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NUMBER 28 I NUMERO 28 I SEPT. 1978 ASSOCIATION DES CARTOTHEQUES CANADIENNES ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MAP LIBRARIES Peuvent devenir MEMBRES de l'Association des cartotheques MEMBERSHIP in the Association of Canadian Map Libraries canadiennes tout individu et toute institution qui is open to both individuals and institutions having an s'interessent aux cartes ainsi qu'aux objectifs de interest in maps and the aims and objectives of the l'Association. La cotisation annuelle est la suivante: Association. Membership dues are for the calendar year and are as follows: Membres actifs (cartothecaires canadiens a plein temps) $10.00 Full (Canadian map field) $10.00 Membres associes (tous lea interesses) 10.00 Associate (anyone interested) 10.00 Institutions 20.00 Institutional 20.00 Le Bulletin, journal officiel de l'Association est Members receive quarterly, the ACML Bulletin, the publie trimestriellement. Lea contributions peuvent official journal of the Association. etre envoyees a l'editeur, a ses associes ou a l'adresse d'affaires. ARTICLES may be sent to the editor, the contributing Les membres du Bureau de l'Association pour l'annee editors or the business address. 1978-79 sont: Archives publiques President Thomas Nagy OFFICERS of the Association for 1977-79 are: du Canada 1er Vice-president Jean-Marc Garant Archives nationales President Thomas Nagy Public Archives of du Quebec Canada ze Vice-president Aileen Desbarats Universite d'Ottawa 1st Vice President Jean Hare Garant Archives nationale President sortant Richard Malinski Simon Fraser Univ. du Quebec Secretaire Maureen Wilson Univ. of B. C. 2nd Vice President Aileen Desbarats University of Ottawa Tresorier Heather Stevens Archives publiques Past President Richard Malinski Simon Fraser Univ. du Canada Secretary Maureen Wilson Univ. of B. c. Treasurer Heather Stevens Public Archives of Canada ADRESSE D'AFFAIRES: Association of Canadian Map Libraries/ BUSINESS ADDRESS: Association des cartotheques canadiennes a/s Collection nationale de cartes et plans Association of Canadian Map Libraries/ Archives publiques du Canada Association cartotheques canadiennes 395, rue Wellington c/o National Map Collection Ottawa, Ontario Public Archives of Canada CANADA KlA ON3 Ottawa, Ontario CANADA KlA ON3 Les op1-n1-ons exp1:'1.-mees dana Z.e BuZ.Z.etin sont aeZ.Z.es des Vie~s expressed in the BuZ.Z.etin are those of the aontribu­ aoZ.Z.aborateurs et ne aorrespondent pas neaessairement a tors and do not necessaril-y refl.eat the vie~ of the aeZ.Z.es de Z.'Assoaiation. Assoaiation. CONTENTS/MATIERS BULLETIN STAFF. i ED I TO RIAL COmffiNTS .................•.•..... , . 1 TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE - PAPERS Maps Relating to Cook's Third Voyage/Coolie Verner ................ 2 Maps Relating to the Vancouver Expedition/W. Kay e Lamb ............ 8 The Wheeler Family in the Canadian Cordillera/J. O. Wheeler ...... .. 18 TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE - REPORTS Report on Mapping by the Geological Survey of Canada/ J.O. Wheeler .................................................. 35 National Map Collection/B. Kidd ...................... ...... .... 40 TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE - BUSINESS Minutes of the 12th Annual General Meeting/A. Qureshi ...... ..... 43 Conference Delegates with Geographical Representation ............. 45 REVIEWS New Zealand Atlas/reviewed by Bruce Rains ..................... .... SO Parry Sound District Atlas/reviewed by G.A. Lester ........... ..... 51 NOTICE BOARD ........................................................ ')If TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE- Tour Day/Ronald Whistance - Smith ..... .. 63 EXCHANGE - i terns available .......................................... 64 I I I I I I I I 1-t-H-: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I COVER: [Henry Briggs] The North Part of America ... , 1625. From Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, London, 1625. Brigg's map, acquired by the National Map Collection in 1977, is significant in the way it depicts a probable North West Passage by minimizing the distance between Port Nelson and northern California. The map is also the first printed map in English to show California as an island. The map has been reproduced in facsimile by the ACML and is available from the Association for $2.00. EDITORIAL COMMENTS The Twelfth Annual Conference of the ACML has come and gone. It was a well organized and educational event. Some of the spirit of former conferences was missing. Some of the familiar faces of former confe rences were missing. A glance at the addresses o f those attending will quickly reveal the imbalance in representation by regions. While there were forty­ e i ght persons from the Vancouver-Victoria area and e l even from Ottawa-Hull, there were very few others from the other regions. Alberta was well represented in terms of membership due to proximity. But what would happen to attendance if, say, a Conference were held in Edmonton where there is not the population of Southern B.C. to draw upon. The editor would like to invite ACML to his home city, but it is a frontier location_ and we should know first who would come. Drop a line to your executive and let them know. Joan Wine arls has agreed to be the Review Editor and has been hard at work soliciting material for review and lining up reviewers. If you would like to be con­ side r e d as a reviewer, please contact Joan at the Robarts Library, University of Toronto. The Executive of ACML has decided to attempt to produce thematic issues. This is the first, containing the pape rs with an interest in mapping. Future issues will contain papers on automated cartography and micrographics in c artography. Guest editors will be invited to assemble the contents of- certain thematic issues. Don't let that stand in the way of your articles, however. We still want to hear from the membership at large. - 1 - TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE - PAPERS MAPS RELATING TO COOK'S THIRD VOYAGE Coolie Verner Mayne Island3 B.C. Formerly Professor at University of British Columbia The Pacific Basin is the largest single feature on the earth's surface and covers one-third of it, yet it was wholly unknown to early geographers. Although Ptolemy and others had computed the diameter of the earth, there was very little substantive knowledge about either the land or water areas; consequently, the earliest map makers were forced to use their imagination to fill the space available. From Marco Polo came knowledge that enabled cartographers to compute the size of Asia and from him, too, they learned that its eastern edge was washed by a great ocean. This, they assumed, was the same water that touched the western coast of Europe. By the end of the fifteenth century substantive knowledge began to accumu­ late as mariners ventured farther and farther into the unknown. The Portuguese followed the coast of Africa and rounded its tip into the Indian Ocean so that the southern extremity of that continent was delineated. These voyages also opened the way east enabling the Portuguese to reach India and south-east Asia to establish a water route for the spice trade. Columbus opened a western route even though he did not reach the area he had sailed toward and eventually it was determined that a new and unknown land blocked the western route for the spice fleet. With the recognition of the Americas as a new land mass, geographers were forced to modify their theories about the land and water areas of the world. At first, America was thought to be nothing more than a narrow peninsula of Asia as shown on some maps such as the Forlani world map of 1562. This notion was abandoned in favor of the earlier theory of a narrow waterway separating America from Asia as had been suggested by representations of the Arctic showing four large land masses separated by "in-going seas", such as depicted on the Behaim globe of 1492 and on the world map by Ruysch in the Rome Ptolemy of 1507 and 1508. The Italian map maker Zaltieri named this waterway the Strait of Anian and correctly shows America as a separate land mass on his map of 1566. In succeeding decades the Pacific Ocean was penetrated by numerous European mariners sailing both the eastern and western routes. Ships of the English, Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish fleets ventured into the Pacific but none succeeded in producing any clearly definable perception of the vast Pacific Basin. In most cases, these early ventures were ill-equipped with instru­ ments or the skills needed to chart the waters they sailed, with the result that knowledge accumulated slowly and discoveries were often duplicated and misinterpreted. Some, like the Spanish, maintained secrecy about their discoveries even though they established routes across the Pacific and settlements at various places along its shores. - 2 - II By the middle of the eighteenth century, far more had been discovered than was generally known, as no one was able to consolidate and clarify all the discoveries that had been made. This was due in part to the element of secrecy, but principally to the lack of precision in locat­ ing and identifying those places discovered. Although latitude could be measured with considerable accuracy, longitude was infinitely more difficult to determine. Most shipmasters were skilled in computing longitude by the best methods available, but the methods in general use were sadly wanting in the kind of precision required to accurately chart an island speck in the vast reaches of the Pacific. This resulted in newly discovered land areas being plotted by one master, only to be re­ discovered and plotted differently by another master. Thus, many of the distortions, misplacements, or confusions that we dis­ parage on early printed maps are not the result of incompetence or in­ difference among navigators or cartographers, so much as they are due to inadequate instruments and techniques for determining location.

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