Volume 08 June No. 1 2015

YOUTH, CREATIVITY, , AND CULTURAL NUANCE IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Sherly Haristya STIKOM LSPR, Jakarta Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract This research is trying to see how some digital natives in Indonesia deal with copyright in the digital age since internet enable everyone to become a consumer, distributor, and also producer of content at the same time. With different characteristics of digital natives in Indonesia, the current work thus seeks to fill the gap for Indonesia’s context that has not been touched by the previous research from Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, and Barnes (2009). With the use of qualitative method, the research conducted to a group of young people age from 14-19 years old that come from social class A and B. They were asked to fill closed and open-ended questionnaire and continued with an in dept interview for those who showed interest in creation process on the internet. It was found that there is a great distance between copyright concepts to digital natives in this research. Besides, there were also misconceptions in understanding copyright law. Moreover, it was found lack of participations in creating cultural works on the internet from these digital natives. They had not been armed with technical and social knowledge to participate in creating and influencing cultural production and development. Keywords: internet, copyright, digital natives, culture

INTRODUCTION internet users aged 16 – 64 years old, social The number of internet users in economic class ABC who use the internet Indonesia significantly increase. One study more than three hours per (Waizly, 2011). It about internet which was conducted by also reported that in every city where the Markplus Insight also shows that fact. The survey had been conducted, namely Jakarta, study currently confirms that mobile Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang, Medan, internet penetration in Indonesia reached 57 Makassar, Denpasar, Pekanbaru, percent of the total internet users, a 100 Palembang, and Banjarmasin, up to 80 percent increase from last year. It happens percent of internet users are people aged due to the affordable prices of gadgets and between 15 and 30-years old. (Internet mobile internet services. At the other side, users Indonesia reaches 55 million people) the number of internet users in Indonesia Though it is not strictly defined by significantly increased to 55 million people his or her age, but a person born into the in 2011 from the previous 45 million digital age (after 1980) who has access to (Internet users Indonesia reaches 55 million networked digital technologies and strong people). computer skills and knowledge can be Markplus held their study from called as a digital native. Digital natives August until September 2011 to 2161 Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 share a common global culture that is there are different internet maturity and defined by certain attributes and penetration level between digital natives in experiences related to how they interact Indonesia and abroad. with information technologies, information In accordance with digital native itself, one another, and other people and concept, nowadays, access to a computer institutions. In Hungary, Denmark, Iceland, and an Internet connection enables anyone Finland, Norway, Germany, Poland, with even modest technical skills to create Luxembourg, and also Asia for instance, a and consume content—including majority of young people have posted copyrighted content—while bypassing messages to chat rooms, online traditional channels of distribution. As a newsgroups, or forums, but not all digital result, copyright laws have become relevant natives are participating in the creative to the millions who interact with digital renaissance that is happening online. Only content on a regular basis. (Madden and about one in four young people say they Lenhart, 2003 in Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, remix content of any kind into their own and Barnes, 2009). Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, artistic creations such as artwork, photos, and Barnes (2009) found that young people stories, videos, or the like (Palfrey & in Boston, US that operate in the digital Gasser, 2008). realm overwhelmingly ignorant of the From my previous research, it was rights, and to a lesser degree the found that not all digital natives participate restrictions, established in copyright law. in the creative process. The persons I They often engage in unlawful behavior, interviewed, said that they read online news such as illegal peer-to-peer music more and compare the accuracy between downloading, yet they nevertheless one online news article and the other, have demonstrate an interest in the rights and an emotional attachment in spite of the livelihoods of creators. news accuracy, discuss one news with their Kusumadara (2000) in her friends through face to face communication dissertation argued that intellectual property and also computer mediated laws, especially in this research copyright communication, but they have not involved law was difficult to be enforced in in creativity process related to the news Indonesia because of the profound consumption (Haristya, 2010). From incompatibility of the law with Indonesian previous interview with Mr. Donny B.U, culture. Indonesian people tend to share founder of ICT Watch, internet entered what they have with others while the Indonesia commercially in 1995, hence copyright concept more to protect one’s The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 2

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 intellectual property. Hence, with the

different level of digital natives’ skills in in Indonesia: a Brief using technology in digital world and also Introduction the incompatibility of copyright law to Intellectual property law in Indonesian, this research is trying to find Indonesia is related to three primary areas out some of Jakarta digital natives’ which are patent, trademark, and copyright. understanding and attitudes about digital Intellectual property law is the most ratified creativity and copyright law. law among others. Patent and trademark each were ratified for three times; Previous Research meanwhile copyright law itself was ratified This research based on the idea that for four times: Copyright Law No. 6/1982, brought by Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, and Law No. 7/1987, Law No. 12 / 1997, and Barnes (2009) with title Youth, Creativity, the latest is Law No. 19/2002. Indonesian and Copyright in the Digital Age. government also has become a member of According to them, new digital networked several copyright international agreements technologies enable users to participate in such as World Trade Organization (WTO) the consumption, distribution, and creation which this also included the agreement on of content in ways that are revolutionary for Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual both culture and industry. Based on that Property Rights (TRIPs), then Indonesia’s thought, they found that young people role in ratifying Berne Convention as the operate in the digital realm overwhelmingly basis of World Intellectual Property ignorant of the rights, and to a lesser degree Organization (WIPO). the restrictions, established in copyright Copyright itself according to Law law. They often engage in unlawful No. 19/2002 shall mean an exclusive right behavior, such as illegal peer-to-peer music for an Author or the recipient of the right to downloading, yet they nevertheless publish or reproduce his work or to grant demonstrate an interest in the rights and permission for said purposes, without livelihoods of creators. In here, they decreasing the limits according to the explored digital native age 12-22 in the prevailing laws and regulations. Copyright greater Boston area which grow up in the legally guarantees that the creator of digital world with access to the intellectual and artistic works should retain technologies and the skills to use them in control over those materials for a set period sophisticated ways. of time, and thus enjoy the profits of creative labor (Wooth and Smith 2005: 24) The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 3

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 but on the other side, public have an interest interest from other countries that mostly act to get information. This often makes as creator than user of technology. Second, conflict between the interest of creator and Indonesia does not have a strict factor in public as user of the copyrighted content. qualifying and categorizing act. The International world recognize fair current factor that stated fair use act is only use doctrine which says that copyright in 10% or as long as it does not disturb the some matters has its limitations. This normal interest of the creators tend to result limitation is related to public’s need for in an abstract understanding because there information access which aim to technology is no further explanation about it. Third, development and new creation based on Indonesia does not have a clear practical previous copyrighted works (Ratnajati, guide about fair use in classroom. 2008). Fair use doctrine in Indonesia is arranged in part V “Copyright Restrictions” Copyright in The Digital Age article 14-18 Copyright Law No. 19/2002. Jones (1994: 26 in Lister et.al, 2009) According to article 15, the use of a work of summed up the inflated claims for the another party for the purpose of education, impact of Computer Mediated research, scientific thesis, report writing, Communications (CMC). He observed that criticizing or reviewing an issue, provided popular and critical writing claimed that the that it does not prejudice the normal interest net would create opportunities for education of the Author shall not be deemed as and learning, create new opportunities for . participatory democracy, establish According to Ratnajati (2008), countercultures on an unprecedented scale, Indonesia has done some arrangement ensnarl already difficult legal matters about fair use but there are three out of five concerning privacy, copyright and ethics, weak points on it. First, there is an restructure man/machine interaction. ambiguity that shows in Law No. 19/2002 Copyright itself contains two rights: because of the effort in combining moral and economic right. Moral right economic right from the creators and also means that everybody who creates any moral right from the public. As a cultural works has the right to be admitted developing country, Indonesia needs many as the creator of his or her work. This right references to develop the education field has to be respected by other parties since and also its research but on the other side, the first time it exists. The purpose of moral as part of the international society, right is to protect the reputation of creator Indonesia cannot abandon the economic and copyright holder. Economic right The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 4

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 assured that other party who use creator’s Before I gave the questionnaire, I asked or copyright holder’s work should pay some them first “Do you use internet every day?” royalty to the creator or copyright holder. Whenever they answered yes, then I handed (Ratnajati, 2008) the questionnaire to them. After they filled Before the introduction of the out a questionnaire consists closed-ended internet, the copyright holders had the right questions about their personal habit on the to prohibit reproductions of copyrighted internet, then they were given several open- works for commercial purposes and the ended questions asking their opinion about right to restrict certain public uses of copyright in the digital era. These questions copyrighted works because it will cause such as: “What is crossing your mind when disadvantage for the economic right of their you hear about copyright? Have you ever creation. At that time, copyright laws did thought or concerned about copyright and regulate activities of private individuals, but why? What kind of act is included as they did not affect many uses of copyright infringement according to you? copyrighted works by individuals for Downloading music from the internet do noncommercial purposes.(Tamura, 2009) you think it’s legal or illegal and why? Nowadays, the internet has Sharing music with your friends do you completely changed this situation. The think it’s legal or illegal and why? Have digital technologies allow private you heard about fair use before? (Palfrey, individuals to make perfect copies of Gasser, Simun, and Barnes, 2009). After digitized copyrighted works. Furthermore, they filled out the questionnaire, then I the internet enables millions of individuals selected two students that indicated creation to distribute such perfect copies to an activity based from their answers in the unlimited number of strangers without questionnaire to have an in depth interview difficulty. Copyright laws have started to asking deeper about the process how they affect many activities of private individuals created works on the internet and to identify which were considered lawful in the about their understanding regarding analogue era. (Tamura, 2009) copyright in their creative process.

METHOD DISCUSSION I conducted the research in Below is the descriptive statistics Greenville, West Jakarta area with a group data from respondents’ characteristics: of young people age from 14-19 years old 1. N = 27 who come from social class A and B. The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 5

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2. Ages = 14-19 consist of middle 12. 100% download music, 55.5% school, high school, and college photo, 25.9% article, 44.4% video students. 13. 77.8% streaming, 22.3% never do 3. Female = 40.7%, male = 59.3% streaming 4. Those who used the internet at ages 7-9 are 22.2 % and at ages 10-12 are Consumption and Distribution Practices 77.7% After asking their personal habit on 5. Person who showed them how to the internet, then I was giving them open use the internet for the first time is questions on the questionnaire so that they 3.7% by a school teacher, 22.2% by can explore more in giving their opinion. parents, 33.3% by a friend, 14.8% Digital native were asked whether they care by a sibling, 3.7% by a course or not with copyright. Some students teacher, and 22.2% by their own answered that they care because they were selves. afraid if they caught by the police. 6. 100% have their own hand phone, Meanwhile, two students thought that they 96.3% has their own computer, had to appreciate others’ creation, not laptop, and (or) tablet, 33.3% has because they were afraid of the punishment their own digital camera but basically they respected the creators 7. 7.4% have an account in one social because they realized that people needed networking site, while 92.6% has an money to create something. account in minimum two different Another side of these young people social networking sites. showed neglectful attitude toward 8. 44.4% logged in to their social copyright. Two students thought that there networking account less than 3 was no law about copyright in Indonesia times a day, 55.6% logged in more and also there was none ever get punished than 5 times a day for copyright infringement so they did not 9. 66.7% do uploading activity on the pay attention to it. Two students internet, 33.3% never upload correspondingly wrote that they did not care anything to the internet. about copyright of one work because they 10. 59.2% upload photos, 25.9% upload have not created anything by themselves. music, 7.4% upload article, 11.1% And also, five students stated they did not upload video care with copyright because they did not 11. 100% have downloaded something see any relevance with their needs and from the internet. interests. The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 6

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In response to the question “When that we feel a vicarious intimacy with you hear the word ‘copyright’ what is people and places all over the world. This crossing on your mind?” One student has an intimacy, as Jones observed that the net opinion that if he heard the word copyright, would ensnarl already difficult legal matters he would associate it with movie. The other concerning privacy, copyright and ethics said he would directly think about the cover restructure man/machine interaction (1994: of comic book that he used to read. The 26 in Lister et.al, 2009). New media is a other answers are: borderless world hence copyrights issue on 1. “It must be someone who is the internet touches everyone who is awesome because he or she created connected to the internet. Palfrey, Gasser, something great so that he or she Simun, and Barnes (2009) in their research can get copyrights for his or her also found the same condition. Some creation.” statements from their respondents described 2. “Copyright means that some work copyright as a protection that is afforded to belongs to them. Cannot be used by others, rather than a legal concept others without permission.” applicable to society as a whole, including 3. “Musician is already rich so why I young people. should care about copyright?” Misconception of Copyright Concern from some of their answers Infringements is how great the distance between copyright If in Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, and concept to them. Students in here do not Barnes’(2009) research it was found that feel that copyright concept belong to them many of the young people that they spoke and it is attached to their daily lives. to confused copyright with notions of Furthermore, it also shows their lack of plagiarism, this condition happens also in participation in producing cultural works on this research with 44.4% of the students the internet. In fact, internet nowadays is answered that copyright is identical with shrinking the world and bringing people piracy for them. Lindsey (Ratnajati, 2008) closer together. This is the inspiration stated that there is difference between behind another well-known phrase coined plagiarism and copyright infringement. by McLuhan: ‘the global village’ Copyright infringement is using others’ (McLuhan and Fiore 2001 in Lister et.al, work without permission. Plagiarism is 2009). Internet as one form of technology presenting others’ work as one’s own. But, has expanded our horizons to such an extent The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 7

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 overall these two concepts are related with directly from his friends. On the internet, fair use doctrine. content is available via many different modes of access— downloading, streaming, Students in here also experience sharing via messengers and email with puzzling opinions regarding copyrights friends. In addition, digital content can also infringement. 48.14% said that according to be copied and shared via physical format, them, downloading any work from the such as burning CDs or sharing files internet is an illegal act; meanwhile 44.44% directly from hard drive to device. The legal said that it is legal. Those who has opinion issues involved in this range of practices that it is an illegal act realized that it can be puzzling, even to lawyers who have happened whenever someone download studied this area of law (Palfrey, Gasser, something from the internet, they just take Simun, and Barnes, 2009). Then, the second the work without paying it or ask for student wrote that for him, lip-sync video permission from the author. On the other that usually being uploaded to Youtube is a hand, other students wrote that they knew it legal one, in the meantime the debate was illegal but since everybody does it, it whether it is a legal or illegal video against becomes a common thing to do. copyright still keep continuing until present Misinterpretation of copyright in abroad. Digital natives’ understandings infringement also shown below: of copyright law confirmed how difficult 1. “I do not want to download illegal these concepts can seem to nonlawyers content from the internet in the (Palfrey, Gasser, Simun, and Barnes, 2009). future, but I will ask it from my friends.” Creative Practices and Cultural Nuance 2. “There is some act included as Kusumadara (2000) stated that copyright infringement. Shinta and copyright has become a neglected area of Jojo (note: two Indonesian young law in Indonesia, because the country is still girls that become famous because of unable to produce significant intellectual their lip-sync video for Keong works which are worthy of international Racun song in Youtube) is legal copyright protection. In this research, it is meanwhile pirated song is the one found that digital native in here mostly did that illegal. not get used to create some works to be There are confusions exemplified uploaded to the internet. This indication is students in here. First student said that he supported by initial question that being would ask content for example like music asked to assess their personal habit on the The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 8

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 internet. Only 66.7% ever uploaded content commentary and digital production online to the internet and even this number engagement. typically uploaded photos to their social From this answer, it can be seen that networking account, meanwhile 100% of creating a cultural work on the internet is students in this research have downloaded still uncommon for them. Students in here some content from the internet. have not been armed with technical and Young people in this research also social knowledge to participate in creating answered that mostly they were showed the and influencing cultural production and internet usage for the first time 33.3% by a development. In fact, nowadays, the overlap friend, 22.2% by their own selves, and between cyberspace and the ‘real world’ is 22.2% by parents. Meanwhile, there was great – so great in fact that the difference only 3.7% of the student showed the between what’s cyber and what’s real is internet usage for the first time by a school sometimes impossible to tell. (Thurlow, teacher. In contrary, they admitted that they Lengel, & Tomic, 2004). It can be used the internet for the first time at ages 7- concluded that if young people participate 9 are 22.2 % and at ages 10-12 are 77.7% in creating and influencing culture on the which this is an elementary school aged. internet, it also can influence culture in the The concern found in research done real world. It is more supported with how by Palfrey, et.al (2009) is the fact that the new technologies broke down old traditional authority figures, such as barriers between media consumption and educators and parents who taught the media production. The old rhetoric of internet usage to the young people often opposition and cooptation assumed a world have little knowledge in this arena to permit where consumers had little direct power to them to support youth as they engage in shape media content and where there were cultural commentary and digital production enormous barriers to entry into the online. For the meantime, in this research is marketplace, whereas the new digital found that young people in here were environment expands their power to mostly showed internet usage for the first archive, annotate, appropriate, and time by friends and their own selves, then it recirculate media products. (Jenkins 2002 in even become more serious issue since it can Lister, et.al, 2009) be assured that friends and also their own selves have little knowledge about Attitudes toward Reuse of Content copyright to support their cultural International world recognize fair use doctrine which says that copyright in The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 9

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 some matters has its limitations. This works to be used by others freely limitation is related to public’s need for because uploading something to the information access which aim to technology internet, it is not for profit yet because development and new creation based on it is not protected by the law yet. I previous copyrighted works (Ratnajati, and my friend at the Fiction Press 2008). Fair use doctrine in Indonesia is Community is just a little fish in the arranged in part V “Copyright Restrictions” big sea so we have not been protected article 14-18 Copyright Law No. 19/2002. yet by the copyright law. It is According to article 15, the use of a work of impossible there is someone who another party for the purpose of education, would like to upload their creation to research, scientific thesis, report writing, the internet meanwhile they want to criticizing or reviewing an issue, provided make any profit from their work that it does not prejudice the normal interest If we take a look at previous of the Author shall not be deemed as explanation, it can be seen that young copyright infringement. people who are not involved in creation In Palfrey’s research, when it comes process, some of them showed a great to the reuse of others’ work, it was found distance with copyright concept. Here, that among young people a respect for the students who involved in creation process, creators’ right though they emphasized they knew that there is a copyright concept more to financial impact. In the meantime, but they had a bit misconception. in this research it is found confusions Until the 1990s, it was true that the among young people. From two students breakdown of the professional and amateur out of 27 who involved in creating cultural category is so rigid. But now, that rigid works by reusing others’ works, their distinction between professional and opinion were: amateur technologies defined by 1. “If we took any movie scene, it is the engineering quality and cost has now real copyrighted work, so it can be broken down. If we take a look at internet categorized as copyright combined with PC, laptop, or tablet, those infringement. O, and also books! But, all are ‘prosumer’ technologies that enable if the content on the internet, since the user to be consumer and producer, as it’s there, so it can be used.” well as distributor. We can use it to look at 2. “Whenever content is available on and listen to other people’s media products, Google then it can be assured that the as well as to produce our own, from creator was agreed to allow their CD compilations to editing videotape, The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 10

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 mixing music or publishing websites. It shows some misconceptions here. (Jenkins 2002 in Lister, et.al, 2009). First is opinion about Creative Commons. Based on article 2 in Copyright law The digital technologies allow more 19/2002, it is stated that Copyright shall effective and invasive monitoring of private mean the exclusive right of an Author or a individuals’ compliance with copyright law Copyright Holder to publish or reproduce than analogue technologies could ever do. his/her work, which emerges automatically As these activities count enormous after the creation of the work without numbers, Lessig warned that the copyright prejudice to restrictions pursuant to the protection is likely to become too strong prevailing laws and regulations. Hence, any and omnipresent, and therefore the problem result of works of an author, which shows of striking a just and adequate balance originality in the field of science, arts and between the interests of right holders and literature is automatically protected after it users has become more urgent and serious is produced. than ever before. (Tamura, 2009) With this When being asked about their awareness, Lessig with his founding understanding on Creative Commons, one committee established Creative Commons. student who gets used to produce creative Creative commons is a license that provide work said that: a flexible range of range of protections and “Creative Commons is part of freedoms so that others has the right to copyright that arrange about the control to share, use, and even build upon creator’s reuse one content, for example like do you need to mention the author’s name or not. work whenever the creator publishes their But, since everything on Google is work under this license (“About CC”, n.d.). available to be used freely, then Creative Commons has its roles whenever one Then, if we see choices of licenses in its website is set to be not included in Google, website, no matter what combination of or like when we found one picture on the internet and whenever we right click our licenses that someone chooses, all is mousse, it cannot be saved.” included attribution license which means The other one said that: that people should mention the creator’s “I don’t know about Creative Commons. I don’t the limitation of dos and name whenever we use it. don’ts in copyright, so I have no fear in Second, content provided on the reusing others’ works because I don’t know at all. If I have an important creation so I internet can be categorized as those will not share it on the internet, but if it is protected by copyright and also those under not too important then I will upload it to the internet. a free license. These two young people did

not have any idea about these distinctions thus they said that when they were on the The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 11

Volume 08 June No. 1 2015 internet, they felt no hesitant to use others’ of the new developments, media creation. Consequently, when it came to his interpretation and production are a core own creation, he would only upload his skill set for all kinds of professional unimportant creation to the internet, but not employment therefore media studies the important one. I argue this happened especially media studies 2.0 should be seen because this digital native did not know the as a central component of a new humanities distinctions so that he used any content he to embrace the new skills and creativity of a wanted to use on the internet and later when ‘YouTube’ generation (Gauntlett 2007, it came to his valuable creation, he did not Merrin 2008 in Lister, et.al, 2009). Here, I want the same thing happen to his own. would like to endorse students, teachers, This attitude will become an obstacle for and also lecturers, not only from digital native to be involved in culture communication studies, but all kind of field creation and further to the creative to empower their selves to become content economic and opportunities that more producer on the internet so that young enhance by the internet. people later can take advantage in the creative industries that has wide CONCLUSION opportunities because of internet and other From previous discussion, it can be digital technologies development. concluded that there is a great distance On the other sides, I also propose between copyright concepts to digital the need for DJHKI (Direktorat Jenderal natives in this research. They did not feel Hak Kekayaan Intelektual or Directorate that copyright concept belong to them and General of Intellectual Property Rights) to attached to their daily lives. Besides, there work all together with Creative Commons, were also misconceptions in understanding school and universities’ students, teachers, copyright law. Moreover, it was also found and lecturers. Teachers and lecturers need that they had not been armed with technical to be equipped with education about and social knowledge therefore they had copyright so that they can transfer this lack of participations in creating cultural knowledge to their students. Students also works on the internet that actually can need to be prepared with this education impact the cultural production and since they will become active internet users development in the real world as well. in the future. There are some recommendations for some parties after I completed this research. One argument said that in the light The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 12

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REFERENCE Palfrey, J., Gasser, U., Simun, M., & About CC. [n.d]. Retrieved from the Barnes, F. B. (2009). Youth, Creative Commons website: Creativity, and Copyright in the www.creativecommons.org) Digital Age, Int'l J. Learning & Media, Spring 2009, at 79. Haristya, S. (2010). Information Seeking Activity in Consuming Online News Ratnajati, R. D. (2008). Perbandingan by Digital Native Users (Master Doktrin Fair Use pada Internet thesis). antara Amerika Serikat dan Indonesia (Master thesis). Retrieved from Internet users Indonesia reaches 55 million http://eprints.undip.ac.id/18346/1/Rr people. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news _Diyah_Ratnajati.pdf /2011/10/28/internet-users- indonesia-reaches-55-million- Tamura, Y. (2009). Rethinking Copyright people.html Institution . The WIPO Journal, 1, 63-74. Retrieved from Kusumadara, A., (2010). Analysis of The http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/ww Failure of The Implementation of w/about- wipo/en/wipo_journal/pdf/wipo_jou Intellectual Property Laws in rnal_1_1.pdf Indonesia. (Doctoral dissertation). (Available from Faculty of Law University of Sydney) Thurlow, C., Lengel, L., & Tomic, A. (2004). Computer Mediated Communication: Social Interaction Laughey, D. (2007). Key Themes in Media and the Internet. Sage: London. Theory. England: McGraw Hill.

Waizly, 2011. Survey MarkPlus Insight: Law No 19 of 2002 Concerning Copyright Pengguna Internet di Indonesia 55 juta, Mobile Internet 29 juta. Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, Retrieved from http://the- I., Kelly, K. (2003). New Media: A marketeers.com/archives/surveymar Critical Introduction. London: kplus-insight-majalah-marketeers Routledge. pengguna-internet-di-indonesia-55- juta-pengguna-mobile-internet-29- juta.html Palfrey, J & Gasser, U. (2008). Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives. New Wood, A. F., & Matthew J. Smith, M. J. York: Basic Books. (2005). Online Communication. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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