Levantine Arabic: a Surface Register Contrastive Study

Home , Classical Arabic, Levantine Arabic, Peninsular Arabic

ISSN 1923-1555[Print] Studies in Literature and Language ISSN 1923-1563[Online] Vol. 6, No. 1, 2013, pp. 110-116 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/j.sll.1923156320130601.2426 www.cscanada.org

Levantine Arabic: A Surface Register Contrastive Study

Mohammad Jafar Jabbari[a],*

[a] Faculty of Literature & Humanities, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. like any other colloquial variety of Arabic, is used at home * Corresponding author. or in other informal situations, however, in any formal Received 19 December 2012; accepted 13 February 2013 circumstance, e.g. in academic circles, mosques, political speeches and media the Modern Standard Arabic, also called Classical Arabic is used. The two varieties are so Abstract drastically different that they are mutually inconceivable. Levantine Arabic, also referred to as Eastern Arabic, This research aims to find and scrutinize the differences is a variety of spoken Arabic. It is considered one of between Levantine and Classical Arabic, at the levels of the major dialects of Arabic, spoken within the eastern phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax within the Mediterranean coastal strip, including Lebanon, part of framework of Surface Strategy Taxonomy. Palestine, Syria and western Jordan. In the frame of the general diglossic status of the Arab world, Levantine Arabic is used in informal situations, while most of the BACKGROUND written and official documents and media use Modern Watson (2002) asserts that “Dialects of Arabic form Standard Arabic, also referred to as Classical Arabic. a roughly continuous spectrum of variation, with the Levantine colloquial Arabic is so different from the dialects spoken in the eastern and western extremes of the Modern Standard Arabic that the two varieties are not Arab-speaking world being mutually unintelligible” (p. 8). mutually intelligible. This study aims to introduce the This linguistic situation was termed ‘diglossia’ by major differences between the two varieties within the Ferguson (1959). He introduces the phenomenon this way: framework of Surface Strategy Taxonomy. a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to Key words: Modern Standard Arabic; Levantine the dialects of the language (which may include a standard Arabic Surface strategy taxonomy or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly coded (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either Mohammad Jafar Jabbari (2013). Levantine Arabic A Surface Register Contrastive Study. Studies in Literature and Language, 6(1), 110-116. of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/sll/article/ learned largely by formal education and is used for most written view/j.sll.1923156320130601.2420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/ and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the j.sll.1923156320130601.2420 community for ordinary conversation. (p. 336). Trudgil (2009) defines diglossia as: A particular kind of language standardization where two distinct varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the speech INTRODUCTION community (not just in the case of a particular group of speakers, Major dialects of Arabic are Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan such as Scots or Blacks) and where each of the two varieties is Arabic, Peninsular Arabic and Levantine Arabic. assigned a definite social function. (p.113) Levantine Arabic, also referred to as Eastern Arabic, A key point in diglossia is that the two varieties are is a broad variety of Arabic spoken in the Eastern kept apart functionally. One variety, referred to as Low (L), Mediterranean coastal strip, i.e. Lebanon, part of is used at home or in other informal situations, however, Palestine, Syria and western Jordan. In the frame of the if someone needs to give a lecture at a university or in any diglossic situation of the Arab world, Levantine Arabic, formal circumstance, (s)he is expected to use the other

Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 110 Mohammad Jafar Jabbari (2013). Studies in Literature and Language, 6(1), 110-116 variety, referred to as High (H). DATA OF THE STUDY According to Wardhaugh (2006, p. 90), “The two The data of the study are collected from three colloquial varieties cannot be interchangeably used.]… [You do not Arabic guides, i.e. Colloquial Arabic (Levantine) by use an H variety in circumstances calling for an L variety, (McLoughlin, 1982), The Syntax of Spoken Arabic, e.g. for addressing a servant; nor does one use an L variety by (Brustad, 2000) and Syrian Colloquial Arabic, by when an H variety is called for, e.g., for writing a serious Liddicoat, Lennane and Abdul Rahim (1999). work of literature”. The Standard Arabic data are collected from Classical Children, in the Arab communities acquire the low Arabic grammar book and the news broadcast by the Arab variety at home. Some may simultaneously learn the media. high variety, usually at school, but many do not learn it at all. There has been this view that the spoken varieties of Table 1 Arabic are corruptions of MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) Table 1 METHODOLOGY or CA (Classical Arabic) as found in the Quran and are, Table 1 To illustrate the linguistic differences between Modern therefore, lessShared prestigious Consonants varieties of Arabic. According Table 1 Standard Arabic (MSA), and Levantine Colloquial to Wardhaugh (2006): TableSharedConsonant 1 Consonants Arabic Arabic ExampleArabic (LCA), the MeaningSurface Strategy TaxonomyEnglish has Example been The H varietyShared is Consonantsthe prestige variety; the L variety TableConsonant 1 Arabic Arabic Exampleutilized. This taxonomy,Meaning “highlights theEnglish ways Examplesurface lacks prestige.Shared In fact, Consonants there can Letter be so little prestige TableConsonant 1 Arabic Arabic Examplestructures are altered”Meaning (Dulay, Burt & EnglishKrashen, Example 1982, attached to theShared L variety Consonants that people Letter may even deny that TableConsonant 1 Arabic Arabic Examplep. 150). CategorizingMeaning linguistic items accordingEnglish Example to the use it far /tamr/ dates tableﺑﺤﺮ to تthey know it althoughShared Consonants/t/ they may beLetter observed TableConsonant 1 Arabic Arabic Examplesurface strategy taxonomyMeaning helps researchersEnglish Exampleanalyze feeling /tamr/ dates table ﺑﺤﺮ تmore frequentlyShared than Consonants/t/ the H variety]……[This Letter (Arabic Examplelinguistic alterations,Meaning in more details. To Englishachieve Examplethis, (1ﺗﻤﺮ TableConsonant 1 Arabic by /θalla:/tamr/ a/ refrigeratordates thtableink i ﺑﺤﺮis reinforced تثabout the superiorityShared Consonants/ /t/θof/ the H varietyLetter TableConsonant 1 Arabic Arabic Example Meaning English Example (theθalla:/tamr/ collected a/ datarefrigerator weredates transcribed phonemicallythtableink , (2/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮ تث /Shared Consonants//t/θ Arabic and Example Meaning English Exampleﺛﻼﺟﻪthe fact that aTable bodyConsonant 1of literature existsArabicLetter in that variety ,theθ/alla:amal/ meaningsʤa/ wererefrigerator camelgiven in English, (3) whenthJohn inkneeded/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮ جث //Shared Consonants//θ may Arabicreflect Example/tamr/ Meaningdates Englishtable Example تalmost none inTable theConsonant 1L /t/variety. ThatArabicLetter literature a/ roughamal/ʤ literal (morpheme-based)camel translationJohn of the ﺗﻤﺮﺛﻼﺟﻪ ج / / Arabic /θalla:/tamr/ a/ refrigeratordates thtableink ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻞSpeakers ofتث essential valuesShared about Consonants//t/θ / the culture. Letter Arabic Example/ ʤami:l/ Meaningbeautiful EnglishGenre Exampleﺛﻼﺟﻪ جTableConsonant 1 /ʤ/ Arabic Arabic)θ/alla:/tamr/amal/ʤ a/ examplesrefrigerator intocameldates English was added, tothtJable ohninkhelp the)/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮ جتث Shared Consonants///t/θ/ / Letter alludeArabic to Exampleʤ Meaningbeautiful EnglishGenre Exampleﺟﻤﻞ ﺛﻼﺟﻪable to جin particular gainTableConsonant prestige 1 ʤ from beingArabic non-Arabθ/ alla:/tami:l/amr/amal/ʤ a/ reader followrefrigeratorcameldates the discussions, and (4)th tJnecessaryableohnink/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻴﻞ جثت / /Shared Consonants///t/θ Arabic the L Example/hƷabi:b/ Meaning friend Englishhand Exampleﺟﻤﻞwithﺛﻼﺟﻪ حclassical sources.Table ConsonantThe 1 /h/folkƷ literature ArabicLetter associated explanationsθ/ ʤalla:ami:l/amal/ʤa/ were refrigeratorprovided.beautifulcamel GenrethJohnink/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮ جث //Shared Consonants//ʤθ Arabic Example/tamr/ Meaningdates Englishtable Exampleﺟﻤﻞﺟﻤﻴﻞ(p. 90) ت.variety will have noneConsonant /t/of the same ArabicLetterprestige h ʤƷabi:b/ami:l/amal/ʤ beautiful friendcamel GenrehJohnand// ﺗﻤﺮﺣﺒﻴﺐﺛﻼﺟﻪ جح //Table 1 ///h/ʤƷ θalla:/t/damr/ars/ a/ refrigeratorlessondates thtdableinkay/ ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻞﺟﻤﻴﻞ دتثShared Consonants/d///t/θ/ Letter Arabic Example//h ʤƷabi:b/ami:l/ʤ Meaningbeautiful friendcamel EnglishGenrehJohnand Example ﺗﻤﺮﺛﻼﺟﻪStandard جح Jabbari has Table comparedConsonant 1 //h/ʤƷ/ the ModernArabic θ/alla:/tamr/amal/ a/ refrigeratordates thtableink/ ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ تثShared Consonants///t/θ/ / Letter Arabic Iraqi Example//h ʤƷ/dabi:b/ami:l/ars/ Meaningbeautifullesson friend EnglishGenrehdand ayExampleﺗﻤﺮwithﺟﻤﻞدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪ and دجح(with the EgyptianTableConsonant Colloquial 1 //h//d/ʤƷ/ ArabicArabic (2012 PRONUNCIATION/θ/ alla:ð/ta:lika/amr/amal/ʤ a/ refrigeratorcameldatesthat KEY thtJthableohninkat/ ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ ذجتث / /Shared Consonants//ð///t/θ Arabicdrastic Example/hʤƷ/dabi:b/ars/ Meaningbeautifullesson friend EnglishGenrehdand ayExample ﺟﻤﻞدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪthe دجحColloquial ArabicTableConsonant (2013). 1 /h//d/ʤƷ He hasArabicLetter introduced Arabicθ/ alla:ami:l/amal/ʤ a/shares a goodrefrigeratorcamel number of phonemes withthJohnink other/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ جث //θ// Arabic Example//h ð/tƷ/dabi:b/a:lika/amr/ars/ Meaninglesson frienddatesthat Englishhtthdableand ayExampleatﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏﺛﻼﺟﻪdifferences ذدحتphonological, Sharedsemantic,Consonant Consonants/h//d//ð//t/Ʒ and morphosyntactic ArabicLetter θ/ ʤalla:/rami:l/amal/u:h/ʤ a/ refrigeratorbeautifulcamelsoul GenrethJrohnunink/ ﺗﻤﺮدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐ رجث //r/ʤθ/// languages./ ð/t/da:lika/amr/ars/ Yet, therelessondates thatare a few phonemes, onlytthdable foundayat in ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏﺟﻤﻴﻞ دذتShared Consonants/ð//d//t/ Letter Arabic these Example//h ʤƷabi:b/ami:l/amal/ʤ Meaningbeautiful friendcamel EnglishGenrehJohnand Exampleﺗﻤﺮدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐﺛﻼﺟﻪhow حجbetween the twoConsonant varieties///h/ʤƷ// andArabic showed Arabic/θ alla:ð/t/ra:lika/amr/u:h/ a/and some refrigeratorsisterdatessoulthat languages. The Arabic thtphonemesthableruninkat/ ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻞروحﺟﻤﻴﻞ ذرتثShared Consonants/ð///r//t/θ/ Letter Arabic Example//h ʤƷ/dabi:b/ami:l/amal/ars/ʤ Meaningbeautifullesson friendcamel EnglishGenrehJdohnand ayExampleذﻟﮏدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪ د.incomprehensibilityجح differences have resultedConsonant///h//d/ʤƷ// in a mutualArabic are/θ alla:ð/z/ra:lika/ u:h/ahr/presented a/ in tablesrefrigeratorbloomsoulthat (1) to (4). ththzrunooinkat/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮروحﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ ذرزث /ð///z//r/θ/ Arabic Example/hʤ/tƷ/dabi:b/amr/ars/ Meaninglesson frienddates Englishhtdableand ayExampleﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪ دحتConsonant/h//d/ʤ/t/Ʒ ArabicLetter θ/ alla:/z/rami:l/amal/u:h/ahr/ʤ a/ refrigeratorbeautifulbloomcamelsoul GenrethJzrohnunooink/ ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮزهﺮﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ زرجث //z//r/θ/// h ð/tƷ/dabi:b/a:lika/amr/ars/ lesson frienddatesthat htthdableandayat// ﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏروح ذدحتTable 1 /d//h//ð//t/Ʒ Letter s/ ʤ/zajja:ra/ami:l/amal/ahr/ʤ beautifulbloomcamelcar GenreJzsohnooay/ ﺗﻤﺮزهﺮدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐﺛﻼﺟﻪ زجس //z//s/ʤ/// θ alla:ð/t/d/ra:lika/amr/u:h/ars/ a/ refrigeratorlessondatessoulthat thtthdableruninkayat// ﺑﺤﺮﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏروحﺟﻤﻴﻞ ذدرتثShared Consonants /d//ð///r//t/θ/ Letter s//h ʤƷ/zajja:ra/abi:b/ami:l/ahr/ʤ beautifulbloom friendcar Genrehzsandooay/ ﺗﻤﺮدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐﺛﻼﺟﻪﺳﻴﺎرة زجحس /h//z//s/ʤƷ// θ/ alla:ð/t/d/ra:lika/amr/amal/u:h/ars/ a/ refrigeratorlessoncameldatessoulthat thtJthdablerohnuninkayat// ﺑﺤﺮزهﺮروحﺟﻤﻴﻞ دذرجثت / /ð//d///r//t/θ// Arabic Example/s//h ʤƷajja:ra//abi:b/ami:l/aj'/ beautiful friendthingcarMeaning EnglishGenre Examplehshsandayip ﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪﺳﻴﺎرة جحشس Consonant //h//s/ʤ/Ʒ/Arabic/ Letter θ/ alla:ð/t/z/ra:lika/amr/amal/u:h/ahr/ʤ/b ahr/a/ refrigeratorbloomcameldatessoulthat sea bthtJythzablerohnunooinkat// ﺗﻤﺮﺑﺤﺮزهﺮروحﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ ذزرجثت ب / /b/ //ð///z//r//t/θ/ s/hʤƷ/dajja:ra//abi:b/ars/aj'/ beautifullesson friendthingcar Genrehshdsandayip/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪﺳﻴﺎرة دجحشس /h//d//s/ʤ/Ʒ/ θ// alla:ð/z/ra:lika/ami:l/amal/u:h/ahr/ʤ/tamr/ a/ refrigeratorbloomcamelsoulthat dates tablethJthzrohnunooinkat/ ﺗﻤﺮزهﺮروحﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ ذزرجث ت //t/ ///ð//z//r/θ/ f/haransa:/Ʒ/d/abi:b/ʃars/aj'//θalla: a/ Francelesson friendthingrefrigerator thFinkhshrancedandayip/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏدرسﺛﻼﺟﻪ دحفش ث /θ/ /h//d//f//Ʒʃ/ θ/s/ ʤalla:/z/rajja:ra/ami:l/amal/u:h/ahr/ʤ a/ refrigeratorbeautifulbloomcamelsoulcar GenrethJzrsohnunooayink/ ﺗﻤﺮزهﺮﺣﺒﻴﺐﺳﻴﺎرة زرجثس //z//s//r/ʤθ/// f/ aransa:/ð/d/a:lika/ʃars/aj'// amal/ Francelessonthingthat camel JFohnshrancethdayatip/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏروحﺟﻤﻴﻞﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذدفش ج /d//ð//f//ʃ/ / / s//h ʤƷ/z/rajja:ra/abi:b/ami:l/amal/u:h/ahr/ʤ beautifulbloomcamel friendsoulcar GenrehJzrsohnandunooay/ زهﺮدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐﺛﻼﺟﻪﺳﻴﺎرة رزجحس //h//z//s//r/ʤƷ/// f/ /karansa:/ð/da:lika/ita:b/ʃars// ami:l/ ʤ Francelessonbookthatbeautiful GenreFrancethdkayeyat/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏروحﺟﻤﻴﻞﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ دذفﮎ ج ð//d//k//f/ʃ/ / / s//h ʤƷ/zajja:ra//abi:b/ami:l/ahr/aj'/ʤ beautifulbloomcamel friendthingcar GenrehJshzsohnandooayip/ درسﺛﻼﺟﻪﺳﻴﺎرة زجحشس //h//z//s/ʤ/Ʒ// f// /karansa:/ð/ra:lika/ita:b/ʃamal/u:h//ʤhabi:b/ Francebooksoulthat friend hFandrancethkruneyat/ زهﺮذﻟﮏروحﮐﺘﺎبﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذرفﮎ ح / ʤh/ //ð//k//r//f/ʃ/ s//h ʤƷ/dajja:ra//abi:b/ami:l/ars/aj'//d ars/ beautifullesson friendthingcar lesson dGenreayhshdsandayip/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞدرسﺳﻴﺎرة دحجشس د //d/ //h//d//s/ʤ/Ʒ/ kð/z/l/ra:lika/ita:b/aka/u:h/ahr/Ʒ forbloombooksoulthat you lthzkroveunooeyat/ / زهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذزرلﮎ /Ʒ /ð//k//z//r//l f/s/hʤaransa:/Ʒ/dajja:ra//abi:b/ʃars/aj'// ð a:lika/ Francelesson friendthingcar that thFhatshrancedsandayip/ ﺷﻴﺊﺟﻤﻞذﻟﮏدرسﺳﻴﺎرة دحفشس ذ /ð/ /h//d//s//f/ʤ/Ʒʃ/ k/z/l/rami:l/ita:b/aka/u:h/ahr/ beautifulforbloombooksoul you Genrelzkroveunooey/ / ﻟﮏزهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ زرلجﮎ //k//z//r//l// f//s/h aransa:/ðƷ/dajja:ra//abi:b/a:lika/ʃars/aj'//r u:h/ Francelesson friendthingthatcar soul rFunhshrancethdsandayatip/ ﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎﺳﻴﺎرة ذدحفشس ر /r/ /h//d//ð//s//f//Ʒʃ/ k/z/m/l/rita:b/aka/u:h/ahr/an//z ahr/ forbloombookwhosoul youbloom zoomlzkroveunooeyan/ ﻟﮏزهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبدرسﺟﻤﻴﻞﺣﺒﻴﺐ مرزلﮎ ز /z/ /m//k//z//r//l/ f//h aransa:/ðƷ/d/abi:b/a:lika/ʃars/aj'/ Francelesson friendthingthat Fhshrancethdandayatip/ ﻣﻦﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎﺳﻴﺎرة دذحفش /h//ð//d//f//Ʒʃ/ s/z/m/l/rajja:ra/aka/u:h/ahr/an//sajja:ra/ forbloomwhosoulcar you car saymlzrsoveunooayan/ ﻟﮏزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐ مزرلس س /s/ /m//z//s//r//l/ f/ /karansa:/ð/d/a:lika/ita:b/ʃars/aj'// aj'/ Francelessonthingbookthat thing shFshiprancethdkayeyatip/ ﻣﻦﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏروحﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذدفﮎش ش /d//ð//k//f//ʃ/ / / s/z/m/l/najja:ra/aka/ahr/a:s/an/ forpeoplebloomwhocar you mlnzsoveiceooayan/ ﻟﮏزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبدرسﺣﺒﻴﺐﺳﻴﺎرة مزلنس /m//n//z//s//l/ f/ /karansa:/ð/d/ra:lika/ita:b/ʃu:h/ars//faransa:/ FrancelessonthingbooksoulthatFrance FranceFshrancethdkrunayeyatip/ ﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏروحﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذدرفﮎش ف f/ /d//ð//k//r//f/ʃ/ s/z/m/najja:ra// ahr/aj'/a:s/an/ peoplebloomwhocar mnzsiceooayan/ ﻣﻦﻟﮏدرسﺳﻴﺎرة مزنس / //m//n//z//s/ f/ /kðaransa://l/ra:lika/ita:b/ʃaka/u:h//kita:b/ʃ for Francebooksoulthat you book kFeylrancethkroveuneyat/ ﻧﺎسزهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ذرلفﮎ ک k/ʃ /ð//k//r//f//l/ʃ/ s/w/najja:ra// aj'/a:s/aqt//l aka/ peoplethingtimecar for you loveshnwsiceayayip/ ﻣﻦﻟﮏﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏدرسﺳﻴﺎرة ونشس ل / //l/ /w//n//s/ k/z/m/l/rita:b/aka/u:h/ahr/an/ forbloombookwhosoul you mlzkroveunooeyan/ وﻗﺖزهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ مرزلﮎ /m//k//z//r//l/ f/ ðaransa://w/n/a:lika/ʃaj'/a:s/aqt//m an/ Francepeoplethingtimethat who mFanshnwrancethiceayatip/ ﻣﻦﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊذﻟﮏ ذونفش م /m/ /w//ð//n//f//ʃ/ s/z/m/r/lajja:ra/aka/u:h/ahr/an/ forbloomwhosoulcar you mlzrsoveunooayan/ ﻟﮏوﻗﺖزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبﺳﻴﺎرة مزلرس /m//z//s//r//l/ f/h/karansa://w/a:ða:/ita:b/ʃaj'/aqt//n a:s/ Francethingbooktimethispeople nFicehshwrancekomeeyayip/ ﻣﻦﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊروحذﻟﮏﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩوفﮎش ن /n/ /w//k//h//f//ʃ/ s/z/m/l/najja:ra/aka/ahr/a:s/an/ forpeoplebloomwhocar you mlnzsoveiceooayan/ هﺬاﻟﮏزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبﺳﻴﺎرة مزلنس /m//n//z//s//l/ f/h/karansa://w/ra:ða:/ita:b/ʃu:h/aqt//w aqt/ Francebooktimesoulthis time wFhaywrancekromeuneyay/ ﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊوﻗﺖروحﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩورفﮎ و w/ /w//k//h//r//f/ʃ/ s/z/m/najja:ra// ahr/aj'/a:s/an//h a:ða:/ peoplebloomthingwhocar this homemshnzsiceooayanip/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻟﮏﺳﻴﺎرة مزنشس ه / //h/ /m//n//z//s/ f/h/j/karansa://laman/a:ða:/ita:b/ʃaka/ for YemenFrancebookthis you Fhlrancekyomeoveeyes/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖزهﺮروحﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩلﯼفﮎ k//h//f//l//j/ʃ/ s/w/m/najja:ra// aj'/a:s/aqt/an//jaman/ peoplethingtimewhocar Yemen yesmshnwsiceayayanip/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦﺷﻴﺊﺳﻴﺎرة مونشس ی / //j/ /m//w//n//s/ h/j/k/z/laman/a:ða:/ita:b/aka/ahr/ for Yemenbloombookthis you hlzkyomeoveooeyes/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩلزﯼﮎ /k//h//z//l//j/ f/saransa://w/najja:ra//ʃaj'/a:s/aqt/ Francepeoplethingtimecar Fshnwrancesiceayayip/ ﻣﻦﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦﺷﻴﺊ ونفشس /w//n//s//f//ʃ/ j/k/m/laman/ita:b/aka/an/ for Yemenbookwho you mlkyoveeyesan/ هﺬاوﻗﺖزهﺮﮐﺘﺎبﺳﻴﺎرة ملﯼﮎ /m//k//l//j/ f/haransa://w/n/a:ða:/ʃaj'/a:s/aqt/ Francepeoplethingtimethis Fhshnwranceomeiceayip/ ﻣﻦﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩونفش /w//n//h//f//ʃ/ s/j/m/lajja:ra/aman/aka/an/ for Yemenwhocar you mlsyoveayesan/ هﺬاوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎبﺳﻴﺎرة ملﯼس /m//s//l//j/ f/h/karansa://w/a:ða:/ita:b/ʃaj'/aqt/ Francethingbooktimethis Fhshwrancekomeeyayip/ ﻣﻦﻳﻤﻦﻧﺎسﺷﻴﺊﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩوفﮎش /w//k//h//f//ʃ/ m/l/naka/a:s/an/ forpeoplewho you mlnoveicean/ هﺬاﻟﮏﺳﻴﺎرة ملن /m//n//l/ f/h/j/karansa://waman/a:ða:/ita:b/ʃaqt/ YemenFrancebooktimethis Fhwrancekyomeeyesay/ ﻣﻦﻧﺎسوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩوﯼفﮎ w//k//h//f//j/ʃ/ m/n/ aj'/a:s/an/ peoplethingwho mshnicean ip/ هﺬاﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦﺷﻴﺊ منش / //m//n/ f/h/j/karansa://laman/a:ða:/ita:b/ʃaka/ for YemenFrancebookthis you Fhlrancekyomeoveeyes/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩلﯼﮎف k//h//f//l//j/ʃ/ w/m/na:s/aqt/an/ peopletimewho mnwiceayan/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦﺷﻴﺊ مون /m//w//n/ h/j/k/laman/a:ða:/ita:b/aka/ for Yemenbookthis you hlkyomeoveeyes/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩلﯼﮎ /k//h//l//j/ faransa://w/nʃa:s/aqt/ Francepeopletime Fnwranceiceay/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻳﻤﻦ ونف w//n//f/ʃ/ h/j/k/m/laman/a:ða:/ita:b/aka/an/ for Yemenbookwhothis you hmlkyomeoveeyesan/ ﻟﮏﻧﺎسوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎبﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻩملﯼﮎ /m//k//h//l//j/ w/na:s/aqt/ peopletime nwiceay/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻟﮏﻳﻤﻦ ون /w//n/ j/k/m/laman/ita:b/aka/an/ for Yemenbookwho you mlkyoveeyesan/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎب ملﯼﮎ /m//k//l//j/ h/w/na:ða:/a:s/aqt/ peopletimethis hnwomeiceay/ ﻣﻦﻳﻤﻦ ﻩون /w//n//h/ j/m/laman/aka/an/ Copyright ©for Yemen whoCanadian you Academy of Oriental and Occidentallmyoveesan Culture/ هﺬاﻟﮏوﻗﺖﮐﺘﺎب ملﯼ /m//l//j/ h/wa:ða:/aqt/ timethis hwomeay/ 111 ﻣﻦﻳﻤﻦﻧﺎس ﻩو /w//h/ j/m/l/naman/aka/a:s/an/ for Yemenpeoplewho you lmnyoveiceesan/ هﺬاﻟﮏوﻗﺖ منلﯼ /m//n//l//j/ h/wa:ða:/aqt/ timethis hwomeay/ ﻣﻦﻳﻤﻦﻧﺎس ﻩو /w//h/ j/m/naman/a:s/an/ Yemenpeoplewho mnyiceesan/ هﺬاﻟﮏ منﯼ /Table 2 /m/ /n//j ha:ða:/ this home/ ﻳﻤﻦﻧﺎسوﻗﺖ ﻩ /h/ w/m/na:s/aqt/an/ peopletimewho mnwiceayan/ ﻣﻦهﺬا مون /Table 2 /m//w/ /n h/j/waman/a:ða:/aqt/ Yementimethis hwyomeesay/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖ ﻩوﯼ /w//h//j/ na:s/ people nice/ ﻣﻦهﺬاﻳﻤﻦ ن /Table 2 /n h/jaman/a:ða:/ Yementhis hyomees/ ﻧﺎسوﻗﺖ ﻩﯼ /h//j/ w/na:s/aqt/ peopletime nwiceay/ ﻳﻤﻦ ون /Table 2 /w/ /n h/jaman/a:ða:/ Yementhis hyomees/ هﺬاﻧﺎسوﻗﺖ ﻩﯼ /h//j/ waqt/ time way/ هﺬاﻳﻤﻦ و /w/ jaman/ Yemen yes/ وﻗﺖ ﯼ /Table 2 /j h/wa:ða:/aqt/ timethis hwomeay/ ﻳﻤﻦ ﻩو /w//h/ jaman/ Yemen yes/ هﺬاوﻗﺖ ﯼ /Table 2 /j ha:ða:/ this home/ ﻳﻤﻦ ﻩ /h/ jaman/ Yemen yes/ هﺬا ﯼ /Table 2 /j ha:ða:/ this home/ ﻳﻤﻦ ﻩ /h/ jaman/ Yemen yes/ هﺬا ﯼ /Table 2 /j ﻳﻤﻦ jaman/ Yemen yes/ ﯼ /Table 2 /j ﻳﻤﻦ Table 2 Table 2 Table 2 Table 2

Table 2

Table 2 Table 2

Arabic Consonant Arabic Arabic Example Meaning Phonetic Features Consonant LetterArabic Arabic Example Meaning Phonetic Features Consonant Letter Arabic Example Meaning Phonetic Features Saba:h/ morning (Emphatic) Voiceless alveolar fricative/ ﺻﺒﺎح صS/ Arabic/ Consonant LetterArabic Arabic Example Meaning Phonetic Features Arabic Example/Saba:h/ morningMeaning (Emphatic) PhoneticVoiceless Features alveolar fricativeﺻﺒﺎح صConsonant/S/ ArabicLetter Arabic Example //S Daba:h/ajf/ Meaning morning guest (Emphatic)Phonetic VoicelessVoiced Featuresalveolar alveolar fricative fricativeﺻﺒﺎحﺿﻴﻒ صضConsonant/ D//S/ Letter S / Daba:h/ajf/ morning guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiced alveolar alveolar fricative fricative/ ﺻﺒﺎحﺿﻴﻒ صضS/D/ Letter/ / T/S /a:lib/ Daba:h/ajf/ student morning guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless VoicelessVoiced dental-alveolar alveolar alveolar fricative fricative stop/ ﺻﺒﺎحﺿﻴﻒﻃﺎﻟﺐ صضط /T// /S/D/ T/Sa:lib/aba:h/ morningstudent (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiceless dental-alveolar alveolar fricative stop/ ﺻﺒﺎحﻃﺎﻟﺐ طص /T//S/ Zarf/ / Dajf/ envelope guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiced dental-alveolar alveolar fricative stop/ ﺿﻴﻒﻇﺮف ظض /Z// D/ T / a:lib/Dajf/ student guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiced dental-alveolar alveolar fricative stop/ ﺿﻴﻒﻃﺎﻟﺐ ضطT// D/ Arabic/ Zarf/ / Dajf/ envelope guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiced dental-alveolar alveolar fricative stop/ ﺿﻴﻒﻇﺮف ظض /Z// D/ Example/T/ ana/a:lib/ Meaning studentI (Emphatic)(Voiceless)Phonetic Voiceless Features glottal dental-alveolar stop stop اﻧﺎArabicﻃﺎﻟﺐ ا ﺌط ﺊConsonant//T// Arabic T /Zarf/a:lib/ envelope student (Emphatic) (Emphatic) Voiceless Voiceless dental-alveolar dental-alveolar stop stop/ ﻃﺎﻟﺐﻇﺮف طظZ//T/ Letter/ Example/ ana/ MeaningI (Voiceless)Phonetic Features glottal stop اﻧﺎArabic ا ﺌ ﺊConsonant/ / Arabic Example/T /Zarf/a:lib/ Meaning envelope student (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Phonetic VoicelessVoiceless Features dental-alveolardental-alveolar stopstop ﻃﺎﻟﺐArabicﻇﺮف طظConsonant/Z//T/ Letter ˡ ajn/ /Zarf/ana/ envelopeeyeI (Emphatic)Voiced(Voiceless) Voiceless pharyngeal glottal dental-alveolar fricative stop stop// اﻧﺎﻇﺮفﻋﻴﻦ ا ﺌظ عﺊˡ//Z// / Arabic/ Arabic Example/Saba:h/ Meaning morning (Emphatic)Phonetic Voiceless Features alveolar fricativeﺻﺒﺎح صConsonant/S/ Letter Zarf/ ˡajn/ana/ envelopeeyeI (Emphatic)Voiced(Voiceless) Voiceless pharyngeal glottal dental-alveolar fricative stop stop/ / اﻧﺎﻋﻴﻦﻇﺮف ا ﺌ ظ عﺊZ//ˡ/ Arabic// Example/S/ aba:h/ʕadan// ajn/ Meaningtomorrow morningeye (Emphatic)VoicedVoicedPhonetic Voiceless pharyngeal uvular Features alveolar fricative fricative fricative ﻏ ﻋﻴﻦﺪ اArabicًًﺻﺒﺎح عغصConsonant/S//ʕ// / ArabicLetter S / aba:h/D/ajf/ˡ ana/ morning guestI (Emphatic) (Emphatic)(Voiceless) Voiceless Voiced alveolar alveolarglottal stopfricative fricative/ اﻧﺎﺿﻴﻒﺻﺒﺎح ا ﺌ ﺊضص / /S/ D/ ˡ// Example/ /ʕ adan/ajn/ana/ MeaningtomorroweyeI VoicedVoiced(Voiceless)Phonetic pharyngeal uvular Features glottal fricative fricative stop ﻏ اﻧﺎﺪ ﻋﻴﻦاArabicًً ا ﺌ عغﺊConsonant//ʕ/ // ArabicLetter Study /S / ɤaba:h//xDˡajf/a:l/ morning guest uncle (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless Voiceless Voiced uvular alveolar alveolar fricative fricative fricativeﺧﺎل ﺿﻴﻒﺻﺒﺎحContrastive خضصLevantine Arabic://S/ /x/D/ɤˡ A Surface Register Example/T/a:lib/ʕ/adan/ˡajn/ Meaning studenttomorroweye (Emphatic)VoicedVoiced PhoneticVoiceless pharyngeal uvular Features dental-alveolar fricative fricative stop ﻏ ﺪ ﻋﻴﻦاArabicًًﻃﺎﻟﺐ عغ طConsonant/T//ʕ/ ˡ// ArabicLetter D/xajf/a:l/ guest uncle (Emphatic)Voiceless Voiced uvular alveolar fricative fricative / ﺧﺎلﺿﻴﻒ خض /D//x / Example/S/ɤaba:h//ʕadan/ˡajn/ Meaning morningtomorroweye (Emphatic)VoicedVoicedPhonetic Voiceless pharyngeal uvular Features alveolar fricative fricative fricative ﻏ ﺪ ﻋﻴﻦاArabicًًﺻﺒﺎح عغصConsonant/S//ɤ/ʕˡ / ArabicLetter T / qDa:lib/ari:b/ajf/ student relative guest (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless Voiceless Voiced uvular dental-alveolaralveolar stop fricative stop/ ﻗﺮﻳﺐﻃﺎﻟﺐﺿﻴﻒ قطض /T/ /q/D// Example/S /Zarf/aba:h/ɤ//xʕadan/a:l/ Meaning envelope morningtomorrow uncle (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless PhoneticVoicelessVoiced Voiceless uvularuvular Features dental-alveolar alveolar fricativefricative fricative stop ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎلArabicﻇﺮفﺻﺒﺎح غ خ ظصConsonant/Z//S//x/ɤ/ ʕ / Letter T / / Dqa:lib/ari:b/ajf/ student relativeguest (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless Voiceless Voiced uvular dental-alveolaralveolar stop fricative stop/ ﻗﺮﻳﺐﻃﺎﻟﺐﺿﻴﻒ قطض /Table 2//T/ D//q S /Zarf//aba:h/ɤ/xʕadan/a:l/ envelope morningtomorrow uncle (Emphatic) (Emphatic)VoicelessVoiced Voiceless Voiceless uvular uvular dental-alveolar alveolar fricative fricative fricative stop/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎلﻇﺮفﺻﺒﺎح Arabic غ خ ظصConsonants/Z//S//x//ɤʕ / SpecificLetter to T / /D a:lib/qɤajf//xari:b/a:l/ student guest relative uncle (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless Voiceless Voiced uvular dental-alveolaruvularalveolar fricative stop fricative stop/ ﺧﺎلﻗﺮﻳﺐﻃﺎﻟﺐﺿﻴﻒ خ ق طض T/ D//q//x/ ɤ// Arabic Example/S/ /Zarf/ aba:h/ana/ envelope morningMeaningI (Emphatic) (Emphatic)(Voiceless) Voiceless VoicelessPhonetic glottal dental-alveolar alveolarFeatures stop fricative stopاﻧﺎﻇﺮفﺻﺒﺎح ا ﺌLetter ظ صﺊConsonant/Z//S// / Arabic T / / Dɤa:lib/q/xajf/ari:b/a:l/ student guestrelative uncle (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiceless VoicelessVoiceless Voiced uvular uvulardental-alveolaralveolar fricative stop fricative stop/ ﺧﺎلﻗﺮﻳﺐﻃﺎﻟﺐﺿﻴﻒ خ قطض T/ D//q//x/ɤ// S// /Zarf/S aba:h/aba:h/ana/ envelope morningmorningI (Emphatic) (Emphatic)(Emphatic)(Voiceless) Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless glottal dental-alveolar alveolar alveolar stop fricative fricative stop/ اﻧﺎﻇﺮفﺻﺒﺎح ا ﺌ ظ صصﺊ / //S/Table 3/Z//S/ T // Da:lib/D / ajf/qajf/ari:b/ student guesteyeguest relative (Emphatic) (Emphatic)Voiced(Emphatic) VoicelessVoiceless Voicedpharyngeal Voiced dental-alveolaralveolar uvular alveolar fricative stop fricative fricative stop/ ﻗﺮﻳﺐﻋﻴﻦﻃﺎﻟﺐﺿﻴﻒ ق عطضض /D/ //T/ D//q / ˡana/ajn/ I (Voiceless) glottal stop // اﻧﺎ ا ﺌ ﺊ // Table 3 // ˡ T // /Zarf/ /TD a:lib/a:lib/qajf/ari:b/ envelope student gueststudent relative (Emphatic) (Emphatic)(Emphatic) Voiceless Voiced Voiceless uvulardental-alveolaralveolar dental-alveolar stop fricative stop/ ﻗﺮﻳﺐﻃﺎﻟﺐﻇﺮفﺿﻴﻒ ق ظططض /T/ //T//Z/ D//q/ Zarf// ˡana/ajn/ envelopeeyeI (Emphatic)Voiced(Voiceless) Voiceless pharyngeal glottal dental-alveolar fricative stop stop/ / اﻧﺎﻋﻴﻦﻇﺮف ا ﺌ عظ ﺊ / /Table /Z// /3 ˡ T//Zarf/ʕˡadan/a:lib/ajn/ tomorrow studentenvelopeeye (Emphatic)(Emphatic)VoicedVoiced Voiceless pharyngeal Voiceless uvular dental-alveolar fricativedental-alveolar fricative stop// ﻏ ﺪ اًًﻋﻴﻦﻃﺎﻟﺐ غعطظ //Z/Arabic/T/ //Vowelsʕˡ/ T/ /Zarf// a:lib/ana/ana/ envelope studentII (Emphatic)(Voiceless) Voiceless(Voiceless) glottal dental-alveolar glottal stop stop stop/ اﻧﺎﻃﺎﻟﺐﻇﺮف ا ﺌ ﺊ ظط ﺌ ﺊﺍ / /Table /T//Z/ 3 / / ʕˡadan/ajn/ajn/ tomorroweyeeye VoicedVoicedVoiced pharyngeal uvular pharyngeal fricative fricative fricative// / ﻏ ﺪ اًًﻋﻴﻦ غعع //ArabicTable// ʕVowelsˡ3/ / Zarf//x ana/a:l/Arabic envelope uncleI Arabic (Emphatic) ExampleVoiceless(Voiceless) Voiceless uvular glottal dental-alveolar fricativeMeaning stop stop/ / اﻧﺎﺧﺎلﻇﺮف ا ﺌ خظ ﺊZ//x// / Vowel/ ɤ/ ʕadan/ˡadan/ tomorrowtomorrow VoicedVoiced uvular uvular fricative fricative/ ﻏ ﺪ اًً غ غ / ˡ / TableArabic / 3ɤ ʕ Vowels/ Zarf// ˡana/ajn/Arabic envelopeeyeI Arabic (Emphatic) ExampleVoiced(Voiceless) Voiceless pharyngeal glottal dental-alveolar Meaningfricative stop stop/ / اﻧﺎﻋﻴﻦﻇﺮف ا ﺌ عظ ﺊ Z/ // ˡ // Vowel/ ɤ/x/ʕadan/ʕxa:l/a:l/Letter tomorrow uncleuncle VoicelessVoicedVoiceless uvular uvular uvular fricative fricative fricative/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎل غخخ /x/ʕ Arabic//x/ ɤʕVowels/ q ɤ qˡari:b/ana/ajn/ari:b/Arabic relativerelativeeyeI Arabic ExampleVoiced(Voiceless)Voiceless Voiceless pharyngeal uvular glottal uvular fricativeMeaning stop stop stop/// / اﻧﺎﻋﻴﻦﻗﺮﻳﺐ ا ﺌ عق ق ﺊ q/ɤ /q// / ˡ // Vowel/ ɤ/xʕadan/a:l/ tomorrow uncle VoicelessVoiced uvular uvular fricative fricative/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎل غخ Arabic//x/ɤʕ /Vowels ˡana/ajn/ArabicLetter eyeI Arabic ExampleVoiced(Voiceless) pharyngeal glottal Meaningfricative stop // اﻧﺎﻋﻴﻦ ا ﺌ ع ﺊˡ// Vowel// nahnu/VoicelessVoiced Voiceless uvular uvular uvular fricative fricative stopwe/ ﻧَﺤﻦ ɤq/xʕadan/ari:b/a:l/� tomorrow relative uncle // ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎلﻗﺮﻳﺐ /a/ غخق /Arabic//x//q/ɤ ʕVowels qˡari:b/ajn/LetterArabic relativeeye Arabic ExampleVoicedVoiceless pharyngeal uvular fricative stopMeaning/ / ﻋﻴﻦﻗﺮﻳﺐ عقq//ˡ/ Vowel/ xa:l/ uncle Voiceless uvular fricative/ ﺧﺎل خ Table 3 /x/ Short nahnu/ ExampleVoicedVoiced pharyngeal uvular fricative fricativeMeaningwe/ ﻧَﺤﻦɤ/ʕˡadan/ajn/ArabicLetter � tomorroweye Arabic/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﻋﻴﻦ /a/ غعɤʕˡ// Vowel//

qari:b/ relative Voiceless uvular stop / ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ق Arabic Vowels/q/ Short nahnu//min/Voiceless Voiced uvular uvular fricative fricativeof, fromwe/ ﻣِ ﻧَﺤﻦﻦ ɤ/xʕadan/a:l/Letter� � tomorrow uncle/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎل /i//a/ غخ / Table 3//x/ ɤ ʕ

qari:b/ relative Voiceless uvular stop / ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ق q/ Short/ nahnu/ /min/Voiceless Voiced uvular uvular fricative fricativeof, wefrom/ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ ɤ/xʕadan/a:l/Letter �� tomorrow uncle/ ﻏ ﺪ اًًﺧﺎل /i//a/ غخ / Table 3 / /x/ ɤʕ Example / urfa/ Voiceless uvular stoproomMeaning ﻏٌﺮﻓﺔArabic / q Letterari:b/� relative Arabic ﻗﺮﻳﺐ /u/ ق q/ Vowel/

min/ of, from/ ﻣِ ﻦ � /Table 3 Short /i nahnu/Voiceless uvular fricativewe/ ﻧَﺤﻦ ɤ/xa:l/ � uncle ﺧﺎل /a/ خ x/ ɤ/ ArabicShort Vowels nahnu/ //nahnu/ /min/urfa/Voiceless Voiceless uvular uvular fricative of,stoproom wefromwe/ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ ɤq/xari:b/a:l/ �� relative uncle / ﺧﺎلﻗﺮﻳﺐ /u//i//a/ خق /Table 3/x//q/ ɤ Short /a ba:ɤ b/ door/ ﺑﺎب ا /:a/ min/ / /min/urfa/Voiceless uvular stopof,roomof, fromfrom/ ﻣِ ﻦﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ qari:b/� � relative / ﻗﺮﻳﺐ /u//i/ ق /Arabic Vowels/q/ Short /i Table 3 Vowel Arabic Arabic Example Meaning ba:ɤ b/ door/ ﺑﺎب ا /:Arabic Vowelslong /a Example / / urfa//min/urfa/ Voiceless uvularMeaning of,stoproom roomfrom ﻣِ ﻦﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ qari:b/Arabic�� relativeArabic / ﻗﺮﻳﺐ /u//i/ ق /Table 3/q/ Vowel/u

Sa:bu:n/ soap/ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن و /:long /u Example /b /ba:ɤa:/ b/urfa/b/ Meaningdoorroomdoor ﺑﻏٌﺮﻓﺔﺎبArabic �اArabicLetter ا /Arabic Vowelslong Vowel/a:/ /a://u Sa:b/Sa:bu:ɤ u:n/n/ soapsoap/ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن و و /:Table 3 /u:/ /u ba:ɤurfa/b/ roomdoor// ﺑﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ ا� /Arabic Vowelslong /a://u Example /fi:/ Meaningin, at ﻓ ﻲ Arabic يTable 3 Vowel /i:/ ArabicLetter nahnu/ /fi/Sa:bu: ://ba:ɤ b/ n/ wesoapdoorin, at/ﺑ ﺎبﺻﺎﺑﻮنﻧَﺤﻦ او � ي /:i:/ /a//u://a/ Arabic Vowelslong Example /fi:/ Meaningin, at ﻓ ﻲ Arabic يTable 3 Vowel /i:/ ArabicLetter Short nahnu/ /Sa:bu: /ba:ɤ b/ n/ wesoapdoor/ ﺑ ﺻﺎﺑﺎبﻧَﺤﻦﻮن ا و� /:Arabic Vowels long /a//u://a Example /fi:/ Meaningin, atﻓ ﻲ Arabic يVowel /i:/ ArabicLetter Example /Sa:bu: n/ soap ﺻﺎﺑﻮنEnglish و Diphthong Arabic long Example /u:/ Meaning nahnu/ /min/ of,we from/ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ � /TableArabic 4 VowelsShort /a//i Example /Sa:bu: n/PHONOLOGICAL Meaningsoap RULES ﺻﺎﺑARABIC ﻮنSOMEArabic وVowel /u:/ ArabicLetter Diphthong Short Arabic Example Meaning English Example nahnu/ /min/ /fi:/ of,in,we from at/ﻓ ﻲ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ ي� /:ArabicArabic DiphthongsVowels /a//i//i / urfa/ /fi:/lacks consonants Meaning/ room/, /in,/, at/g/, /v/ and ﻓ/Example ﻲ Arabic, house ﻏٌﺮﻓﺔClassicalArabic ي � Vowel /jaw m/ /u//i:/ dayArabicLetterﻳﻮم /aw/ nahnu/ /min/ of,we from/ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ �Diphthong Short Arabic Example /a//i/Meaning English Example Example the /fi:/ first three sounds,Meaningroom in,are atnot ruled outﻓ ﻲ p/, however,Arabic house ي� Vowel /j /jawawm/ m/ /u//i:/ day dayhouseArabicLetterﻳﻮم /aw/ /aw/ nahnu/ / /min/urfa/ of,we from/ ﻣِ ﻦﻏٌﺮﻓﺔﻧَﺤﻦ � /Short /a//i eye colloquial//ba:ɤ urfa/b/ varieties ofʒroom doorArabic.ʧ The only ﺑﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔin different ا� D/Dِajِ f/f/ /a://u/ guest guesteyeLetter/ ﺿﻴﻒ /aj/ /aj/ eye /nahnu/ /min/ of,we from ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ � Dِajf/ /a//i/ guestLetter/ ﺿﻴﻒ aj/ Short/ not //ba:ɤ urfa/foundb/ in any varietyroomdoor of Arabic are the ﺑﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔphonemes ا� /long /a://u min/ of, from/ ﻣِ ﻦ � /Short /i Sa:bu:/nahnu/ /ba:ɤ b/ n/ ii soapdoorwe/ ﺑﺻﺎﺑﺎبﻧَﺤﻦﻮن او� /u://a://a/ bilabial / urfa/ stop /p/ and the voicedroom labio-dental ﻏٌﺮﻓﺔlong /u/ � voiceless nahnu/ /min/ of,we from/ ﻣِ ﻦﻧَﺤﻦ � /Short /a//i Sa:bu: /ba:ɤ b/ n/ roomsoapdoor/ ﺑ./v/ﺻﺎﺑ ﺎبﻮنfricative او� DATA ANALYSISlong Data/u://a://u/ Analysis /urfa / ﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ Short Sa:bu: /min/ /fi:/ n/ of,in,soap from at/ ﻓ ﻲﻣِ ﺻﺎﺑﻦﻮن وي� /u://i://i/ Hudson, / Arabic/ba:ɤ/min/urfa/b/ syllable 2005, structureof,roomdoor from is CV(C)(C). It) ﺑ ﻣِ ﻦﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ"non-overlapping to Classical sets ا�In a diglossic situationIn a "mostdiglossic linguisticlong situation items “most Databelong/a://u//i/ linguistic Analysis to one ofitems the twobelong Sa:bu: /fi:/ n/ in,soap at/ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن وي /:u://i/ a) /(Hudson,and/ba:ɤurfa/ anyb/(4) syntax.syllable 2005, necessarilyroomdoor starts with a) ﺑ"setsﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔ:lexicon, p.55).non-overlapping (3)means morphology that ا�p.55).In The a diglossic differences situation betweenone of"most theH and two long linguistic L non-overlapping are manifested items belong/a://u/ in sets” (1) to phonology,(Hudson, one of the 2005, (2)two Sa:bu: /fi:/ n/ in,soap at/ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن وي /:u://i/ b) / /ba:ɤandtheurfa/b/ initial(4) syntax. consonant is necessarilyroomdoor followed) ﺑﺎبﻏٌﺮﻓﺔlexicon,in (1) (3)consonant, morphology ا�(Accordingp.55). The todifferences Dittmar (2000): betweenThe differences H andlong L arebetween manifested H/a://u/ and in (1)L are phonology, manifested (2 Sa:bu: /fi:/ n/ in,soap at/ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن وي /:Table 4 /u://i i.e. /ba:ɤ consonantb/ clusters are notdoor allowed syllable ﺑﺎب,syntax. by a vowelا (According to Dittmar (2000):phonology, long (2) lexicon, (3)/a:/ morphology and (4 H /Sa:bu: /fi:/has an/ greater in,soap at ﻓ ﻲ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن;system of inflection وي1-L has fewer grammatical Table 4 (morphological) categories/u://i:/ and a reduced" c) /ba:ɤ theb/ (nucleus) vowel candoor be followed by 0) ﺑandﺎب ,initially ا /:According long to Dittmar (2000):/a Sa:bu:H /fi:/has n/a greater in,soap at/ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﺑﻮن;system of inflection ويgrammatical"1-L has (morphological) fewer grammaticalTable complexity. 4 (morphological) categories/u://i:/ and a reduced

long grammatical (morphological)Arabic“1-L complexity. Diphthongshas fewer grammatical (morphological) up to 2 consonants. Sa:bu: /fi:/ n/situation in,soap at/ ﻓdiglossicﻲ ﺻﺎﺑthe ﻮنcharacteristic of ويH and L have, in theTable main, 4 a complementary /u:/lexicon./i:/ It is a particular 2- Arabic Diphthongs Some phonological differences between the MSA and fi:/ situation in, at/ ﻓdiglossic ﻲ hascharacteristic and a the L variety. of the يthat pairs2- H areand used L have, situation-specifically incategories theTable main, 4 aand complementary witha reduced the same system /i:/lexicon. meaning of It inflection;in is thea particular H variety H Arabic Diphthongs LCA are: fi:/ in, at/ ﻓﻲ .and the L variety يthat pairs are used situation-specificallygreaterTable grammatical 4 with (morphological)the same /i:/ meaning complexity. in the H variety 3- H and L share one singleArabic2- H phonological andDiphthongs L have, system, in the in main, which athe complementary L phonology represents the basic system and the deviant3- Hcharacteristics and L share ofone the single H phonology phonological from system, a subsystem in which or parasystem"(p. the L phonology 120). represents Consonant the basic Change system and the lexicon. Arabic It Diphthongs is a particular characteristic of the diglossic deviant characteristics of theArabic H phonology Diphthongs from a subsystem or parasystem"(p. 120). Some consonants in MSA tend to change in LCA. Phonological, lexicalsituation and morpho-syntactic that pairs are useddifferences situation-specifically between MSA andwith LCA the will be introduced and analyzed, Examples are as follows: in detail,Phonological, in the forthcoming lexicalsame and sections. meaning morpho-syntactic in the H varietydifferences and thebetween L variety. MSA and LCA will be introduced and analyzed, Table 4 in detail, in the forthcoming3- sections. H and L share one single phonological system, in MSA LCA Meaning Table 4 /q/ / / Phonological DifferenceswhichTable the4 L phonology represents the basic system and theArabic deviant Diphthongs characteristics of the H phonology from a (1) /qalb/ / alb/ heart PhonologicalPhonologically Differences speaking,"theTable 4 L system will often appear to be the more basic]…[there is quite a difference subsystem or parasystem”(p. 120). (2) /qubba/ / ubba/ˡ dome betweenPhonologically Classical Arabic speaking,"the TableArabicand the 4 Diphthongs colloquial L system varieties"(Wardhaugh, will often appear to 2006,be the p. more 91). basic]…[there is quite a difference Arabic Phonological, Diphthongs lexical and morpho-syntactic differences (4) /qa:fila/ /ˈa:fila/ caravan between Classical ArabicTable and the 4 colloquial varieties"(Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 91). betweenArabic Diphthongs MSA and LCA will be introduced and analyzed, (3) /na:qa/ /na:ˈ a/ camel Table 4 Some Arabic PhonologicalArabic Rules Diphthongs (5) /Tala:q/ /Tala:ˈ / divorce inTable detail, 4 in the forthcoming sections. Some Arabic PhonologicalArabic Rules Diphthongs (6) /su:q/ /su: ˈ / market Classical Arabic, lacks Table consonants 4 / /, / /, /g/, /v/ and /p/, however, the first three sounds, are not ruled out in Classical Arabic, lacksArabic consonants Diphthongs / /, / /, /g/, /v/ and /p/, however, the first three(7) sounds, / arearq /not ruled out /inar / ˈ east different colloquial varieties of Arabic. The only phonemes not found in any variety of Arabic are the voiceless bilabialdifferent stop colloquial /p/ii and varietiesthe PHONOLOGICALvoicedArabic of labio-dentalDiphthongsArabic.ʒ The ʧfricative only DIFFERENCES phonemes /v/. not found in any variety(8) of Arabic/Sadi: areq /the voiceless/ Sadi: ˈ / friend ii bilabial stop /p/ and thePhonologically Arabic voiced Diphthongslabio-dental speaking,”theʒ ʧfricative /v/. L system will often appear (9) /rafi:ʃ q/ / ʃrafi:ˈ / companion Classical Arabic syllable structure is CV(C)(C). It means that: (a) any syllable necessarily starts with a ˈ consonant,Classical (b) Arabicthe initial syllableto consonantbe the structure more is basic]…[there necessarily is CV(C)(C). followed is quiteIt means aby difference a that:vowel, (a) between i.e.any consonant syllable necessarilyclusters/ /are startsnot allowed with / a / ˈ syllableconsonant, initially, (b) the and initial (c)Classical the consonant (nucleus) Arabic vowelis necessarilyand can the be colloquial followed followed varieties”(Wardhaugh, by by 0 upa vowel,to 2 consonants. i.e. consonant (10) clusters/ ami:l/ are not allowed/ ami:l/ beautiful syllable initially, and (c) the (nucleus) vowel can be followed by 0 up to 2 consonants. (11) / ʤama:l/ / ʒama:l/ beauty Some phonological 2006,differences p. 91). between the MSA and LCA are: (12) /ʤiddan/ ʒ / iddan / very Some phonological differences between the MSA and LCA are: ʤ ʒ

Consonant Change ʤ ʒ ConsonantSome consonants Change in MSA tend to change in LCA. Examples are as follows: Some consonants in MSA tend to change in LCA. Examples are as follows: Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 112 MSA LCA Meaning MSA LCA Meaning /q/ / / /q/ / / (1) /qalb/ / alb/ heart (1) /qalb/ /ˡalb/ heart (2) /qubba/ / ubba/ˡ dome (2) /qubba/ /ˈ ubba/ dome (4) /qa:fila/ / a:fila/ˈ caravan (4) /qa:fila/ /ˈ a:fila/ caravan (3) /na:qa/ /na:ˈ a/ camel (3) /na:qa/ /na:ˈ a/ camel (5) /Tala:q/ /Tala:ˈ / divorce (5) /Tala:q/ /Tala:ˈ / divorce (6) /su:q/ /su: ˈ/ market (6) /su:q/ /su: /ˈ market (7) / arq/ / ar / ˈ east (7) / arq/ / arˈ/ east (8) /Sadi:q/ / Sadi:ˈ / friend (8) /Sadi:ʃ q/ /ʃ Sadi:ˈ / friend ʃ ʃ ˈ ˈ ˈ

Mohammad Jafar Jabbari (2013). Studies in Literature and Language, 6(1), 110-116

(13) / amal/ / amal/ camel Multiple Processes (14) / a ar/ / a ar/ tree Sometimes two or more phonological processes occur /ʤ / /j/ʒ simultaneously. MSA words in (38 to 42) have undergone (15) /ma:ʃ ʤ / /maʃ ʒjj / water three phonological processes in LCA: (16) /miˡ a/ /mijja / hundred Regressive Vowel Harmony (RVH): The first vowel / /θ/ ˡ /t/ a/ has changed to /u/ in harmony with the following vowel (17) /θala:ˈ θa/ /tala:ta/ three /u/, (18) /θama:ni:n/ / tama:ni:n / eight Final Vowel Deletion (FVD): The final vowel /u/ is (19) /θa:ni:/ /ta:ni:/ second deleted, and (20) /miθl/ /mitl/ like Initial Consonant Addition (ICA): A voiced bilabial Vowel Change consonant is often added before present verb prefixes. It is /b/in all forms except 1st person plural, where it is /m/: Some vowels in MSA also tend to change in LCA. Examples are as follows: MSA LCA Meaning RVH FVD ICA MSA LCA Meaning (38) /aktubu/ /uktubu/ /uktubØ/ /buktub/ I write /a/ /i/ You (sin. mas.) (39) /taktubu/ /tuktubu/ /tuktubØ/ /btuktub/ (21) / add// / idd// ancestor write. (22) /baTT/ /biTT/ duck (40) /jaktubu/ /juktubu/ /juktubØ/ /bjuktub/ He writes. ʤ ʤ (23) / anta/ / inta/ you (mas. sing.) (41) /taktubu/ /tuktubu/ /tuktubØ/ /btuktub/ She writes. (24) / anti/ / int-/ you (fem. sing.) (42) /naktubu/ /nuktubu/ /nuktubØ/ /mnuktub/ We write. ˈ ˈ (25) / al/ / il/ definite article ˈ ˈ Morphological Differences ˈ ˈ Final Deletion According to Palmer (2000, P. 120), “L has fewer There is a tendency of final deletion in LCA..The deleted grammatical (morphological) categories and a reduced item can be a (V), as in (26) and (27), a (C), as in (28) or a system of inflection; H has a greater grammatical (CCV) as in (29): (morphological) complexity”. This implies that the (26) /katab-tu/ /katab-tØ/ I wrote two varieties do not necessarily follow the same set of (27) /katab-a/ /katab–Ø/ He wrote grammatical rules. (28) /katab-tum/ /katab-tuØ/ You (pl. mas.) wrote (29) /katab-tunna/ /katab-tuØ/ You (pl.fem.) wrote Suffix Deletion A good example of the said reduced system of inflection Change of Initial CV to CVC is the tendency of suffix deletion in LCA. This deletion, In LCA the empty morph / i-/ may be added to the some examples of which were also mentioned as a beginning of a word, while the following vowel is deleted. phonological process, is of morphological importance too. This phonological rule usuallyˈ occurs in words of more As a matter of fact, the said deleted items are verb suffices than one syllable. This way the initial syllable changes or case markers: from CV (in MSA) to CVC (in LCA). This phonological (43) /katab-a/ / katab–ø/ He wrote process is very productive in LCA and may happen in wrote-3rd Sing.Mas. words of different parts of speech. Examples (30) and (31) (44) / amm-u-hu/ / amm-u-ø/ His (paternal) illustrate this rule. The deleted vowel is underlined and uncle the syllable boundary is marked (#): uncle-NOM-hisˈ ˈ (30) / a#di:d/ / i #di:d/ new (45) /xa:l-u-hu/ /xa:l- u-ø/ His (paternal) (31) /Sa# i:r/ /’iS# i:r/ little uncle ʤ ˡ ʤ uncle-NOM-his Initial Consonant Cluster ɤ ɤ (46) / ammat-u-hu/ / ammat- u-ø/ His (paternal) As was mentioned earlier, syllable structure in Classical aunt. Arabic is CV(C)(C). In other words consonant clusters aunt-NOM-hisˈ ˈ are not allowed syllable initially. However, initial two- (47) /xa:lat-u-hu/ /xa:l-at-u-ø/ His (paternal) consonant clusters are frequently formed in LCA: aunt. (32) /kita:b/ /kta:b/ book aunt-NOM-his (33) /min ajn/ /mni:n/ Where……from? (34) /taktubu/ /btuktub/ You (sin. mas.) write. Neutralization ˡ (35) / jaktubu/ /bjuktub/ He writes. There is a tendency of neutralization of different linguistic (36) /ju:Sal/ /bju:Sal/ He arrives forms in LCA. The following examples show how (37) /qali:l/ / wajj/ little different verb suffixes in MSA are neutralized in LCA: ʃ

MSA LCA Meaning (76) /nahnu/ / ihna/ we (48) / katab-tum/ /katab-u:/ You (pl. mas.) (77) /ha:ða:/ /h:da// this (mas.) ` wrote (78) /ha:ðihi:/ /ha:da/ˈ this (fem.) (49) /katab-tunna/ /katab-u:/ You (pl. fem.) (79) /ha:ða:/ /ha:dul/ these (mas., wrote fem.) (50) /katab-u/ /katab-u:/ They (pl. mas.) Nouns (51) /katab-na/ /katab-u:/ They (pl. mas.) Nouns tend to be in complementary distribution, in the Lexical Differences two varieties, much more than any other grammatical In a diglossic situation, “There may be distinctly different category, (80 to 91) being only few examples: pairs of words, i.e., doublets, in the H and L varieties to (80) / imra a/ /mara/ woman refer to very common objects and concepts. Since the (81) /maTar/ / ita:/ rain (82) /fulu:s/,ˡ ˡ /nuqu:d/ /ma a:ri:/ money domain of the two varieties do not intersect, there will be ʃ an L word for use in L situations and an H word for use in (83) /ma: ida/ /sufra/ table ʃ (clothes) H situations with no possibility of transferring the one to ˈ the other” (Wardhaugh, 2006, p.91). In other words, the “H (84) / al-masi:h/ / as-sajjid/ Christ and L have, in the main, a complementary lexicon. It is a (85) /raqi:b/ / a:wi: / sergeant (86) /ziwa:ˈ / /farah/ˈ wedding particular characteristic of the diglossic situation that pairs ʃ ʃ are used situation-specifically with the same meaning in (87) /qarja/ /daj a/ village (88) /sajjida/ʤ /sitt/ lady the H variety and the L variety” (Dittmar, 2000, p.120). ʕ Lexical Complementary Distribution includes all parts of (89) /sajjid/ /si:d/ gentleman, speech. Some examples are: sir, Mr. (90) / ab/ /bajj/ father Adjectives (91) /qawwa:d/ / akru:t/ pi:mp (52) / ajjid / / kuwajjis/ good ˈ (53) /bilma a:n// /bila: / free of charge Borrowed Words ʕ (54) /qali:l/ʤ / wajj/ little “The L variety shows a tendency to borrow learned words (55) /ka i:r/ʤʤ / ihwa:ja/ʃ much from the H variety, particularly when speakers try to use ʃ Adverbs the L variety in more formal ways” (Wardhaugh, 2006, ɵ ˡ (56) / adan/ / bukra / tomorrow p. 91). This has resulted in a certain admixture of H (57) /huna:/ /hawn/ ,/hu:n/ here vocabulary into the L. Some examples of borrowing are (58) /huna:k/ɤ /huni:k/ there as follows. The borrowed words, are either borrowed from (59) /’ajDan/ /kama:n/ also (geographically) neighboring languages such as Persian (60) /’al’a:n/ /halla/ / issa/ now and Turkish, or from European languages, particularly (61) /faqaT/ /bass/ only English and French. It should be born in mind that any ˡ borrowed word may have undergone phonological and/or Prepositions semantic change. (62) /li/ //min a:n// for (92) /ha:tif/ /tilfun/ telephone (63) /bi-daxil/ /juwwa/ inside (93) /ha:su:ba/ /kambi:ju:tir/ computer (64) / ila:/ /li/ ʃ towards (94) sajjarat-ul- u ra/ /taksi:/ taxi (65) / ala:/ / a/ on, over ˈ (95) / ariTa/ /ka:si:t/ cassette Interrogative Pronouns ˈ ʤ ʕ ʕ (96) /tahakkum min bu d/ /ri:mu:t kuntru:l/ (66) /mata:/ / ajmata/ when ʃ remote control (67) /kam/ / adaj / how much, (97) / Sala/ , /nafha/ /bax ʕ i: /iii tip ˈ iv how many (98) /sajjid/ /baj/ /ba: a:/ Sir (68) / ajj/ /ˈilli:/ʃ which ʃ ʃ (69) / ajna/ /wajn/ /fajn/ where Syntactic Differences ʃ (70) /lima:ða:/ˈ /lajˈ / ./laj/ what for, why MSA and LCA also differ in syntax, particularly in word (71) /ma:ða://ʕ / u:/ what order: ʃ Verbs Different Word Order ʃ (72) / un Zur/ / u:f/ see, look (99) / aTTa:biq i - a:ni:/ / a:ni: Ta:biq/ (73) /ha:t/ / ib/ bring Second floor ˈ ʃ ˡ ɵ ɵ ɵ Pronouns and Demonstratives (100) / al-bina:ja a - a:ni:ja/ / a:ni: bina:ja/ ʤ (74) /ða:li:ka/ /ha:da:k/ that(mas.) Second building ˡ Ɵ ɵ ɵ (75) /tilka/ /ha:di:k that (101) /Saba:h ba:kir/ /bukra is-sibh/ (fem.) Early in the morning. While the MSA tends to form “sentences with the

Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 114 Mohammad Jafar Jabbari (2013). Studies in Literature and Language, 6(1), 110-116 word order Verb+Subject+Object, e.g. /qara a-aT-Talib-u past al-qasidav/”(Awn & Alrajehi, 2004, p. 17). LCA, however, / illi: fa:t ma:t/ tends to use the word order Subject+Verb+Object:ˈ what passed died ˈ MSA LCA Meaning Letˈ bygones by bygones. /kataba il-walad-u / ilwalad kataba The kid wrote (119) / iða: a: al-Ta a:m baTal-al-kala:m/ (102) maka:ti:b/ maka:ti:b/ letters when came-aRT-food voided-aRT-words wroteˈ the kid ˈthe kid wrote /ˈ indu-l-buTu:nʤ ˈ ʕ Da: at- il- uqu:l/ letters letters for-ART-bellies spoiled-ART-wisdoms ʕ ʕ ʕ Total Differences When it was time for the bellies the minds were The above-mentioned partial differences, hand in hand, astray. make the two varieties totally different at the levels (120) / al-nawm-u ba:kiran wa-l-nuhu:Su bakiran larger than phonology and lexicon. MSA and LCA use jaksiba:ni-al-mar Sihhatan wa ara: an wa ˈ drastically different phrases and sentences in the same hikma/ ˈ Ɵ ˈ situations. The following examples clarify the extent of ART-sleep-NOM early and-ART-rise early the difference. brings-DUAL-ART-man health and wealth and wisdom Some Productive Expressions Unique to /na:m ba:kir qu:m ba:kir u:f il-Siha kajf betSi:r/ Levantine Colloquial Arabic sleep early rise early see-ART-health how comes (103) / ajjid iddan/ /helu: ka i:r/ very good Early to bed early to rise,ʃ makes man healthy, (104) / habbaða:/ /ja sala:m/ bravo wealthy and wise. ʤ ʤ ɵ What is your (105) /masmuk/ / u: ismak/ name? /ki:fak/ /ma: i: (106) /kajfa ha:luka/ ʃ ˡ How are you CONCLUSIONS ilha:l/ / i lawnak/ (107) / ajjid iddan/ /tama:m/ ʃ fine The data of the study manifest a good number of ˡ ˡ ʃ (108) /ma a-s-sala:ma/ /xa:trak/ Good bye differences between Modern Standard Arabic and ʤ ʤ (109) /faZlan/ / iða bitri:d/ please Levantine Colloquial Arabic. These differences were ʕ (110) /kami-s-sa: a/ /qaddi is-sa: a/ What time is it? found on the levels of phonology, morphology, lexicon ˡ / ajdu ra su-s-sana /kull sana inta bi- and syntax. Phonological alterations were vowel change, (111) Happy New Year sa i:d/ ʕ xajr/ʃ ʕ consonant change, final deletion, and CV to CVC (112) ʕ/marra ˡ a:nija/ /kama:n marra/ˡ again ˡ syllable change. Lexical differences were mainly a lexical complementary distribution between MSA and LCA. Totally Differentɵ Sentences This complementary distribution was found to occur in (113) /ma: huwa mihnatu-k/ / u: bta ta il/ words of different parts of speech, nominal alterations What is your profession? being the most frequent one. Morphological alterations ʃ ʃ ɤ (114) /hal taqdar an taktub/ /bti dir tuktub/, / included suffix deletion and neutralization, in Levantine bta rif tuktab/ Can you write? Arabic. And, last but not least, at the syntactic level, the ˈ ˈ (115) / li-man haða-l-kita:b/ / t a b a mi:n ha-li two varieties showed some word order differences. These ʕ kta:b/ Whose book is this? differences, going hand in hand, have resulted in drastic ʕ (116) /la: adri:/ /ma: ba rif/ I don’t know differences, thereby a mutual unintelligibility. ˡ ʕ SEMANTICALLY DIFFERENT PROVERBS SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES Proverbs with the same referential meanings, do not Diglossic relationship holds between the Standard Arabic, necessarily have identical semantic meanings, from on the one hand, and such other colloquial verities as language to language. The same thing holds true in MSA Egyptian, Moroccan, and Peninsular dialects of Arabic, and LCA. Some examples are: etc, on the other. It is advisable that similar studies on any MSA LCA Referrential Meaning of the said verities be conducted. Furthermore, while this (117) / uSfu:r-un fi-l-jad jusa:wi: i najn fi-l- a ma/ article studies the differences between MSA and LCA sparrow- a in-ART-hand equals synthetically and qualitatively, narrower analytic and ʕ ˈ Ɵ ˈ ʤ two in-ART-bush quantitative studies on the subject are recommended. / uSfu:r b-jad wa la: usfura bi- - a ar/ sparrow at-hand and no sparrow at-ART-tree Aʕ bird in the hand is worthʕ two inʃ ʃ theʤ bush REFERENCES (118) / i tabar-ol- ahda: ol-ma:Zi:jja ahda: ol- Al-Ba albaki, N. (1983). Al-Mawrid. Dar El-Ilm Lil-Malayen, maZi:jja/ Beyrut. take-ART-accidents-ART-ˈ ʕ ˈ Ɵ past accidents-ART-ˈ Ɵ ˈ

Awn, A. & Alrajehi, M., (2003). Ad-dirasat-ul Lughawia McLoughlin, L.J. (1982). Colloquial Arabic (Levantine). (Language Lessons). Al-Matba’atol Ul-Khadra. Libya. Routledge. Brustad, E.K. (2000). The Syntax of Spoken Arabic. Georgetown Trudgill, P. (1983b). Sociolinguistics; An Introduction to University Press. Language and Society, rev.edn. Harmondsworth, England: Dittmar, N (2000). Sociolinguistics: A Critical Survey to Theory Penguin Books. and Application. London: Edward Arnold. Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (5th Dulay, H., Burt, M. & Krashen, S. (1982). Language Two. edn), Oxford: Blackwell. Oxford University Press. Watson, J.C.E. (2002). The phonology and morphology of Ferguson, C.A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15. 325-40. Arabic: Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hudson, R.A. (1996). Sociolinguistics (2nd edn), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jabbari, M.J. (2012) . Diglossia in Arabic-A Comparative Study NOTES of the Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial Egyptian i- The transcription is read from left to right although Arabic is Arabic. Global Journal of Human Social Sciences. Vol. XII, written from right to left in the script. Issue VIII: 23-46. ii- At least one word, i.e. /panki/ = (fan) is found in Iraqi Jabbari, M.J. (2013). Arabic in Iraq- A Diglossic Situation. Colloquial Arabic. Interrnational Journal of Applied Linguistics and English iii- /bax i: / is a Persian word, however, it is borrowed by Arabic Literature. Vol. 2 No. 1: 139-150. via Ottoman Empire. ʃ ʃ Liddicoat, M.J., Lennane, R. & Abdul Rahim, I. (1999). Syrian iv-/baj/ and /ba: a:/ are borrowed from Turkish, used as titles in Colloquial Arabic- A Functional Course. National Library the Ottoman Empire. ʃ of Australia. v- The student the ode.