An Analysis of Construction Worker Safety During Building Decommissioning and Deconstruction
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An Analysis of Construction Worker Safety during Building Decommissioning and Deconstruction Tanyel Bulbul, PhD 430C Bishop-Favrao Hall, Department of Building Construction, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061. Phone: (540) 231-5017; E-mail: [email protected] An Analysis of Construction Worker Safety during Building Decommissioning and Deconstruction Abstract: This paper reports the initial findings from our pilot research on understanding construction worker safety issues in building end-of-lifecycle operations specifically decommissioning and deconstruction. Although deconstruction is more environmentally friendly than demolition, it is more labor intensive and it requires more careful planning for critical health and safety issues. The data for this study comes from four buildings surrounding the World Trade Center. The buildings were damaged after September 11 and needed to come down. Keywords: building deconstruction, worker safety, building decommissioning 1. Introduction A building’s end-of-lifecycle operations include various activities from decommissioning and remodeling to deconstruction and demolition. According to the United States Energy Information Administration (US EIA) 74% of all commercial buildings in the US are built before 1990 and 17% built before 1945 (CBECS, 2003). Similarly, 76% of all the housing units are built before 1990 and 19% is built before 1950 (RECS, 2005). Since the US building stock is relatively old, demolition or deconstruction of buildings to open space for new construction or, building renovation for new purposes have a significant impact on the construction industry. For example, in 2006, residential and commercial building renovation activities cost 36% ($438 billion) of the all building construction activities ($1.22 trillion) (DOE, 2006). Building end-of-lifecycle operations also cause the construction industry to produce one of the largest shares of waste in the US. In 1998, 136 million tons of construction and demolition (C&D) waste was produced in the US. 48 percent of the waste came from demolition and 44 percent was generated through renovations (Franklin Associates 1998). A preliminary estimate claims that more than 160 million tons of C&D waste was generated in 2003, of which nearly 42 percent came from demolition activities and 49 percent was produced by renovation activities (EPA 2008, EPA 2009). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that only 40 percent of C&D waste was reused, recycled, or sent to energy facilities, while the remaining 60 percent of the materials was sent to C&D landfills. From environmental sustainability perspective, there is a growing interest to divert building materials away from landfill disposal and provide cost savings and avoidance of virgin material use through reuse and recycling (Kibert and Chini 2000, Chini 2001, Chini and Shultman 2002, Chini 2003, Chini 2005, Crowther 2001, Crowther 2002, Durmisevic 2006, Hurley et al. 2002, Guy and Shell 2002, Hinze 2002, Te Dorsthorst and Kowalczyk 2002, Dorsthorst and Durmisevic 2003). In comparison to demolition, deconstruction is an effective way for reducing raw material consumption and protecting embodied energy in building materials. When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are decommissioned and either renovated for new purposes or demolished and hauled to landfills. Demolition of a building through explosives or wrecking-ball style is convenient and offers a quick way for clearing the site. However, this method creates a significant amount of C&D waste and landfill costs. Deconstruction is defined as the process of selectively dismantling a building or parts of a building in order to salvage the materials for reuse, recycling, or waste management (Guy and Gibeau 2003). This paper reports the initial findings from our pilot research on understanding construction worker safety issues in building end-of-lifecycle operations specifically decommissioning and deconstruction. Although deconstruction is more environmentally friendly than demolition, it is more labor intensive and it requires more careful planning for critical health and safety issues. Early planning involves complex activities such as collecting and analyzing various information that is coming from different sources related to the existing structure. Deconstruction activities involve many of the safety hazards associated with the construction. On top of that, all building end-of-lifecycle operations have safety risks due to the unknown condition of the building. These might be caused by deviations from the original design and missing as-built information, unapproved updates, unknown state of construction materials, strength or weakness issues with the structure etc. 2. Significance In simple terms, deconstruction is the reverse of the construction process, but it shows differences according to the condition and location of the building and building materials involved. In comparison to demolition, which generates waste for landfills, deconstruction produces materials that can be used again or remanufactured into higher- value goods. Two distinct types of deconstruction can take place on a project—non- structural and structural. Non-structural deconstruction is the removal for reuse of any building contents that do not affect the structural integrity. Materials such as cabinetry, windows/doors, and appliances can be salvaged relatively easily with minimum safety concerns. Structural deconstruction consists of more involved recovery activities that are harder to implement and contribute to the structural integrity of the building. Salvaged materials consist of roof systems, wood timbers and beams, brick and masonry elements, and framing (EPA 2001). Increasing awareness of environmental safety and the need for properly disposing the potentially harmful waste, such as asbestos or other chemicals, requires buildings to be appropriately decommissioned at the end of their lifecycle. The environmental characteristics of building materials are an important issue that needs to be carefully tracked through the building lifecycle. In comparison to the construction processes, decommissioning and deconstruction deals with significantly different waste and debris that is more likely to be contaminated by potentially hazardous substances such as lead paints, stains, and adhesives. The physical and chemical composition of a material can be altered through the surface treatment and maintenance applications. For example, finished wood has a different composition from raw wood. The chipping or shredding of finished wood during recycling can expose people to the hazardous substances such as lead-based paint. (Dolan et al. 1999). 3. Methodology One of the most critical building end-of-lifecycle operations are being done recently on the surrounding buildings of the World Trade Center (WTC) site after September 11. Five buildings on the immediate vicinity of WTC are decided to come down due to the structural damages: 130 Liberty Street, 4 Albany Street, 130 Cedar Street, 133-135 Greenwich Street, 30 West Broadway-Fiterman Hall. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) coordinated the federal, state and city agencies to ensure that the impacted buildings are decommissioned and deconstructed in a manner that protects the health of people who live and work in the area. Due to the nature of the event, all documentation related to these demolition and deconstruction events are publicly available from EPA’s web site and collected for the purpose of this research. Four of these buildings, 130 Liberty Street, 130 Cedar Street, 133-135 Greenwich Street, 30 West Broadway-Fiterman Hall, have very detailed documentation of their operations. Although the nature of decommissioning and deconstruction was very different for all four buildings, the basic regulatory submittal included the following documents: work plan, environmental air monitoring plan, health and safety plan and waste management plan. In addition to these documents every project has building specific information such as quality assurance plans, façade characterization reports, environmental characterization reports, scaffold erection operations etc. In this research, we specifically focused on health and safety plans to learn from how construction worker safety issues are addressed in these cases. 4. Findings The analysis of health and safety planning documents for all cases show that although they are prepared for different deconstruction projects they are more similar than different. The content of these documents is grouped under nine topics: Site security, entrance to site, decontamination section describes the work zones in the site, entrance and exit procedures for containment areas, emergency access, and security protocol together with general building access and perimeter security. Equipment and personnel decontamination procedures are listed as well as contamination prevention methods. Personnel training procedures are explained in detail in all four documents. This section covers basic site orientation, visitor orientation and safety meetings together with general health and safety awareness training, safe work permit, asbestos training and Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) training. Personal protective equipment (PPE) section describes the requirements of PPE for different tasks. Level D, Level C and Level B PPE work is expected in the site but Level A description is also provided as a precaution. Basic safety equipment descriptions involve