press, 14 October 1926, p.2) The Estate comprised at least Portions 18, 19, 22, 27 and part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan but may have included other properties at various times as other lands were purchased and sold. Francis James Dumaresq who inherited the Green Hills Estate sold part of Portion 21 and Portion 22 in 1981 to the Laffan Brothers operated by James Leo and his brother Bernard Vincent Laffan. (Book 629 Number 987) The Laffan Brothers also operated a petrol service station at Wallan in 1937. (Payne, 1981, p. unknown)

Smyth’s Green Hills Estate had been farmed by Thomas’ widow Margaret Smyth as a dairy and agricultural concern since her husband’s death following an accident falling off his horse in 1875. (The Age, 30 August 1875, p.3) From the time of her husband’s death Margaret may have let out her 422 acre holding as tenders for the lease were advertised at a clearing sale of her husband’s stock and implements on the 27th of November 1875 and the Green Hill Estate was occupied in 1908 by Harvey Patterson under lease. (The Argus, 18 March 1908, p.8; Leader, 27 November 1875, p.3) Patterson, as the lease, may have been responsible for the wattle plantation on Portion 21 in 1913. (Figure 26)

158 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 26 Detail of a map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913. The approximate boundaries of the activity area held by the Laffan family after 1921 are highlighted with red lines. Stockyards between Portions 28 and 79 are highlighted with a blue arrow. A brick hut on Portion 80, also visible on an 1857 plan (Figure 11), is highlighted with a pink circle, a dam on Portion 20 with a pink arrow, the site of the de-licensed Inverlochy Castle Hotel described as ‘Laffan’ is highlighted with a red arrow, a hut on Lot 3 of Portion 78 with a blue circle, a hut, that may be the same as or the basis of a 4 roomed weatherboard house on the site in 1901, on Portion 77 with a black arrow and what may be the site of a hut on Portion 28 with a black circle. (Wallan and Donnybrook districts, M/DEF127, Bylands-Kalkallo-Linton-Merriang- Toorourrong-Wallan Wallan-Yan Yean, 1909, Victoria Division of Survey and Mapping, MAPMF M/DEF127, State Library Victoria) Green Hills Estate

The stock offered at the Green Hills clearing sale after Thomas Smythe’s death, comprised approximately 160 head of cattle, a number of draught horses, a light harness horse, a first class Lennon plough, quantity of dairy utensils, drays, harness, ploughs, harrows, saddles & c. (Leader, 27 November 1875, p.3)

Early in the twentieth century Margaret Smyth moved to Moonee Ponds and the freehold for Green Hills was taken over by her family following her death in 1918. (Kilmore Advertiser, 13 July 1918, p.2) Green Hills appears to have continued to operate under lease after Margaret’s death as the let was sold in 1926 to Mr W E Morgan at the same time the freehold of Greenhill was sold to Edward G Dumaresq. (Kilmore Free Press, 21 October 1926, p.2) As well as a grazier, Edward Dumaresq was the Wallan agent for Macarthur and Macleod (of neighbouring Macsfield), valuators, auctioneers and money lenders, he resided at Kilmore and died on the 13th of November 1949. (PROV Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 159 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment VPRS28/P3/5073 424/704) E G Dumaresq’s grazier concerns appear to have been taken over by Edward Alfred Dumaresq after his father’s death and the property passed to Francis James Dumaresq by the time Portions 21 and 22 were sold to the Laffan brothers in 1981.

A little more than a year before the death of Edward Dumaresq the partnership of E G Dumaresq and Sons sold 1 house and 2 outbuildings “...situate on the Hume Highway, convenient to Wallan…” for removal. These buildings may have been part of the Green Hill Estate and possibly located on the activity area. (Kilmore Free Press, 27 May 1948, p.4) The buildings and their material were described as being in good order and listed as;

“…Lot 1 – A Softwood W.B. House of 7 rooms, partly lined and sealed with T. & G. Boards, with Gal. Iron roof, comprising 14 squares, also verandas. Lot 2 – Softwood W.B. and Gal. Iron Shed with Gal. Iron Roof 42 ft. x 24 ft. 6in. Lot 3. – Blue Stone Building, 27 ft. x 15 ft., with Slate roof mounted on heavy Oregan timber…” (Kilmore Free Press, 27 May 1948, p.4)

The balance of Portion 21 comprising 70 acres 2 roods and 18 perches including land used as a wattle plantation in 1913 represented the last piece of land between the Northern Highway and the parallel line of Rowes Lane not owned by the Laffan Brothers until they secured it from Dumaresq in 1981.

Portion 22 parish of Wallan was first alienated from the Crown by Grant to William Thomas Mollison on the 21st of September 1854. (Crown Grant 31337) The land being a little over 78 acres took in the southern slope of Green Hill. The adjacent Portion 17 encompassing the bulk of Green Hill was reserved for public recreation following requests from the Wallan community to the Minister for Lands in 1870. (Kilmore Free Press, 26 November 1914, p.1)

160 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 27 Detail of a plan showing the site of an artesian bore or tank and pipes to an access point stretching across Portion 22 and Portion 21 parish of Wallan, c.1932. The approximate location of the artesian bore or tank is coloured with blue pencil, the approximate location of access to the water for use is marked with an A adjacent to Portion 21 and the approximate path of pipework extending from the artesian bore or tank to Portion 21 and passing under the Northern Highway or Main Sydney Road, is coloured with red pencil. (Book 539 Number 499)

By the time Portion 22 was part of the holdings of Thomas Smyth, or during his tenure, it had become a significant source of water for the Smyth Green Hills property. An artesian bore and tank had been erected on the property and pipes laid from this across the land and under the Sydney Road to reach an access point on Portion 21. (Figures 27 and 29) So important was this water access to the activities of the Smyths that when they sold Portions 21 and 22 to Edward George Dumaresq access to the tank and pipes for maintenance, repair or replacement, the continual flow of the water to Portion 21 and the continued access by the Smyths to that water was explicitly specified in the contract of sale. (Book 539 Number 499)

The reservation of water rights from Portions 21 and 22 parish of Wallan had been removed by the time the properties were transferred from Bernard Vincent Laffan to James Leo Laffan. This may have been consequent to the purchase of part of Portion 22 by the Country Roads Board as part of their acquisition of lands for the construction of the Hume Freeway in 1975. (Book 764 Number 333) The location of the land acquired by the CRB from Portion 22 appears to be close to the earlier reserved water infrastructure and may have disrupted or necessitated the destruction of the water facility. (Figure 28)

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Figure 28 Detail of a plan illustrating land acquired by the CRB out of Portion 22 parish of Wallan Wallan for the construction of the Hume Freeway, 1975. (Book 539 Number 499)

162 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 29 Detail of an aerial photograph of part of the activity area, 1957. The approximate path of the Northern Highway or Main Sydney Road is highlighted with a solid red line and dotted red lines indicate the approximate locations of subdivisions within the activity area. A solid blue line indicates the approximate and general path of the intermittent creek that passed through Portions 21, 24 and 29 and light blue arrows indicate where the creek has, by 1957, been redirected into a symmetrical channel. A blue arrow indicates the location of the Inverlochy Castle Hill complex and a blue dotted line indicates the part of Portion 21 purchased by Laffan in 1880, the faint boundary lines of which are still visible in the photograph. A yellow dotted line indicates the approximate and general path of the dray track east of what was the Main Sydney Road, and a green outlined and shaded area indicates the approximate and general location of a swamp in 1857 (Figure 11). A white arrow indicates the location of what appear to be introduced mature plantings on Portion 25 and a black arrow indicates the approximate and general location of the water access point on Portion 21 used by the Smyth family during their tenure and after they sold the land. A white circle highlights the location of a dam still present on the activity area in 2019. (Landata, 1957)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 163 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portions 77 and 79

Figure 30 Detail of a map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862). The approximate boundary of the activity area is highlighted with a red line and the approximate extent of Portion 77 is highlighted and shaded with pink solid and dotted lines. The approximate extent of Portion 79 is likewise highlighted and shaded with blue solid and dotted lines. (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW)

As well as partnering with John Gorman and William Johnston to acquire Portion 78 of Wallan Wallan parish, Patrick Laffey partnered with John Gorman to purchase Portion 77 parish of Wallan Wallan. (AP12666B) (Figure 30) Laffey and Gorman divided the land between them, Laffey taking two portions being 79 acres 12 perches and the other 79 acres 10 perches and Laffey transferred his portions to William Johnston and John Gorman in 1865. (AP12666B) (Figures 31, 35 and 38) Gorman retained his portion until 1876 when he transferred the land to George Wallder. (Book 261 Number 936)

George Wallder was a butcher and also elected a Shire Councillor for the Wallan Riding in 1878. (Kilmore Free Press, 15 August 1878, p.3) In 1881 Wallder held a clearing out sale at Wallan of “.,.the whole of his landed property, butchering business, stock, working plant, furniture and effects.” (The Argus, 19 November 1881, p.3) and he moved to Seymour where he also served as a councillor. George Wallder died on the 2nd of April 1911 (Kilmore Free Press, 6 April 1911, p.3; The Argus, 3 April 1911, p.1)

164 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Fairview

The part of Portion 77 purchased by William Johnston from Patrick Laffey in 1865 was held by Johnston until his death in 1901. Described at his death as a man ‘of many splendid qualities, being most honourable and straightforward in all his dealings’, Johnston had spent his last 62 years in Australia having arrived at port Phillip in 1839. (Kilmore Free Press, 28 March 1901, p.2) By the time of his death Johnston’s part of Portion 77 was fully enclosed by post and wire and post and rail fencing of differing types and included a four roomed weatherboard dwelling house and outbuildings. (PROV VPRS28/P2/578 78/898) (Figures 26 and 33) John Connor purchased Johnston’s part of Portion 77 around 1914 and was living on the property on which the improvements were described as;

“…weatherboard house and detached kitchen bedroom wash house bathroom and pantry including 800 and 600 gallon iron tank and 4000 underground tank. Slab out buildings – chaff house & buggy shed, stable and cart shed, blacksmith shop, pigsty and weather dairy…all roofs are galvanised corrugated iron…” (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12)

The property had no wells but 3 small dams, one supplied by the small stream passing through the property and soil was described as 42 acres of rich soil and 37 acres of poor soil. (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12)

In 1917 the Closer Settlement board acquired Johnston’s part of Portion 77 and the land as part of the Soldier Settlement Scheme for WW1 returned soldiers was taken up by Charles Swann with his wife and 2 young daughters. At this time the property was known as ‘Fairview’. With 5 years dairying experience, Swann had established a small herd of 14 animals for this purpose by July of 1917 and was offered a conditional lease in 1918 at which time the property was surveyed and redefined as Allotment 77A, the improvements on the land were identified at the time as sheds, a weatherboard house and an orchard. (Figure 33)

Swann was determined by the Soldier Settlement Board to have abandoned his settlement block by 1922 and the property was offered again to returned soldiers and was applied for by Albert Ernest Geary on the 21st of July 1922. (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12) Geary was acting as a wood carter at the time of his application and had been engaged in mixed farming at Wallan since around 1918 and since around 1914 had resided and farmed in Tasmania where he had ‘lifelong’ experience on the land. (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12) He came to Allotment 77A with a wife and 2 year old child and anticipated using the property for dairying and cultivation. Geary’s conditional purchase lease was approved in 1922 but was declared void by June of 1925 for non-payment of instalments. (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12)

The Victorian Government Soldier Settlement Scheme operated from 1917 - 1935 as part of a larger National initiative to repatriate returning soldiers from World War I. The Victorian Scheme "...involved subdividing large rural estates into smaller farming blocks and leasing them back to discharged service-people." Contemporary reports suggest that up to 11,000 farms were created by the Soldier Settlement Scheme. (PROV, Battle to Farm website, The Victorian Soldier Settlement 1917-1935) Walking away or abandoning Soldier Settlement allotments was not unusual as although there were returned service people who were able to make a livelihood out of their property many were saddled with inadequate or inappropriate land, in some cases had inadequate skills, experience and/or physical abilities and were offered insufficient support to make their project a viable venture. So scathing was criticism of the WW1 Soldier Settlement Scheme that a Royal Commission into the program was established in Victoria within 7 years of the scheme having started.(Keneley, 2000, 'Soldier Settlement in the Western District')

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 165 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment established by the time their eldest son Bernard Frederick Stiles died at Fairview on the 6th of April 1944. (Kilmore Free Press, 20 April 1944, p.2; The Age, 11 April 1944, p.5) Bernard Stiles was a person of significance to his Wallan Community suffering from a debilitating illness since around 1929 that prevented physical work but he none the less volunteered as secretary for the Wallan Cricket Club, Wallan District Cricket Association and Bush Fire Brigade of which he was an executive member since it began. Following his death it was intended that a memorial prize in his honour, being the Bernard Stiles Memorial Prize’ would be awarded at the local school to perpetuate his memory. First, second and third prizes were given to entrants for the award in 1945 and it is unclear whether the prize continued beyond this time. (Kilmore Free Press, 20 April 1944, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 11 January 1945, p.2)

The ‘Stiles Brothers’ poultry farm at Wallan continued after Bernard’s death and the business was involved in attempts by producers to avoid the Victorian Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board becoming a monopoly as the only buyer of eggs in the Victorian market. (The Age, 25 May 1946, p.4) The Stiles brothers poultry farm was still operating in 1952 and what appears to be a commercial scale poultry operation is located on the property in a 1977 aerial photograph that also appears to show evidence of the earlier orchard and a potentially surviving nineteenth century weatherboard house. (The Age, 7 June 1952, p.18) (Figure 34)

166 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 31 Detail of a plan of Portion 77 parish of Wallan Wallan, showing the subdivision of the land into three lots, c. 1879. (AP12666B)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 167 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 33 Detail of a survey plan of Allotment 77A being part of the activity area, 1918. (Landata, 1918, Putaway Plan W23) The approximate path of a creek that runs through the property is highlighted with a blue dotted line and a dam which it feeds with a blue arrow. A red arrow highlights the approximate location of sheds, a black arrow the approximate location of a weatherboard house and a pink arrow the approximate location of the orchard. The fencing on the property described as being ‘post and 4 wires’ is highlighted with light blue lines, that described as being ‘post and wire and top rail’ is highlighted with a yellow line, that described as post and wire 2 bars’ with an orange line, that described as ‘post and 6 wires’ with a bright green line and that described as ‘post and wire’ with purple lines. (PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12)

168 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 34 Detail of an aerial photograph of Portion 77 of the activity area, 1977. The approximate and general boundary of Portion 77 is outlined with red lines, the approximate location of small dam identified in a 1913 survey (Figure 26) is highlighted with a blue arrow, the approximate and general location of what may be a surviving weatherboard house, the site of an old orchard and what appears to be a commercial scale poultry farm are highlighted with an orange and red arrow and yellow dotted circle respectively.

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 169 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 35 Detail of an aerial photograph of part of the activity area, 1977. The approximate and general location of the Broadmeadows Road now known as the Old Sydney Road and the approximate location of the boundaries of Portion 77 and 78 are highlighted with red lines and the internal subdivisional boundaries are highlighted with red dotted lines. A yellow arrow indicates the approximate and general location of stockyards marked on a 1913 map (Figure 26), a green arrow indicates the approximate location of a dam marked on a 1913 map, light blue and dark blue arrows indicate the approximate and general location of house sites marked on a 1913 map (Figure 26) (Landata, 1977)

170 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Macsfield Estate

Figure 36 Detail of a map of Wallan Wallan, 1857 (published 1862). The approximate boundary of the activity area is highlighted with a red line and the approximate extent of William MacLeod’s Macsfield holding is highlighted and shaded with black dotted lines. (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW)

William MacLeod came to Australia from Sutherlandshire in Scotland via New Zealand and reportedly found enough gold in this process to enable him to purchase land at Wallan. (Payne, 1981, p.23) Initially MacLeod purchased Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan in February of 1854 then acquired Crown Portions 25 and 33 both on the 21st of September 1854.

Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan

Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan was granted to William MacLeod in 1858. MacLeod sold the southern portion of those 117 ½ acres to John and Mary Ann Sutherland and hawthorn trees were said to still mark the house site on Portion 80 in 1981. (Payne, 1981, p.116). (Figures 35 and 37) Access to the Sutherland’s land was by Taylors Lane purchased from Jeremiah Taylor out of Portion 79 by the Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan District Board in 1866. (AP82905; Book 159 Number 181)

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Figure 37 Detail of a 1970s aerial photograph of the activity area, 1977. The Broadmeadows Road now known as the Old Sydney Road and the east west boundaries of Portion 80 and Portion 79 are highlighted with solid red lines. Two yellow arrows indicate the site of what appear to be deliberately planted introduced specimens at what may be the site of a hut visible on both an 1857 and 1913 plan (Figures 11 and 26) or a later construction. Two red arrows indicate what appear to be the remnants of a hawthorn hedge believed to be associated with the Sutherland family and a blue arrow indicates the area where Rowes Lane is no longer in use. (Landata, 1977)

Portion 33 and 35 parish of Wallan Wallan

Portions 33 and 25 of MacLeod’s activity area land were purchased by him through Crown Grants on the 21st of September 1854 at the same time that Portion 35 was granted by purchase to Patrick McClusky, Portion 30 having been taken possession of by Thomas DeCourcy Meade also be Crown Grant on the 15th of September 1854. (AP41452)

McClusky retained his Portion 33 property until 1872 and by 1881 he had moved to Euroa. Sometime after 1872, William Macleod purchased Portion 35 extending his property to be fully opposite the whole of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel on the Main Sydney Road. In 1860 a little over 10 acres of land opposite the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, which may have been part of Portion 33 or Portion 30, was described as having had;

“…erected on this land an excellent store, with house attached. Also a good and substantial butcher’s shop detached, with strong storeroom and cellar, a capital bricked well, an excellent bakehouse with furniture and boiler, a substantial three stall stable, with loft over capable of holding

172 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment five tons hay; chaff house, fowl house, piggeries, sheep yard, well paved milking yard, a large substantial stock and slaughter yard and all other necessaries capable of carrying on an extensive butcher, baker and general store business…” (The Age, 10 May 1858, p.7) The butchers were operated in 1858 by a tenant whose lease had two years remaining against the property. (The Age, 10 May 1858, p.7) There are no buildings with road frontage directly opposite the Inverlochy Castle Hotel complex site in 2019 but their earlier presence may be the cause of disturbed ground visible opposite the Inverlochy Castle Hotel in a 1956 aerial photograph. (Figure 22)

Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan

On the 20th of November 1855 William MacLeod sold a part of his recently acquired Portion 25 to Joseph Smith, another portion to Henry Perkins in July of 1858. and a further portion to Joseph Smith in 1866. (AP41452) Smith consolidated his two parts of Portion 25 in 1873 and leased the whole to Edward Nash for 7 years selling both parcels as well as Crown Portion 26 back to William MacLeod for L600 in 1884. (AP41452) Oxley retained his part of Portion 25 for 17 years before selling it back to William MacLeod for £260 in 1877. All three men; Oxley, Nash and Smith, appear to have used their land for grazing until it was resumed back into MacLeod’s holding. (AP41452)

Portion 30 parish of Wallan Wallan

Thomas De Courcy Meade was a solicitor of Kilmore whose chief interests were local government and land speculation. (Payne, 1981, p.23) Meade sold half of his Portion 30 in June of 1856 to Henry Perkins and in May of 1858 sold the other half to the partnership of Thomas Holdsworth and William Ball. (Book 39 Number 255; Book 63 Number 292) By June of 1859 Perkins and Ball had conveyed their interest in halves to Thomas Holdsworth so that he held title to the whole against which he took at a mortgage and issued a lease to George Manning. Manning occupied Portion 30 for five years until it was sold to William McLeod in 1864. (Book 77 Number 833; Book 81 Number 99; Book 90 Number 937; Book 109 Number 367; Book 90 Number 938; Book 137 Number 847)

Portion 30 on account of its permanent spring was a potentially valuable addition to MacLeod’s property. (Figure 11) By 1880 MacLeod’s farm had expanded and was described as 600 acres of which about two thirds were flat land and , ‘.well improved by buildings and subdivision…”. (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) The fencing was described as; “…mostly of post-and-rail and deadwood, with here and there a stiff stone wall…the stone being, of course, found on the premises…”. (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) MacLeod’s farm was reportedly ‘admirably adapted for sheep-breeding’ although Macleod had 100 head of cattle, 40 of which he was milking, and had “…been carrying on grazing and dairying for a number of years…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) and selling his butter to a Melbourne dealer since 1870. The homestead on Macleod’s farm at this time was built of stone, as was the dairy which had a “…floor of cement and plastered walls (and was)…large, airy, and fitted with every appliance necessary for the making of butter cleanly and expeditiously…” (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11) The improvements described on Macleod’s farm may have been soon modified as he declared his intention at the time of moving exclusively into wool growing. (Weekly Times, 3 January 1880, p.11)

MacLeod’s farm was known as Macsfield and although the main house was still standing and recommended for inclusion on the Mitchell Shire heritage overlay as a property of local significance in both 2006 and 2013 the Macsfield House in Macsfield Lane Wallan has not been listed on any heritage register. Further, it is unclear whether the Macsfield building still survives. (Mitchell Shire, 2014, 4.6.2; Mitchell Planning Scheme Schedule to Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay)

MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886 and his wife Ann (nee Hall) managed Macsfield with her surviving children. (Payne, 1981, p.23) At the time of William MacLeod’s death Macsfield was comprised of; Portions 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 52 and 53 parish of Wallan Wallan of which property parts of Portions 25, 30, 33 and 35 form part of the activity area. (AP41452) (Figure 36). Although the exact location of the improvements to Macsfield at the time of William’s death is unknown, the built

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 173 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment features on the property included; “ (being) enclosed partly with stone wall (1 mile), Post and 2 rail fence (4 miles) hedges (1/2 mile). The land is divided into paddocks…on the land is erected a stone house containing 6 rooms iron roof woolshed barn cowshed and stabling…” (PROV VPRS28/P2/196 31/594)

The Springs Estate

Figure 38 Detail of a plan of part of Murray’s ‘The Springs’ Estate, c.1915. Allotments are coloured according to purchasers of the Estate at auction in 1915. The land purchased by John Francis Laffan is coloured pink and east of the Sydney Road which is highlighted with a blue line. Yellow lines shade part of Lot 1 of the subdivision, east of the Sydney Road indicating the approximate parcel of Portion 26 that forms part of the activity area. (Volume 3887 Folio 352)

Allotment 26 parish of Merriang

At the time grazier John Francis Laffan died in May of 1932, as well as lands in the parish of Wallan Wallan, he owned Lot 2 of subdivision 6746 of Crown Portion 26 parish of Merriang near Beveridge. On the property was erected a 16 roomed weatherboard house which appears to have been the main homestead of his Inverlochy property. (PROV VPRS28/P3/2370 251/717) The property Inverlochy of which a large part was comprised of the activity area was carrying at J F Laffan’s death; 1500 sheep a bit under 40 cattle of various ages, 5 light horses and 5 draft horses. (PROV VPRS28/P3/2370 251/717) Portion 26 was first alienated from the crown by William Murray who also purchased by Crown Grant Portions 13, 23, 24 and 25 parish of Merriang. Ten years after acquiring Portion 26 Murray leased the land to James Malcom for 7 years between 1850 and 1858. (Book O Number 527). At the expiration of Malcolm’s lease Roberts and Clewitt took on a 15yr lease that expired around the same time as William Murray’s death on the 20th of January 1871. It is likely that Roberts and Clewitt, or Roberts alone, continued their lease agreement with the trustees of Murray’s Estate as Payne reports that; “…Murray’s land in the parish of Wallan Wallan was managed for so many years by Robinson (sic) that the land was known by that name...” (Book 65 Number 248; Payne, 1981, p.29)

174 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment “The Springs Estate was one of the first settled properties in Victoria and for a time until 1914 it was…reportedly…occupied by Holmes and Boadle by lease on which they ran 7000 sheep and 400 bullocks. (Leader, 27 June 1914, p.3; The Age, 18 October 1915, p.13) Following Murray’s death the trustees managed the estate until 1915 when it was offered for sale as a 6474 ‘The Springs’ Estate, in 21 lots on the 16th of October 1915. (The Essendon Gazette and Keilor, Bulla and Broadmeadows Reporter, 23 September 1915, p.2) (Figure 38) Although the property was reported as being subdivided for closer settlement there does not appear to be any record of ‘The Springs’ as part of a Government closer settlement scheme. (Leader, 1 August 1914, p.10)

The Victorian Closer Settlement Act was introduced in 1904 in order to encourage “…more agriculturalists – people who will become producers and add to the national wealth, not those who will idle in the towns and make matters worse.” (Bent, n.d. in PROV, 2006, p.14) and it is likely that the subdivisions of large estates that had “…led to the occupation of what were at one time huge stations by a number of small settlers…” were viewed as ‘closer settlements’ whether they were part of any official scheme or not. (The Age, 18 February 1914, p.9) The idea of a nearby closer settlement may have raised hopes for new residents among the Wallan Wallan community to whom it was reported that; “…unfortunately the sale of the spring will not add materially to settlement as most of the land has been secured by adjoining land holders...” (Leader, 30 October 1915, p.6)

At The Springs clearing sale, 7 of the 21 lots on offer were sold. One sale was of Lot 2 to John Francis Laffan (part of Portion 26) and another (Lot 1) comprising parts of Portions 26 and 23 to Samuel John Baird. (Volume 3887 Folio 352; The Argus, 19 October 1915, p.10) Part of Baird’s ‘The Springs’ purchase forms the southernmost part of the activity area. At the time of the 1915 subdivision a stone wall was identified on the northern boundary of the activity area parcel and the land was described as; “…good agricultural and sweet grazing land. The bulk of…(which)…has been in grass for many years and is now in great heart.” (Stock and Land, 13 October 1915, p.3) (LP67464, Sheet 3) Following Baird’s death in 1916 his property was sold to members of the Coutts family who owned the adjoining balance of Portion 27 and part of Portion 22 (Volume 6583 Folio 480) and was eventually absorbed into the holding of James Leo Laffan with the rest of the Coutts’s land on the 20th of January 1965. (Volume 8547 Folio 502) The small part of Portion 26 that forms part of the activity area was created when the Country Roads Board annexed part of Laffan’s holding to create the Wallan interchange on the Hume Freeway in 1973. (Volume 8991 Folio 547) (Figure 39) Following Laffan’s death this portion, as part of two parcels of Lot 2 of Laffan’s Merriang parish holding was transferred to William Joseph Laffan on the 15th of December 1997. (Volume 9638 Folio 744)

In 1916 a fire started from unknown causes on Laffan's Inverlochy Estate and spread across The Springs Estate towards Beveridge. (Kilmore Advertiser, 8 April 1916, p.2)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 175 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 39 Detail of a plan of Lot 2 of subdivision 66068 being parts of Portion 26, 27 and 22 parish of Merriang, 1973. Land annexed by the Country Roads Board in order to build the Wallan interchange of the Hume Freeway is coloured pink. A red arrow highlights the part of the activity area located within the parish of Merriang. (Volume 8547 Folio 502)

176 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment TRANSPORT ROUTES

The Sydney Roads

The road known in the twenty first century as the Old Sydney Road forms the western boundary of the activity area and was one of two optional routes offered to Foote when he was employed to survey the line of a road between Kalakallo and Seymour which was to become the Sydney Road. The route Foote chose more or less corresponded with the path followed by Hume and Hovell in their initial overland exploration from Sydney to Port Phillip and eventually became the Northern Highway. (Payne, 1981, p.13) The route Foote did not choose for the Sydney Road was known as the Broadmeadows Road in 1857, it is visible as a marked route from Port Phillip to Sydney on an 1840 survey of the area and was considered the western boundary of Wallan beyond which was Darraweit Guim (Payne, 1981, p.26) (Figure 7)

The Sydney Road which passed through Wallan as High Street was of local significance as a source of passing trade and a means of transporting communications, people and produce to the metropolitan and surrounding rural areas. Initially the road was the responsibility of the various Road Boards established along the route but suffered under the limited maintenance their limited Municipal budgets were able to afford and in 1914 funds were made available to local councils to directly tend the road. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘A Highway with a History’) Eventually in the interests of efficiency and consistency, care of the Sydney Road was made the responsibility of the Country Roads Board (CRB) in 1925.(Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘A Highway with a History’)

Reconstruction of the Sydney Road began once it came under the control of the CRB at which time it was renamed the North-Eastern Highway before reverting to the Hume Highway in 1928. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘A Highway with a History’) The CRB had “…barely completed a single comparatively narrow two lane strip before the outbreak of WWII…” (Payne, 1981, p.13) brought a halt to the road improvements. When roadworks on the Hume ramped up again after the war new technologies including heavy vehicles and specialised road making vehicles enabled swifter construction to such a degree that dual carriageways, sometimes to freeway standard, had been constructed for the length of the Victorian section of the Hume between the close of WWII and the 1970s. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book)

The growth in private car use following WWII meant that the Sydney Road “…had become (a) major carrier once more, almost eliminating the passenger train and confining the railways largely to the transport of bulk commodities.” (Payne, 1981, p.13) In order to relieve the congestion and improve safety and efficiency a 34 kilometres, four lane freeway diversion, from south of Wallan to north of Broadford was constructed and opened as part of the Hume Freeway on the 3rd of May 1976. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘Wallan-Broadford’)

The duplication of the Main Sydney Road/Northern Highway/Hume Highway around Wallan and Broadford was at the time the single biggest construction project carried out by the CRB and the longest single stage of freeway opened. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘Wallan- Broadford’) 40 000 trees were planted during construction of the Wallan to Broadford section of the Hume Highway, in an effort to ameliorate the effects of the project on the local landscape and habitat and a further 13 000 trees were planted between Wallan and Broadford in May of 1993 as an extension of that planting project. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book, ‘we remember the Hume 1971-1994’; Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976, Book ‘Wallan-Broadford project 1971- 1976’)

The Northern Highway through Wallan remains an“…important arterial road link between Melbourne and Kilmore-Wallan as well as beyond to the northern areas of Victoria…” (Kilmore-Wallan Bypass Environment Effects Statement, 2014, p.1) The Highway was made less congested by the opening of the Hume Freeway in 1976 but in 2014 was the subject of studies investigating bypass options

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 177 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment for the towns of Wallan and Kilmore which were experiencing significant congestion as a result of the growing traffic created by a growing population. (Kilmore-Wallan Bypass Environment Effects Statement, 2014, p.1)

Hume Highway

The introduction of the Hume Highway bypass around Wallan (Figure 40) directly affected the activity area both in terms of changing the flow of passing traffic creating a potentially safer environment for residents where “…the ever increasing speed and volume of traffic through its centre virtually divided the township for all but the fleet of foot…” (Payne, 1981, p.99) and for MacLeod and Laffan by necessitating the resumption of parts of their property.

178 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 40 Detail of a promotional brochure for the Wallan-Broadford section of the Hume Freeway, c.1976 The approximate and general extent of the activity area is outlined with blue lines. (Victoria Country Roads Board, 1976

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 179 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment RECOGNISED HERITAGE LISTED PLACES

Victorian Heritage Database

Inverlochy Castle Hotel Site Heritage Inventory Site H7823-0045

Description

“Ruins of Inverlochy Castle Hotel and iron sheds and timber stock-run.

Heritage Inventory Significance: Moderate-high scientific, local cultural. The site represents a significant phase in the development of Central Victoria, and of Melbourne, as it was a stopping point on the Sydney-Melbourne route and on the gold-fields route. Also may have sub-surface deposits.

Heritage Inventory Key Components: Bluestone walls; redbrick scatter (Hoffman and wire cut); 10m mound, contains bluestones; trough, corrugate iron shearing shed (in poor condition); domestic scatter; water tank; and bluestone and red brick lined well full of old and new debris.” (Victorian Heritage Database, n.d. ‘Inverlochy Castle Hotel’)

Aboriginal Heritage Sites

Restricted Access to Site information For further information about sites within the activity area listed on the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register visit

180 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment TABLE OF FREEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

Portion 20 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown John Nunan 80 acres L320, being land sold as Lot 70 from AP82770 proclamation on 24 September 1853 Crown Grant 28130 Book 229 Number 206 John Noonan (Nunan) died 23 March 1872; probate granted to his wife Catherine 10 April 1873 Catherine Nunan John Laffan Conveyance of “one farm 80 acres in the parish Book 229 Number 206 of Pyalong licensed victualler of of Wallan Wallan known as Mrs. Noonan's widow as Wallan Wallan Farm” L375 administrator of her deceased husband’s estate mer17 May 1873 Catherine Nunan John Laffan Contract for sale Book 230 Number 599 licensed victualler of Wallan Wallan John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 28 February Crown William McLeod of 80 acres 2 roods and 18 perches sold as Lot 71 Crown Grant 29273 1854 Kilmore proclamation 24 December 1853 AP82771G AP82770J AP117312

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 181 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

23 October 1865 William McLeod William Munro Part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan being Book 154 Number 836 approximately 10 acres for L105 AP82771G 15 April 1880 William Munro John Laffan Part of Portion 21 L60 10acres Book 286 Number 997 AP117312 John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J) 6 July 1981 Bernard Vincent Laffan James Leo Laffan Part of portion 21 being 70 acres 2 roods and Book 809 Number 343 28 perches and part of portion 22 being 78 AP 82780 and AP 82771 acres 39 perches except land conveyed to CRB Book 764 No. 333 James Leo Laffan died on the 30th of November 1984 26 April 1987 Ellen Teresa Laffan John Francis Part of portion 21 being 70 acres 2 roods and Book 854 Number 924 (widow and executrix of Laffan of ‘Green 28 perches and part of portion 22 being 78 AP 82780 and AP 82771 estate of James Leo Hill’ Hume acres 39 perches except land conveyed to CRB Laffan) Highway Wallan Book 764 No. 333

Part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan

29 July 1867 William McLeod Mary Gorman L200 Part of Portion 21 Book 172 Number 67 17 August 1877 Mary Gorman of Thomas O’Dwyer, L538 8 shillings Book 270 Number 580 Kilmore John McCormack O’Dwyer, McCormack and Cummins declared and John themselves a trust Book 270 Number 582 on 6 Cummins November 1877 25 November 1897 Thomas O’Dwyer Margaret Smyth Conveyance went via children of Thomas O’Dwyer Book 398 Number 463 licensed widow who Margaret paid L1906 from the estate of victualler and Thomas Smyth who died 29 August 1875 – John John Cummins McCormick had died prior to this sale farmer of Wallan Wallan

182 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Margaret Smyth took out a mortgage against land being Portions 18, 19, 22, 27 and part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan with Maria Flanagan. Margaret Smyth died 4 July 1918 probate was granted to Thomas Sylvester Smyth and Phillip Edmund Smyth who discharged the mortgage to the beneficiary of the estate of Maria Flanagan since deceased on the 28th of April 1924 (Book 509 Number 904) 23 May 1924 Thomas Phillip Edmund According to terms of will of Margaret Smyth Book 510 Number 323 Sylvester Smyth Smyth Portions 18, 19, 27, 22 and part of Portion 21 parish and Phillip of Wallan Wallan Edmund Smyth

31 May 1932 Phillip Edmund Edward George Part of portion 21 being 70 acres 2 roods 18 Book 539 Number 499 Smyth formerly Dumaresq grazer perches as well as 115 acres 2 roods 8 perches of Gladstone of Kilmore being Portion 18, 115 acres 2 roods 8 perches Street Moonee being Portion 19, 112 acres 1 rood 28 perches Ponds but now of being Portion 27 and 28 acres 39 perches being 13 Hopetoun Portion 22 L7388 26shillings and 6 perches, Parade Box Hill “…includes the purchase money of all those Schoolmaster pieces of land more particularly described in Volume 2726 Folio 115 Volume 2726 Folio 116” Except and reserving access to bore, tank, pipes and water therein on Portions 22 and 21. 15 February 1950 Edward George Francis James Conveyance of both Crown Portion 22 and part of Book 612 Number 513 Dumaresq and Dumaresq Crown Allotment 21 (being 70 acres 2 roods and Edward Alfred 18 perches) except right to access water as Dumaresq (Exec outlined in contract Book 539 Number 499 of Edward George) 10 December 1956 Francis James James Leo Laffan Conveyance of both Crown Portion 22 and part of Book 639 No. 987 Dumaresq grazer of Crown Allotment 21 (being 70 acres 2 roods and AP82780 Campbellfield and 18 perches) Bernard Vincent L9400

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 183 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Laffan grazer of “the parties of the second part take as tenants in Wallan common in equal shares but subject to the rights reserved in book 539 number 499 covenant to produce prior deeds” 6 July 1981 Bernard Vincent James Leo Laffan Part of Portion 21 being 70 acres 2 roods and 28 Book 809 Number 343 Laffan perches and part of Portion 22 being 78 acres 39 AP82780 AP82771 perches except land conveyed to CRB Book 764 Number 333, the water reservation is not included on this conveyance James Leo Laffan died on the 30th of November 1984 26 April 1987 Ellen Teresa John Francis Part of portion 21 being 70 acres 2 roods and 28 Book 854 Number 924 Laffan (widow Laffan of ‘Green perches and part of portion 22 being 78 acres 39 AP 82780 and AP 82771 and executrix of Hill’ Hume perches except land conveyed to CRB Book 764 estate of James Highway Wallan No. 333 Leo Laffan)

Portion 22 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 September Crown William Thomas 78 acres 0 roods and 39 perches L782 8 Crown Grant 31337 1854 Mollison shillings 9pence sold at Kilmore as Lot 14 AP82780 proclaimed 6 April 1854 25 July 1857 William Thomas James Hart L508 12 shillings Book 51 Number 265 Mollison 30 July 1857 James Hart Thomas Scott Harris L300 Book 51 Number 667 9 April 1858 Thomas Scott Harris Thomas Ching Mortgage for L300 Book 61 Number 681 23 March 1859 Thomas Ching John Mackenzie Assignment of mortgage from Ching to Book 77 Number 177 Mackenzie 30 April 1863 John Mackenzie Alexander Cairns Release of mortgage Book 131 Number 674 18 July 1863 Alexander Cairns Henry Wilson Book 131 Number 676 9 August 1867 Henry Wilson Thomas Smith L325 Book 172 Number 358 Ownership path at this point has not been established

184 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

10 December Francis James James Leo Laffan Conveyance of both Crown Portion 22 and part Book 639 No. 987 1956 Dumaresq grazer of of Crown Allotment 21 (being 70 acres 2 roods AP82780 Campbellfield and and 18 perches) Bernard Vincent L9400 Laffan grazer of “the parties of the second part take as tenants Wallan in common in equal shares but subject to the rights reserved in book 539 number 499 covenant to produce prior deeds 29 June 1976 James Leo Laffan Country Roads Board Part of Crown Portion 22 parish of Wallan Book 764 Number 333 and Bernard Vincent Wallan AP82780 Laffan 6 July 1981 Bernard Vincent James Leo Laffan Conveyance of Portion 22 (except land Book 809 Number 343 Laffan grazer of grazer of 45 Studley conveyed to Country Roads Board in 1976) and AP82780 Wallan Road Ivanhoe part of Crown Allotment 21 James Leo Laffan died 30th of November 1984, the executor and sole beneficiary of the estate being Ellen Teresa Laffan, widow of James. (Book 837 Number 503) 12 June 1985 Ellen Teresa Laffan Transferred as beneficiary of the estate of Book 837 Number 503 James Leo Laffan AP82780

26 April 1987 Ellen Teresa Laffan John Francis Laffan Conveyance of Portion 22 (except land Book 854 Number 924 farmer of “Green Hill” conveyed to Country Roads Board in 1976) and AP82780 Hume Highway part of Crown Allotment 21 Wallan 1 December John Francis Laffan Francis De Neefe Conveyance of Portion 22 only (except land Book 868 Number 405 1988 of “Green Hill” Holdings Pty Ltd conveyed to Country Roads Board in 1976) AP82780 Hume Highway Wallan 19 November Francis De Neefe Dorothy Jean Pyke of Conveyance of Portion 22 only (except land Book 891 Number 426 1992 Holdings Pty Ltd of 11 Arrowsmith Street conveyed to Country Roads Board in 1976) AP82780 31 Brisbane Street Beveridge and Eltham Lindsay Joseph Dean of 1475 Malvern Road Tooronga

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 185 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 23 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 1 May 1854 Crown Rody Lawler of 80 acres L340 AP82772 Kilmore Crown Grant 29340

24 July 1854 Rody Lawler Philip Dwyer of Conveyance L340 AP82772 cattle dealer of Kilmore Emerald Hill 5 September 1862 Phillip Dwyer David Brown of Conveyance L210 Book 121 Number 71 Wallan farrier 20 July 1874 David Brown John Laffan Conveyance Book 241 Number 596 John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 24 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown John Nunan 83 acres 0 roods 12 perches L415 9 shillings and Crown Grant 28131 6 pence AP82770J 13 August 1857 John Nunan Thomas Nunan L5 Book 52 Number 109 6 May 1865 Thomas Nunan David Brown L250 Book 151 Number 111 9 October 1974 David Brown Joseph Lobb Conveyance L460 Book 244 Number 117 13 April 1876 Joseph Lobb John Laffan Book 257 Number 254 John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J)

186 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 September 1854 Crown William McLeod of 75 acres 3 roods 3 perches purchased as Kilmore No.26 Folio 118 Kilmore as Special Country Lot 15 proclaimed 6 April 1854 L189 8 shillings 6 pence 20 November 1855 William Macleod Joseph Smith Part of Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan L55 Book 32 Number 770 carrier of Wallan carrier of Wallan 10shilling (1) Wallan Wallan 2 July 1858 William McLeod Henry Perkins Conveyance of part of Portion 25 L230 Book 65 Number 421 farmer of Wallan farmer of Wallan approximately 40 acres Wallan Wallan 6 November 1866 William McLeod Joseph Smith Conveyance by Direction of John Sutherland paid Book 165 Number 440 farmer of Wallan farmer of Wallan L116 and Joseph Smith paid 5 shillings to William Wallan Wallan McLeod and Joseph Smith paid L104 to John Sutherland being 25 acres 1 rood 14 perch’s part of Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan (2)

Part of Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan (Smith - 2)

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 3 January 1884 Joseph Smith William Macleod L600 25 acres 14 perch’s part of Portion 25 Book 330 Number 542 farmer formerly farmer of Wallan together with part of Portion 25 and 112 acres 1 of Wallan now Wallan rood 28 perches Portion 26 of Benalla

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 187 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Part of Portion 25 parish of Wallan Wallan (Perkins)

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 1 March 1860 Henry Perkins Charles Oxley farmer Being approximately 40acres L355 Book 90 Number 786 butcher of of Kilmore Reedy Creek 18 June 1877 Charles Oxley William MacLeod L260 Book 267 Number 56 farmer of farmer of Wallan Wallan Wallan Wallan William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Portion 28 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown David Brown 80 acres sold as lot 74 proclaimed 24 September Crown Grant 28961 1853 29 April 1857 David Brown Thomas Wilson Conveyance Book 49 Number 123 15 July 1859 Thomas Wilson David Brown Conveyance L65 Book 81 Number 697 20 July 1874 David Brown John Laffan Conveyance Book 241 Number 596 John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

188 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 29 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown John Nangus 85 acres 2 roods 7 perches Crown Grant 27908 Hughes PROV VPRS28/P1/11 John Nangus John Nangus Being the “…northernmost part of allotment twenty- PROV VPRS28/P1/11 Hughes, whip Hughes nine in the parish of Wallan Wallan in the County of 5/453 maker Bourke and Colony of Victoria…” containing 43 acres and 35 perches 28 July 1856 John Nangus Robert Crump Southern part of portion 29 being 42 acres 1 rood Book 39 Number 576 Hughes, whip and 12 perches AP82770J maker

Northern part of Portion 29 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document John Nangus Hughes whip maker was believed to have died intestate in the month of November 1864 (found in August of 1865) probate awarded to his widow Helen Hughes, (PROV VPRS28/P1/11 5/453) 28 May 1867 Helen Hughes Charles Oxley Book 171 Number 702 (as executrix of AP82770J the estate of John Nangus Hughes) 18 June 1877 Charles Oxley John Laffan Book 267 Number 55 AP82770J John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 189 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Southern part of Portion 29 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document Robert Crump Joseph Smith Book 52 Number 919 5 May 1860 Joseph Smith John Greenlaw Indenture of Mortgage L150 approximately 42 acres 1 Book 93 Number 532 farmer of Kilmore Foxton and John rood 12 perches as well as Portion 26 Porter esquires of Melbourne 20 May 1865 John Greenlaw Joseph Smith Redemption of mortgage Book 149 Number 730 Foxton and John Porter esquires of Melbourne 22 October 1883 Joseph Smith John Laffan Book 312 Number 481 AP82770J John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 30 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 15 September 1854 Crown Thomas De 69 acres 0 roods 267 perches purchased at Kilmore as No. 23 Folio 90 Courcy Meade of Special Country Lot 16 proclaimed 6 April 1854 L141 15 Kilmore shillings 8 pence 12 June 1856 Thomas De Henry Perkins Indenture of release of part of Portion 30 being 10 acres Book 39 Number 255 Courcy Meade butcher of Wallan for L50 Solicitor of Kilmore Wallan

190 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

14 May 1858 Thomas De Thomas L220 being approximately 59 acres 26 perches Book 63 Number 292 Courcy Meade of Holdsworth and Kilmore William Ball 28 June 1859 William Ball Thomas Indenture of Release L150 Book 81 Number 99 storekeeper of Holdsworth Broadford storekeeper of Broadford 4 April 1864 Thomas William McLeod Being 69 acres 26 perches L300 (including part of Book 137 Number847 Holdsworth farmer of Wallan Portion 30 previously held by Perkins) Gentleman of Wallan Kilmore 28 February 1860 Holdsworth, still a Broadford storekeeper took a mortgage with Louis Hume Gentleman of Melbourne for L300 69 acres 26 perches which he discharged on the 8th of August 1861 – at that time Hume being described as a quartz miner of Reedy Creek. (Book 109 Number 367) transaction was specifically for land and premises and when reconveyed for house and land William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Part of Portion 30 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 18 April 1859 Henry Perkins Thomas Holdsworth Being approximately 10 acres of Portion 30 L310 Book 77 Number 833 farmer of Wallan storekeeper of Wallan Wallan Wallan 4 April 1864 Thomas Holdsworth William McLeod Being 69 acres 26 perches L300 (including part of Book 137 Number847 Gentleman of farmer of Wallan Portion 30 previously held by Perkins) Kilmore Wallan William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 191 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 31 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown William Hartley Budd 80 acres L320 being sold as Lot 76 proclamation Crown Grant 29082 24 September 1853 10 July 1875 W H Budd Thomas Smyth Book 221 Number 459 The property of Thomas Smyth was made the subject of a trust managed by John McCormack Portions 18, 19, 22, 31 and 27 (Book 253 Number 666) Thomas Smyth farmer of Wallan Wallan died 29 August 1875; letters of administration granted to Margaret Smyth including administration of the trust granted 7 October 1875 (Book 398 Number 463 AP82770J) Letters declare Smyth to hold land at Byland’s in trust for Mary Ann Johnson but other land described as; “…584 acres of land at Wallan Wallan 30 acres of which are under grass of the value of L4.0.0 per acre…” (PROV VPRS28/P2/42 13/780) from Margaret Smyths declaration 4 children Mary Ellan, Thomas Sylvester, John and Patrick (PROV VPRS28/P/161 13/780) 25 November 1897 Thomas O’Dwyer Mary Ellen Smyth, Conveyance money paid to children of Margaret Book 398 Number 463 and John Cummins John Smyth, Patrick Smyth L1906 from the estate of Thomas Smyth Smyth, Philip who died 29 August 1875 – John McCormick had Edmund Smyth, and died prior to this sale Margaret Smyth widow, Thomas O’Dwyer, John Cummings Margaret Smyth took out a mortgage against land being Portions 18, 19, 22, 27 and part of Portion 21 parish of Wallan Wallan with Maria Flanagan. Margaret Smyth died 4 July 1918 probate was granted to Thomas Sylvester Smyth and Phillip Edmund Smyth who discharged the mortgage to the beneficiary of the estate of Maria Flanagan since deceased on the 28th of April 1924 (Book 509 Number 904) 31 May 1921 Thomas Sylvester John Francis Laffan L660 Book 495 Number 534 Smyth and Phillip Edmund Smyth John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

192 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 32 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown Angus Cameron of 88 acres 0 roods 3 perches being land sold as lot Crown Grant 28962 Kilmore 77 proclamation 24th day of September 1853 AP82770J

Cameron was declared insolvent in 1854 and his assets assigned to trustees for the benefit of his creditors. (Book 22 Number 920; Book 34 Number 954) 15 January 1857 Creditors of Angus Benjamin Clarke Book 63 Number 493 Cameron Brettell AP82770J Benjamin Clarke John Laffan Lease for 5 years Book 73 Number 910 Brettell AP82770J 10 January 1860 Benjamin Clarke John Laffan Conveyance Book 99 Number 530 Brettell AP82770J John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 33 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 September 1854 Crown William McLeod of 70acre 3 roods 14 perches No. 26 Folio 119 Kilmore Purchased at Kilmore as Special Country Lot 17 AP41452 proclaimed 6 April 1854 L170 3pence William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 193 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 33a parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 12 January 1860 Crown Patrick Hanna of 80 acres L184 Crown Grant 27902 Melbourne Patrick Hanna John Laffan Conveyance 20 September 1867 Book 103 Number 175 John Laffan John Ambrose Laffan John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 34 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 24 February 1854 Crown Robert Mason 90 acres 1 rood 37 perches L542 17shillings and 9 Crown Grant 27913 pence sold as Lot 78 proclamation 24 of AP82770J September 1853 8 September 1854 Robert Mason Henry Bain Conveyance Book 16 Number 901 AP82770J 22 January 1855 Henry Bain Charles Palmer Conveyance Book 22 Number 317 22 January 1855 Charles Palmer Robert Mason Conveyance of northern part of Portion 34 Book 22 Number 317 AP82770J 22 January 1855 Charles Palmer Henry Bain Conveyance of southern part of Portion 34 Book 22 Number 317 AP82770J

194 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Northern part of Portion 34 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 23 January 1855 Robert Mason Charles Langford Conveyance of northern part of Portion 34 Book 22 Number 461 Oliver AP82770J Charles Langford Thomas Oliver Book 33 Number 599 Oliver AP82770J 15 November 1859 Thomas Oliver and Patrick Hanna Conveyance of Northern part of Portion 34 Book 87 Number 547 Alexander Duff AP82770J 20 September 1867 Patrick Hanna John Laffan Conveyance of Northern Part of Portion 34 Book 175 Number 103 AP82770J John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Southern part of Portion 34 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 28 June 1867 Henry Bain John Laffan Book 171 Number 185 AP82770J John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 195 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 35 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 September 1854 Crown Patrick McClusky of 68 acres 3 roods 37 perches purchased as No. 26 Book120 Kilmore Kilmore as Special Country Lot 18 proclaimed 6 April 1854 L220 14 shillings 10p McClusky took out an equitable mortgage with George Pilley Esq of Melbourne gentleman at which time McClusky was described as a gentleman of Wallan Wallan for L150 discharged 23 February 1872 (Book 51 Number 721) Patrick McClusky farmer of Wallan Wallan took out a mortgage with William McLeod, farmer, of the same place on the 26 February 1872 for L200 against Portion 35 and part of Portion 52 parish of Wallan Wallan (No. 805 Book 217) that he had purchased for L55 from McLeod on the 24th of February 1872. (No. 804 Book 217) He added a further L200 to the mortgage by indenture on the 30th of October 1873. (No. 279 Book 234) McClusky paid off both mortgages on the 10th of March 1876. (No. 244 Book 256) McClusky took out a mortgage again in 1877 with Thomas Bennett Snr Constable of Police Murchison which he discharged on the 18th of March 1879. (Book 266 Number 40) 2 April 1879 Patrick McClusky James Laffan of Wallan Both Portions 35 and 52 for L680 being 68 acres No 75 Book 280 of Wallan Wallan Wallan farmer 3 roods and 37 perches (35) and 54 acres 2 roods farmer 27 perches (52) 2 April 1879 James Michael William MacLeod, Both Portions 35 and 52 for L680 being 68 acres No. 76 Book 280 Laffan farmer of farmer of Wallan Wallan 3 roods and 37 perches (35) and 54 acres 2 roods Wallan Wallan 27 perches (52) William MacLeod died on the 11th of April 1886. MacLeod appointed his wife Ann, son Duncan Robert MacLeod and Robert McGregor wine merchant of Melbourne as executors and trustees of his estate to be called in converted to cash at the discretion of the trustees for the benefit of the children of William MacLeod. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/110 31/594)

Portion 77 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 20 November Crown Patrick Laffey 237 acres 34 perches Book 44 Number AP12666B 1857 319 Crown Grant 49264 7 July 1865 Patrick Laffey William 79 acres 12 perches Book 151 Number 206 Johnston 7 July 1865 Patrick Laffey John Gorman 79 acres 10 perches Book 151 Number 207

196 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Part of Portion 77 (Northern) parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document William Johnston died on the 21st of March 1901 and probate for his estate was granted to William Hartley Budd and Daniel Frederick Johnston (PROV VPRS28/P2/578 78/898) Approx. 1914 unrecorded John Thomas Property was offered in 1917 through PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12 Connor Messrs. Hamilton & Co after Conner had occupied the property for ‘a little over 3 years’ Approx. 1917 John Thomas Closer PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12 Corner Settlement Board 27 May 1918 Closer Settlement Charles Conditional Purchase Lease PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12 Board Frederick Swann 23 May 1922 Charles Frederick Closer Property declared abandoned Swann Settlement Board 2 August 1922 Closer Settlement Albert Ernest Conditional Purchase Lease Board Geary 23 June 1925 Albert Ernest Closer Lease declared void due to non-payment Geary Settlement of instalments Board Approx. 1927 Louis Frederick Purchase PROV VPRS5714/P0/960 1185/12, Kilmore Stiles Free Press, 20 April 1944

Part of Portion 77 (Southern) parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 8 October 1879 John Gorman of Margaret Sinclair The transfer included Crown Volume 1131 Folio 094 Avenel County Moira Allotment 9 together with the part farmer of Portion 77 being 159 acres 1 rood and 6 perches 23 August 1880 Margaret Sinclair Charles Rowe Lease of land to Rowe that being Volume 1147 Folio 207 widow of Wallan for both Crown Allotment 9 and Wallan part of Portion 77. The lease

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 197 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

appears to have expired on the 10th of January 1950. Margaret Sinclair died on the 17th of August 1906; letters of administration being granted to Margaret Sinclair Melvin of 53 Leopold Street South Yarra spinster o the 5th of December 1949 (Volume 1147 Folio 207) 20 January 1950 Margaret Sinclair Malcolm James Transfer if for part of Portion 77 Volume 7398 Folio 591 and Volume 1147 Folio Melvin or the estate Ballantyne only, Crown Allotment 9 having 207 thereof been transferred to the Public Trustee on the 10th of January 1950, that being 80 acres and 2 perches. (Volume 7361 Folio 081) 14 August 1950 Malcolm James Irwin Parsons farmer Land size corrected from 79 acres Volume 7398 Folio 591 Ballantyne, grazer of and Joyce Elizabeth 1 rood and 4 perches to 80 acres 9 Mentone Parade Parsons married 12 perches Mentone woman both of Wallan Wallan 18 June 1970 Irwin Parsons farmer Graeme Alexander Volume 7398 Folio 591 and Joyce Elizabeth Stott farmer and Parsons married Pamela Ruth Stott woman married woman both of ‘Glenvale’ Wandong 2 October 1970 Graeme Alexander Rodney Edward Hay Volume 7398 Folio 591 Stott farmer and Boat Dealer and Pamela Ruth Stott Rosemary Lilian Hay married woman both married woman both of ‘Glenvale’ of 1381 Sydney Road Wandong Fawkner 15 October 1973 Part of Portion 77 Volume 7398 Folio 591 was subdivided into 2 allotments as represented on LP93763. (Volume 8994 Folio 181 and Volume 8994 Folio 182)

198 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 78 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 31 March 1858 Crown William Johnstone, John 148 acres 1 rood 7 perches Crown Grant 50379 Gorman and Patrick AP12666C Laffey 4 September 1861 William Nicholas Surraghan Southernmost 3rd of subdivided Portion 78, 46 Book 111 Number 95 Johnstone, John acres 32 perches) (Lot 3) Gorman and Patrick Laffey 14 November 1861 William Patrick Laffey 53 acres 9 perches (Lot 1) Book 113 Number 864 Johnstone, John Gorman 14 November 1861 William John Gorman 49 acres 1 rood 20 perches (Lot 2) Book 113 Number 865 Johnstone, Patrick Laffey

Lot 1 (Northernmost) part of Portion 78 known as 78A Old Sydney Road Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 19 April 1899 Patrick Laffey Michael James Lot 1 of the subdivision being 53 acres 9 perches Book 404 Number Normoyle 220 10 August 1906 Michael James John Francis Johnston The spelling of Michael James Normyle is recorded Book 435 Number Normyle differently on each document. 357 10 June 1918 John Francis Frederick John Conveyance subject to redemption of existing Book 482 Number Johnston Sheppard vendor mortgage 288 4 March 1946 Frederick John Malcolm James Book 582 Number Sheppard Ballantyne 731 9 June 1950 Malcolm James Irwin Parsons and Joyce Book 604 Number Ballantyne Elizabeth Parsons 75 30 October 1970 Irwin Parsons Garnel Investments Book 722 Number and Joyce Proprietary Limited 805 Elizabeth Parsons

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 199 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

27 July 1976 Garnel Vincenzina DiCello and Book 765 Number Investments Vincenzina Lopianto 148 Proprietary Limited 26 October 1984 Vincenzina Symond Brothers Book 834 Number DiCello and Constructions (VIC) Pty 290 Vincenzina Ltd and Rosslare Lopianto Properties Pty Ltd 9 May 1985 Symond Brothers Scott William Cochrane Book 838 Number Constructions and Leanne Elizabeth 168 (VIC) Pty Ltd and Cochrane both of Cnr. Rosslare McHargs and Old Properties Pty Ltd Lancefield Roads Kilmore

On the 7th of July 1993 a Certificate of Title under the new transfer of land act was issued to Graeme Herbert Cliff and Ailsa Dawn Cliff both of 2 Strachan Street Oak Park, they have purchased the property from Scott and Leanne Cochrane or from mortgagor the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (Volume 10129 Folio 428)

Lot 2 (Middle) part of Portion 78

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 25 November 1879 John Gorman Margaret Sinclair Lot 2 of the subdivision being 49 acres 1 rood 20 Volume 1131 Folio perches, the size corrected to 47 acres 30 095 perches and ¼ of a perch 23 August 1880 Margaret Sinclair Charles Rowe Lease of land to Rowe that being for both Crown Volume 1147 Folio widow of Wallan Allotment 9 and part of Portion 77. The lease 208 Wallan appears to have expired on the 10th of January 1950. Margaret Sinclair died on the 17th of August 1906; letters of administration being granted to Margaret Sinclair Melvin of 53 Leopold Street South Yarra spinster o the 5th of December 1949 (Volume 1147 Folio 207) 20 January 1950 Margaret Sinclair Malcolm James Transfer if for part of Portion 77 only, Crown Volume 1147 Folio Melvin or the Ballantyne Allotment 9 having been transferred to the Public 208 estate thereof Trustee on the 10th of January 1950, that being 80 acres and 2 perches. (Volume 7361 Folio 081)

200 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

14 August 1950 Malcolm James Irwin Parsons farmer and Land size corrected from 79 acres 1 rood and 4 Volume 1147 Folio Ballantyne, grazer Joyce Elizabeth Parsons perches to 80 acres 12 perches 208 of 9 Mentone married woman both of Parade Mentone Wallan Wallan

18 December 1970 Irwin Parsons Jan De Jongh engineer Volume 1147 Folio farmer and Joyce and Margaret De Jongh 208 Elizabeth Parsons married woman both of married woman 1198 Plenty Road both of Wallan Bundoora Wallan 16 January 1976 Jan De Jongh James Raymond Sinclair engineer and cartage contractor Margaret De Jongh married woman both of 1198 Plenty Road Bundoora 7 November 1988 James Raymond Kenneth Albert Jones Volume 1147 Folio Sinclair cartage and Christopher Paul 208 contractor Stroud of ‘Burramaronga’ Rowes Lane Wallan

Lot 3 (Southernmost) part of Portion 78

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document Nicholas Margaret Surraghan Lot 3 of the subdivision Portion 78 only being 46 AP82770J Surraghan acres 32 perches Book 235 Number 934 Margaret Nicholas Surraghan and AP82770J Surraghan Patrick Sheedy Book 238 Number 690 Nicholas Robert Ramsay Mortgage AP82770J Surraghan and Book 273 Number Patrick Sheedy 191

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 201 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Two mortgages were taken out with Robert Ramsay against the property and defaulted. Following the death of Robert Ramsay on the 23rd of May 1882 executors Isabella Catharine Ramsay and William Smith sold the property to George Slatter for L98 (PROV VPRS28/P2/136 24/322) Book 313 Number 274; AP82770J) George Slatter died and Alice Ann Middleton as executor of George Slatter conveyed by equity of redemption the property to William Henry Slater (Book 441 Number 241) who made a further charge against the mortgagees (Book 441 Number 242) before discharging the mortgage (Book 464 Number 69) 29 January 1913 William Henry John Francis Laffan L232 Book 464 Number 70 Slatter John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 79 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 26 April 1858 Crown Jeremiah Taylor Crown Grant 50131, 254 acres 3 perches AP82905 4 April 1866 Jeremiah Taylor Donnybrook and Wallan Part of Portion 79 for a road L30 AP82905 Wallan District Board Book 159 Number 181 Jeremiah Taylor died on the 18th of November 1891 and probate was granted to The Equity Trustees Executors and Agency Co. Ltd executor of Jeremiah Taylor. (PROV VPRS28/P/605 48/049; Book 375 Number 551; AP82905) 19 July 1892 The Equity Walter Taylor Book 375 Number Trustees 551 Executors and Agency Co. Ltd 21 July 1892 Walter Taylor John Laffan L600 Book 375 Number 552

202 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Part (Road) of Portion 79 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 20 February 1930 Crown John Francis Laffan, L28 18 shillings and 9 pence for 5 acres 3 roods Volume 5643 Folio farmer of Wallan Wallan and 6 perches road reserve from Portion 79 568 John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 April 1858 Crown William McLeod of Lot 20 proclamation 20 November 1857, L217 5 Crown Grant 49606 Wallan Wallan shillings 11pence 18 October 1875 William McLeod James Sutherland Northern part of Portion 80 known as ‘A’ Book 253 Number 37 31 July 1883 William McLeod Sarah Munro (nee Conveyance by way of settlement of southern part Book 310 Number McKenzie) and Henry of Portion 80 known as ‘B’ 927 Cuthbert

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 203 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Part A of Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 April 1885 James Sutherland John Laffan L360 Book 323 Number 158 John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

Part B of Portion 80 parish of Wallan Wallan

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 November 1885 Henry Cuthbert John Laffan L300 Book 327 Number and Annie Munro 997 John Laffan died 16 May 1901 probate granted 2 July 1901 to widow Esther Laffan and son John Francis Laffan (AP82770J) Esther Laffan died 26 November 1903 (AP82770J) John Francis Laffan died 25 May 1932 probate granted to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan and Dora Ellen Laffan and life interest to children John Ambrose Laffan, James Leo Laffan, Bernard Victor Laffan and Owen Patrick Laffan and 1/7th to children of these children as well as child of Frances Joseph Laffan and children of his daughters Esther Mary Johnston and Dora Ellen Laffan. (AP82770J) by 1990 Owen Patrick Laffan sole surviving child of John Francis Laffan and all executors of his estate dead, the last, Dora Ellan Lowndes died 24 August 1990 probate granted to Dorothea Helena Connors who became a trustee. 25 September 2002 New Trustees established for estate of John Laffan and John Francis Laffan; Dorothea Helena Connors, Gerard Frances Laffan, Frances Ronald Laffan and Margaret Mary Hollien and by indenture applied to be proprietors of land (AP82770J)

204 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Portion 26 parish of Merriang

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 30 November 1840 Crown William Murray of 640 acres L416 Crown Grant Melbourne 23282 AP41467 30 July 1850 William Murray James Malcolm Lease for 7 years from of Allotments 23, 24, 25 and Book O Number 26 parish of Merriang 527 29 June 1858 William Murray John Roberts and Lease for 14 years of the same land Book 65 Number Felix Clewitt 248

William Murray died on the 20th of January 1871 (Volume 3887 Folio 352) and trustees appointed his will were John Matheson, Thomas Must, Angus Cumming and Morton Allport however Matheson and Cumming renounced their executorship and Matheson renounced and disclaimed trust. Must and Allport were proved as trustees and following the death of Allport, must remained as sole trustee. On the 28th of December 1901 application was made to replace Thomas Must trustee named in the will of William Murray with Philip William Must. (Book 430 Number 786) On the 14th of August 1903 Philip William Must and Thomas Must together with Wilhelmina Seal, wife of Charles Seal, Marian Seal and Thomas Anderson Robertson agreed to appoint Philip William Must and The Trustees Executors Agency Co. Ltd as join trustees. (Book 430 Number 787)

7 June 1916 Philip William Must Samuel John Baird 211acres 3 roods and 20 perches being parts of Volume 3887 Folio and The Trustees Portions 26 and 23 parish of Merriang and described 352 Executors and as lot 1 on Subdivision plan 6746 Volume 3975 Folio Agency Company 934 Ltd

Samuel John Baird died on the 17th March 1931. Probate was granted to The Union Trustee Company of Australia Ltd and Edgar Edward Dye of Henty House Little Collins Street Melbourne Public Accountant on the 1st of December 1939. (Volume 3975 Folio 934) 14 December 1939 The Union Trustee Country Roads Board 10 acres 2 roods and 37 perches comprising parts Volume 6367 Folio Company of of Portions 26 and 23 parish of Merriang used for the 356 Australia Ltd and Hume Highway Edgar Edward Dye of Henty House Little Collins Street Melbourne Public Accountant

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 205 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

20 October 1942 The Union Trustee David William Coutts, Being the balance of parts of Portion 26 and 23 Volume 6583 Folio Company of George Hamilton parish of Merriang. The purchasers also held the 480 Australia Ltd and Coutts, James balance of Portion 27 and part of the balance of Edgar Edward Dye Stewart Coutts, Arthur Portion 22 parish Merriang of Henty House Montgomery Coutts Little Collins Street all of Fernihurst and Melbourne Public Ernest Thomas Accountant Coutts of Serpentine 28 August 1946 David William David William Coutts Whole of that described in Volume 6583 Folio 480 Volume 6908 Folio Coutts, George of Fernihurst and 403 Hamilton Coutts, Ernest Thomas James Stewart Coutts of Serpentine Coutts, Arthur grazers Montgomery Coutts all of Fernihurst and Ernest Thomas Coutts of Serpentine 8 July 1959 David William Douglas Thornley Whole of that described in Volume 6583 Folio 480 Volume 6908 Folio Coutts of Fernihurst Boyd grazer of 403 and Ernest Thomas ‘Deloraine’ Beveridge Coutts of Serpentine grazers Douglas Thornley Boyd died on the 10th of May 1964 and probate was granted to Stanley William Byrne, solicitor of Melbourne. (Volume 6908 Folio 403) 20 January 1965 Estate of Douglas James Leo Laffan Land is as described in Volume 6583 Folio 480 Volume 8547 Folio Thornley Boyd grazer of 45 Studley excepting part of Portion 22 consolidated with other 502 Road Ivanhoe holdings to create a title for 2141 acres 2 roods and 38 perches being Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 66068 25 July 1973 James Leo Laffan Country Roads Board 57 acres 0 roods and 8 and 6/10 perches annexed Volume 8991 Folio grazer from the title for use as an interchange on the Hume 547 Freeway and creating a second portion out of the balance which forms part of the activity area James Leo Laffan died on the 30th of November 1984. J L Laffan’s widow Ellen Theresa Laffan appointed executrix and trustee of his estate. (Volume 8991 Folio 547)

206 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

15 December 1997 Ellen Theresa Laffan William Joseph Laffan Land as described as Volume 8547 Folio 502 Volume 9638 Folio 744 A subdivision plan 639576F was lodged and approved in November of 2012 creating 3 lots from the property, Lot 1 being in two parts and including the portion that forms part of the activity area. (PS639576F)

Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 207 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment BIBLIOGRAPHY

Images and Original Documents

Application to bring land under the Transfer of Land Statute, AP12666B, General Law Library Laverton

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Application to bring land under the Transfer of Land Statute, AP41452, General Law Library Laverton

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208 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Book 121 Number 71

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210 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Crown Grant 29340

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 211 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Public Record Office Victoria VPRS28/P2/196 31/594 Probate and Administration William MacLeod

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212 Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Public Record Office Victoria, VPRS8168/P2/9195 RUN578; THE DEAN; DEAN, accessed 14 November 2019,

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 213 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Billis R V and Kenyon A S, 1932, ‘Pastoral pioneers of Port Phillip’, Macmillan & Company Ltd, Melbourne

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 215 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

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Archaeology At Tardis heritage advisors 217 Wallan South PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

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