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Dactylorhiza Hatagirea: a Critical Issue for Research and Development in Nepal NS | Bot

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Dactylorhiza Hatagirea: a Critical Issue for Research and Development in Nepal NS | Bot Nepal Journal of Science and Technology (NJST) (2020), 19(1) : 26-38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v19i1.29735 Dactylorhiza hatagirea: A Critical Issue for Research and Development in Nepal NS | Bot. Review Manu Maya Magar1*, Shambhu Prasad Dhital1, Tetsuya Yamada2 and Umed Kumar Pun3 1Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltaar, Lalitpur 2Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 3Himalayan Flora Enterprises Private Limited, Hattiban, Lalitpur *Corresponding Author [email protected] Abstract Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. don), commonly known as ‘Panchaule’ in Nepal, is a terrestrial orchid found in temperate to the alpine region. It is valued for its ornamental and medicinal use. It is collected haphazardly from nature due to high economic demand. However, its propagation is limited in nature due to its non-endospermous seeds requiring mycorhizal fungal association for germination. This limitation is leading to the extinction of this orchid from nature and has been enlisted as an endangered and threatened species. Its collection and trade are restricted but have been prioritized for research, conservation, and agro-technology development. As very few research has been reported in D. hatagirea, found in Nepal, intensive research, propagation, reintroduction, and commercial cultivation will help control the rhizome collection from nature and meet the economic demand. It will help in the identification and conservation of our local germplasm through its diversity study at the molecular and revenue generation through commercial cultivation under artificial conditions. In this review paper, we discuss the limited research and developments conducted in Dactylorhiza at various levels and ways forward for its research, conservation, and utilization. As the plant is valued for its biochemical constituents, modern biotechnological tools such as transcriptomics and metabolomics can be best utilized to explore the opportunities and increase its production and reintroduction through mass propagation for better commercialization and conservation. Keywords Dactylorhiza hatagirea flower, herbal medicine orchid, salep Introduction fragmentation, habitat loss due to forest destruction and degradation in the Himalayas where D. D. hatagirea is temperate to alpine, hatagirea is judged critically endangered (Acharya monocotyledonous, perennial, and terrestrial and Rokaya 2010; Pant and Raskoti 2013). It has orchid valued for its ornamental and medicinal a high annual demand of approximately 5000 tons use. It is a habitat-specific and inherently slow- (Badola and Pal 2002), leading to over-exploitation growing species in nature (Agarwal et al., 2008) of the species from wild habitat for trade by and poorly regenerating species because its seeds local inhabitants. Adhikari et al. (2018) reported are microscopic and non-endospermous with that over-extraction for medicinal purpose and undifferentiated embryos. It needs a mycorhizal habitat degradation as two significant constraints association for germination, thus posing a for the decline in the population of D. hatagirea significant concern for long-term survival in a in India. It has been listed in Appendix II by the natural condition (Warghat et al., 2013). The Convention on International Trade in Endangered abundance and distribution ranges of orchid Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), species have undergone dramatic declines in vulnerable species listed by the Conservation recent decades due to human activities, habitat 26 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology (NJST) (2020), 19(1) Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) and followed by east Nepal (58 species) and west threatened species by the International Union for Nepal (33 species) (Acharya and Rokaya, 2010). Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Samant et al., Among them, D. hatagirea is a terrestrial-ground- 2001). The Government of Nepal has prioritized dwelling perennial herb with erect, hollow and research in D. hatagirea for developing agro- obtuse stem, bears palmately lobed rhizome, technology in Nepal (DPR, 2006), and collection, and lanceolate leaves with sheathing leaf-base trade, and rhizome processing has been banned (Fig.1a). The cylindrical and terminal spike according to Forest Act 1993 and Forest Regulation bears rosy-purple flowers with green bracts. The 1995. Despite government prioritization, as per inflorescence consists of a compact raceme with reports, efforts for its conservation, research, and 25 to 50 flowers developed from axillary buds. development, its cultivation has not yet begun Flowers are 1.7-1.9 cm long with a curved spur, as planned. Despite its high economic value, and the dark purple-spotted lip of the flower is the government has not given much importance rounded and lobed (1 to 5). The structure of orchid for its conservation and production technology flowers is unique among floral plants. The orchid development. Most of the research works are flower typically has an outer whorl of three sepals, concentrated only in the documentation, but the an inner whorl of three petals, two identical and need is to be concentrated on the conservation one modified (Lip), and a single massive column aspects. Conservation of plant species can be (the gynostemium, composed of the male stamens done both insitu as well as ex-situ. Accessing attached to the female pistil) in the centre (Fig.1b). its existing genetic variability and multiplication The plants store a large amount of water in their through tissue culture can give better alternatives palmately lobed tuberous roots (Fig.1c) to survive for its ex situ conservation and utilization as in arid conditions (Chaurasia et al., 2007). compared to its protection through the implication Distribution of laws restricting its collection and trade. There are various advances in biotechnological tools that The distribution of Dactylorhiza covers most of can be used to study the genetic variability in the Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa, Japan, plants; many of them are yet to be employed in D. Aleutian Islands, and northern parts of North hatagirea. In this review, we are trying to cover America with the highest species richness in the scientific works conducted in D. hatagireaand north-western Europe, though only nine species find remaining gaps, which indicate an urgent of Dactylorhiza are endemic. D. hatagirea is need for extensive genetic diversity study and distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, China, establishing an in-vitro propagation technique Mongolia, Pakistan, and Russia (Raskoti and for D. hatagirea found in Nepal for its long term Ale 2009; Sirohi et al., 2019). This Himalayan conservation and utilization. endemic medicinal orchid is also documented in Hindu Kush Himalaya range in terrestrial habitat Classification and Morphology from Western Himalaya (Afghanistan, Pakistan), Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. don) belongs to the India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Orchidaceae family. The orchids have attracted Uttarakhand, Sikkim), Bhutan, South-East China the admiration of scientists, horticulturists, and Nepal (Hulma, Dolpa, Doti, Kaski, Gorkha, herbalists, and laypeople alike, and deserve the Rasuwa, Sindhupalchok, Dolakha) (Flora of China pride of place in any discussion on flowering Editorial Committee, 2009) (Fig. 2). Its habitat is plants among the ornamentals. Orchidaceae in grassland slopes in the sub-alpine and the alpine is believed to be the second-largest family of zones between 2800 m and 4200 m altitudes above flowering plants after Asteraceae, with between the mean sea level (IUCN, 2004). The altitudinal 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species, range of habitat distribution of D. hatagirea in grouped into 880 genera (World Checklist of Annapurna Conservation Area is reported as 3200 Selected Plant Families, 2013). Nepal harbours to 3600 meters above sea level with abundance 451 species of orchid belonging to 104 genera in the slope from 30° to 60° at north-east aspect (Rajbhandari, 2015). Central Nepal harbours the (Ranpal 2009) and maximum species richness of highest number of orchid species (69 species) total medicinal orchid is observed at an elevation 27 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology (NJST) (2020), 19(1) of 1700 m above sea level (Acharya and Rokaya of awareness among the local community as 2010). Hamayun Shaheen et al., (2019) recorded significant causes of D. hatagirea decline in its abundance at 4150 m above sea level in Deosai then Samagaun Village Development Committee National Park in Pakistan, and North-West facing (VDC) of Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA). steep slopes of Kardang in Ladakh and Shreenagar Khadka et al., (2016) reported a density of 0.276 were found to have D. hatagirea as per Jagdish et per m2 of D. hatagirea in Lete VDC of Mustang al., 2018. District, indicating the functional ecological In Nepal, studies on orchids are mainly focused status but unsatisfactory plant diversity, which on their documentation (Bajracharya et al., 2003; suggested for immediate necessary actions for the Rajbhandari and Dahal 2004; Shakya and Shrestha conservation of the diversity in the study area. The (a) (b) (c) Fig.1. Morphology of D. hatagirea(a) aerial part of flowering plants, (b)name of each part of a flower, (c) rhizomes. 2007; Shresthaet al., 2007) and its medicinal uses high potential of D. hatagirea to grow over large (Shrestha 2000; Vaidya et al., 2000). However, areas forming significant continuous distribution there is less effort on a quantitative study on their boundaries
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