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Phdthesis Paulpoinet Architecture, Design and Conservation Danish Portal for Artistic and Scientific Research Aarhus School of Architecture // Design School Kolding // Royal Danish Academy Enhancing Collaborative Practices in Architecture, Engineering and Construction through MultiScalar Modelling Methodologies Poinet, Paul Publication date: 2020 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for pulished version (APA): Poinet, P. (2020). Enhancing Collaborative Practices in Architecture, Engineering and Construction through MultiScalar Modelling Methodologies. 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Oct. 2021 The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Enhancing Collaborative Practices in Architecture, Engineering and Construction through Multi‑Scalar Modelling Methodologies Paul Poinet A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by: Professor Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen Associate Professor Martin Tamke October 22, 2019 2 Title Enhancing Collaborative Practices in Architecture, Engineering and Construction through Multi‑Scalar Modelling Methodologies PhD Thesis © Paul Poinet Printing and binding Vester Kopi (Holmen) Published by The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Industry Partners Design‑to‑Production, BuroHappold, Robert McNeel & Associates Academic Partner Centre for Information Technology and Architecture (CITA) Primary Supervisor Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen Secondary Supervisor Martin Tamke Internal examiner Daniel Sang‑Hoon Lee External examiners Jane Burry, Robert K. Otani Grant The present thesis is undertaken as part of InnoChain. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie‑Sklodowska‑Curie grant agreement No 642877. Published in 2019 3 4 To Rick Smith 6 Table of contents Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Personal Background and Motivation ........................... 13 1.2 Context ............................................ 14 1.3 Aim and Research Objectives ................................ 15 1.4 Methodology ......................................... 16 1.5 Contribution of the Thesis ................................. 17 1.6 Thesis Structure ....................................... 18 2 State of the Art in Applied Parametric Modelling in AEC 21 2.1 An Overview of GUI Development and Interoperability Strategies for Improving Data Management and Exchange between CAD Software Packages . 21 2.1.1 A brief overview of GUI development for Operating Systems (OS) . 21 2.1.2 A brief overview of global interoperability concerns . 25 2.1.3 GUI and interoperability development for CAD software packages to scale complexity and improve data exchange during the conception of large‑scale complex architectural projects .......................... 29 2.1.4 Existing UI and UX concepts for visualizing, iltering, querying and exploring complex data sets .................................. 35 2.2 Applied Parametric Modelling in AEC: Current Problems and Existing Solutions . 38 2.2.1 Limitations of DAG‑based and integrative worklows in AEC . 38 2.2.2 Concerns in parametric modelling: the paradoxical inlexibility of integrative design worklows .................................. 40 2.2.3 Dealing with changes during the design process: developing strategies for early design and late stages ............................... 41 2.2.4 Towards hybrid worklows: integrated and segregated strategies . 42 2.3 Scaling Complexity: Separation of Concerns ....................... 44 2.3.1 Staged Models and Activity Networks ...................... 45 2.3.1.1 Front’s Building Information Generation . 45 2.3.1.2 Collaborative dependencies ...................... 46 2.3.1.3 Bauke de Vries’ Activity Network ................... 47 2.3.2 Design‑To‑Production’s Digital Craftsmanship . 48 2.3.3 Early stage modelling at BuroHappold Engineering . 50 2.3.4 From Separation of Concerns to interoperability related challenges . 51 2.4 Enhancing Interoperability ................................. 54 2.4.1 Building Information Modelling .......................... 55 2.4.2 Custom‑made solutions for improving interoperability from within AEC practices ....................................... 63 2.4.3 Existing meta‑software and neutral formats: from a model‑driven to a database‑driven approach ............................. 79 2.5 Towards Transparency, Concurrent Design and Multi‑Scalar Modelling . 82 2.5.1 Enabling communication: connections rather than computation . 82 2.5.2 Skepticism towards Transparency ........................ 84 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.5.3 Collaborative, concurrent design and common interfaces: skeleton models, adapter models and abstract networks ..................... 87 2.6 Conclusion .......................................... 91 3 Towards Multi‑Scalar Modelling for Building Design: A Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology 93 3.1 Multi‑Scalar Modelling in Architectural Design Research: Origins and Existing Methodologies ........................................ 94 3.1.1 Learning from the cybernetic precedents: the importance of interfacing, usability and front‑loading enabling algorithmic and design thinking . 94 3.1.2 Origins of Multi‑Scalar Modelling and preceding modelling concepts . 99 3.1.3 Multi‑Scalar Modelling in architectural design research . 100 3.1.4 Existing methodologies for Multi‑Scalar Modelling in architectural design research ....................................... 106 3.1.4.1 Approximating the models: levels, resolutions and uncertainties 106 3.1.4.2 Coarsening and uncoarsening strategies . 109 3.1.4.3 Pipelines and worklows . 109 3.1.4.4 Discrete Event Simulation (DES): linking levels and resolutions through Multi‑Scalar Simulation and optimizations . 112 3.1.4.5 Conclusion ................................ 115 3.2 Existing Discrepancy between Academia and Practice . 116 3.3 Redeining and Expanding the Existing Methodologies of Multi‑Scalar Modelling for the Context of Building Design ................................. 118 3.3.1 Segregating the levels ............................... 121 3.3.2 Encapsulating the worklows: the “Node‑to‑Code” approach . 122 3.3.3 Differentiating “Multi‑Scalar Encoding” from “Multi‑Scalar Simulation” . 123 3.3.4 Curating the worklows and enabling feedback . 124 3.3.5 Conclusion ...................................... 125 3.4 Research Methodology ................................... 126 3.4.1 Research through Design ............................. 128 3.4.2 Evaluating the experiments ............................ 130 3.4.3 Mapping the experiments ............................. 131 3.4.3.1 Modelling‑based experiments . 133 3.4.3.2 Schema‑based experiments and search interfaces . 133 3.4.3.3 Cross‑practice collaboration experiments . 134 3.4.4 Conclusion ...................................... 135 4 Modelling‑based Experiments: Free‑form Timber Structures as a Series of Case‑studies 137 4.1 Topological Mapping of Complex Timber Structures . 138 4.1.1 From blank modelling to global networks: extracting and navigating through the different levels of resolution . 138 4.1.1.1 The modelling techniques developed and employed at Design‑to‑Production . 138 4.1.1.2 A1 | BlankMachine: Propagating the blanks . 140 4.1.2 Topological mapping in timber assembly . 143 4.1.2.1 The spa and health center Solemar‑Therme in Bad Dürrheim . 143 4.1.2.2 Design‑to‑Production’s expertise . 147 4.1.2.3 A2 | Topological Mapping: Modelling Lap Joints . 149 4.1.3 A3 | Topological Mapping: Surface/Projection‑based modelling . 154 4.1.4 A4 | Topological Mapping: Spatial Branching . 159 4.2 Stress testing modelling‑based strategies . 162 4.2.1 WS1 | B‑MADE Workshop: Fabrication Constraints and Assembly Logistics 163 4.2.2 WS2 | LogJam! Workshop: Structural Optimizations and Performance . 166 4.2.3 WS3 | Exquisite‑Timber‑Corpse Workshop: Collaborative Practice . 168 4.2.4 WS4 | Future Wood Seminar: Speculating Design Spaces . 170 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2.5 A5 | The Tallinn Architecture Biennale Installation Competition . 174 4.2.5.1 Macro‑level: global topological mesh and graph modelling . 176 4.2.5.2 Meso‑level: extracting the fabrication data from the assembly model ................................... 180 4.2.5.3 Micro‑level: molding, laminating processes and physical prototyping ................................ 181 4.2.5.4 Results and remaining challenges . 183 4.3 Conclusion: from Modelling to Data Management Concerns . 184 5 Schema‑Based Experiments and Search Interfaces for Late Stages 185 5.1 From Data Visualization to Adaptive Queries: Inter‑linking Scales and Reconiguring Hierarchies .......................................... 186 5.1.1 B1 | Visualizing
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