1 The Temporal Bone 1 1.1 Embryology of the Temporal Bone 1 1.1.1 Cartilaginous Neurocranium 2 1.1.2 Membranous Neurocranium and the Squamous Bone 4 1.1.3 The Viscerocranium 4 1.2 Perinatal Changes of the Temporal Bone 5 1.3 Postnatal Changes of the Temporal Bone 6 1.4 Anatomy of the Temporal Bone 7 1.4.1 The Petrous Bone 8 1.4.2 The Squamous Bone 8 1.4.3 The Tympanic Bone 8 1.4.4 The Styloid Bone 9 1.4.5 Temporal Bone Fissures 9 1.4.6 Temporal Bone Surfaces 10 References 16
2 Middle Ear Cavity 19 2.1 Lateral Wall 19 2.1.1 Embryology of the Lateral Wall 20 2.1.2 Lateral Wall Anatomy 21 2.2 Inferior Wall (Jugular Wall) 26 2.2.1 Embryology of the Inferior Wall 26 2.2.2 The Inferior Wall Anatomy 27 2.3 Posterior Wall 29 2.3.1 Embryology of the Posterior Wall 29 2.3.2 Posterior Wall Anatomy 29 2.4 Superior Wall (The Tegmen) 32 2.4.1 Superior Wall Development 32 2.4.2 Superior Wall Anatomy 32 2.5 Anterior Wall (Carotid Wall) 36 2.5.1 Anterior Wall Development 36 2.5.2 Anterior Wall Anatomy 37 2.6 Medial Wall (Cochlear Wall) 39 2.6.1 Embryology of the Medial Wall Structures 39 2.6.2 Medial Wall Anatomy 41 References 47
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3 Middle Ear Contents 49 3.1 The Auditory Ossicles 50 3.1.1 Embryology of the Auditory Ossicles 50 3.1.2 Anatomy of the Auditory Ossicles 55 3.2 Middle Ear Articulations 63 3.2.1 Embryology of Middle Ear Articulations 63 3.2.2 Anatomy of Middle Ear Articulations 64 3.3 Middle Ear Muscles 65 3.3.1 Embryology of Middle Ear Muscles 65 3.3.2 Anatomy of the Middle Ear Muscles 66 3.4 Middle Ear Nerves 67 3.4.1 Facial Nerve Branches 67 3.4.2 Tympanic Plexus 67 3.5 Middle Ear Vessels 68 3.5.1 Embryology of Middle Ear Vessels 68 3.5.2 Anatomy of Middle Ear Vessels 70 3.6 Middle Ear Mucosal Folds 72 3.6.1 Mucosal Folds Development 72 3.6.2 Mucosal Folds Anatomy 72 3.6.3 The Tympanic Diaphragm 77 3.6.4 The Tympanic Isthmus 78 References 80
4 Middle Ear Compartments 83 4.1 Embryology of Middle Ear Compartments 83 4.1.1 The Saccus Anticus 84 4.1.2 The Saccus Medius 84 4.1.3 The Saccus Superior 85 4.1.4 The Saccus Posticus 85 4.2 Anatomy of the Protympanum 85 4.2.1 Walls of the Protympanum 86 4.2.2 The Supratubal Recess (STR) 86 4.3 Anatomy of the Hypotympanum 86 4.3.1 Walls of the Hypotympanum 86 4.3.2 Air Cells in the Hypotympanum 87 4.4 Anatomy of the Retrotympanum 88 4.4.1 The Lateral Spaces 88 4.4.2 The Medial Spaces 90 4.5 Anatomy of the Attic (The Epitympanum) 92 4.5.1 The Upper Unit of the Attic 93 4.5.2 The Lower Unit of the Attic (Prussak's Space) .... 98 4.6 The Mesotympanum 101 4.6.1 Tympanic Membrane Compartments 101 References 102 XV
5 The Mastoid 105 5.1 Embryology of the Mastoid 105 5.1.1 Embryology of the Mastoid Antrum 106 5.1.2 Postnatal Mastoid Pneumatization 106 5.2 Mastoid Process Anatomy 108 5.2.1 Surface Landmarks of the Mastoid Process 108 5.2.2 Surgical Anatomy of the Mastoid Antrum 110 5.2.3 The Aditus Ad Antrum 117 5.2.4 The Mastoid Air Cells 117 5.2.5 Mastoid Air Cell System Volume 120 References 121
6 Facial Nerve 123 6.1 Facial Nerve Development 123 6.1.1 Facial Nerve Connections 126 6.2 Facial Nerve Anatomy 126 6.2.1 The Cerebellopontine Angle (CPA) Segment 127 6.2.2 The Internal Auditory Canal Segment (IAC) 127 6.2.3 The Facial Canal (Fallopian Aqueduct) 128 6.2.4 Vascularization of the Facial Nerve 137 References 139
7 The Eustachian Tlibe 141 7.1 Eustachian Tube Development 141 7.1.1 Postnatal Growth 143 7.2 Eustachian Tube Anatomy 145 7.2.1 The Bony Portion of the Eustachian Tube 145 7.2.2 The Junctional Segment 147 7.2.3 The Fibrocartilaginous Tube 147 7.2.4 The Pharyngeal End 149 7.2.5 Muscles of the Eustachian Tube 149 7.2.6 Eustachian Tube Mucosa 151 7.2.7 Eustachian Tube Blood Vessels 151 7.2.8 Eustachian Tube Nerves 151 References 153
Index 155