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Lietuvos Respublikos Aplinkos Ministerija Augalų Genų Bankas Vilniaus Universiteto Botanikos Sodas Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto Kauno Botanikos Sodas

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Lietuvos Respublikos Aplinkos Ministerija Augalų Genų Bankas Vilniaus Universiteto Botanikos Sodas Vytauto Didžiojo Universiteto Kauno Botanikos Sodas Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerija Augalų genų bankas Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodas Stasė Dapkūnienė, Rita Maršelienė LELIJOS (LILIUM L.) VEISLIŲ MORFOLOGINIŲ IR DEKORATYVIŲ SAVYBIŲ APIBŪDINIMO APRAŠAS Akademija, 2017 Leidinio bibliografinė informacija pateikiama Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bib- liotekos Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banke (NBNB). Augalų genų banko kolektyvas dėkingas recenzentams, lelijos veislių selekcininkams: Viktorijai ir Kęstučiui Vyšniauskams (paveikslai: 20, 23, 24, 26-1, 26-2, 33-1, 33-2, 39-4, 39-6), Jonui Auksuoliui Liutkevičiui (paveikslai: 19-1), Antanui Markevičiui (paveikslai: 19-2, 19-3) ir Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodo botaninių kolekcijų vyresniajai kuratorei Janinai Puočiauskienei (paveikslai: 22-2, 22-3, 26-3, 28, 29, 33-3, 36, 3—9-1, 39-2, 39-3, 39-5) – už suteiktą galimybę pasinaudoti lelijų nuotraukomis iš asmeninių katalogų, Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodo kolekcijų skyriaus vyriausiajai sodininkei Indrei Lukšytei (paveikslai: 25, 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 42) – už nuotraukų, reikalingų lelijų požymių iliustracijai, padarymą ir dailininkui Jonui Lukšei (paveikslai: 34 ir 43) – už piešinių apyžiedžio lapelių ir purkos formai iliustruoti perpiešimą. Recenzentai: Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodo Fitopatologijos grupės mokslo darbuotoja dr. Vilija Snieškienė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Biologijos ir chemijos katedros doc.dr.(hp) Juozas Proscevičius Dizainas ir maketas Raimondo Baltrėno Viršelyje: Petro Balčikonio Lilium ‘Venta’ (Azijinių hibridų grupė, I a/ b) ISBN 978-609-8126-51-8 Turinys Įvadas ..........................................................................................................................................4 Kilmė, sistematinė padėtis ir skirstymas ......................................................................................4 Biologija, morfologija ir dauginimas ..........................................................................................8 Agrotechnika .............................................................................................................................14 Selekcija Lietuvoje ....................................................................................................................17 Apibūdinimas ............................................................................................................................24 Augalų apibūdinimo aprašai .....................................................................................................24 1. Vegetatyvinė augalo dalis ......................................................................................................24 2. Generatyvinė augalo dalis ......................................................................................................28 3. Pastabos ................................................................................................................................39 Literatūros sąrašas ....................................................................................................................41 Priedas ......................................................................................................................................43 Įvadas Pasaulyje lelijos auginamos jau daugiau kaip 3000 metų. Lietuvoje savaime auga tik miškinė lelija (Lilium martagon L.). Darželiuose dar galima matyti baltąją (L. candidum L.), raibąją, kartais vadinamą tigrine (L. lancifolium Thunb., sin. – L.tigrinum Ker Gawl.), raudonąją (L.bulbiferum L.) ir karališkąją (L. regale E.H.Wilson.) lelijas. Selekcininkai sukūrė nesuskaičiuojamą daugybę kuo įvairiausių ir puošniausių veislių. Šiuo metu lelijų veislės skaičiuojamos dešimtimis tūkstančių. 2007 metais išleistame Tarptautiniame lelijų registre, kurio kas keli metai išleidžiamas papildymas (https:// www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/lily-cultivar-registration/lily), nurodoma per 14 000 veislių. Lietuvos gėlių selekcininkai (Eicher-Lorkų šeima, Petras Balčikonis, Jonas Auksuolis Liutkevičius, Balys Kazelka, Vanda Sarakevičienė, Eugenijus Dambrauskas, Kęstutis ir Viktorija Vyšniauskai, Juozas Proscevičius...) yra sukūrę lelijų hibridų, išauginę jų sėjinukus. Tikinės, kad greitu laiku turėsime ir lietuviškų veislių, kurioms bus suteiktas Augalų nacionalinių genetinių išteklių statusas. Naujų veislių apsaugos sąjunga UPOV (Union pour la Protection des Obtentions Végetales), jungianti valstybes, kuriose tiriamos naujai sukurtų augalų veislės, yra paruošusi augalų veislių aprašymo nuorodų kriterijus, tarp kurių yra ir lelijos. Augalų genų bankas tokių augalų dokumentaciją tvarko pagal Bioversity International (BI) reikalavimus. Apibūdinimo aprašai (Characterization descriptors) – vienas iš augalų genetinių išteklių dokumentų, padedančių lengvai ir greitai atskirti skirtingus augalų fenotipus. Juose nurodomi požymiai, kurie lengvai matomi plika akimi ir vienodai pasireiškia įvairiomis aplinkos sąlygomis. Pildant aprašus, rekomenduojama prisilaikyti tam tikrų reikalavimų. Jie smulkiai buvo aptarti 2012-2016 metais išleistuose raktažolių, vilkdalgių, bijūnų, jurginų, raganių, tulpių, viendienių, skiauteručių ir kaladžių morfologinių ir dekoratyvių savybių apibūdinimo aprašuose. Aprašai turėtų būti vartojami tuomet, kai jie padeda kuratoriui prižiūrėti ir palaikyti kolekcijas ar kai tai naudinga augalų genetinių išteklių vartotojams. Aprašų lietuvių kalba lelijos veislių morfologinių – dekoratyvių savybių vertinimui Lietuvoje nėra. Pristatomas „Lelijos (Lilium L.) veislių morfologinių ir dekoratyvių savybių apibūdinimo aprašas“ paruoštas, atsižvelgiant į UPOV ir BI reikalavimus. Tikimės, kas jis padės aprašyti esamas ir būsimas lietuviškas lelijos veisles. Kilmė, sistematinė padėtis ir skirstymas Lelija – daugiametis svogūninis augalas. Tai polikarpinis (daug kartų žydintis ir derantis), kasmet išauginantis vieną kartą žydintį ir derantį (monokarpinį) ūglį, augalas. Manoma, kad pavadinimas yra kilęs iš graikiško žodžio leirion ( baltoji). Laikoma, kad iš jo atsirado lotyniškas žodis lilium (lelija). Lelijos – kilniausi ir elegantiškiausi sodo augalai, įgiję unikalų skambesį daugelyje kultūrų. Jos puošia įvairių miestų herbus, freskas, baldus, indaujas, tautinius kostiumus, naudojamos parfumerijoje, farmacijoje ir želdiniuose. Pasaulyje lelijos aptinkamos Šiaurės pusrutulio vidutinio klimato ir subtropikų zonų rajonuose. Manoma, kad lelijos (Lilium) gentis jungia apie 100 rūšių, kurių didžioji pusė tarpsta Rytų Azijoje (Pietvakarinė ir Centrinė Kinija). Aptinkamos ir Šiaurės Amerikoje (Atlanto ir Ramiojo vandenyno pakrantės), Balkanų pusiasalyje, Kaukaze ir Mažojoje Azijoje (Baranova, 1999). Pirmoji lelija, patekusi Į Europą iš Palestinos, buvo baltoji lelija (L. candidum L.). 1576 metais iš Venecijos į Belgiją įvežtas baltosios lelijos cernuum varietetas (L. candidum var. cernuum Weston), iš Kanados – miškinė lelija (Lilium martagon L.) (Šipovskaja ir kt., 1972). Kitos rūšys į Europą pateko 18-20 a. vykusių ekspedicijų dėka. Kaip minėjome, Lietuvoje savaime auga tik miškinė lelija (Lilium martagon L.). Įvade buvo rašyta, kad darželiuose dar galima matyti baltąją (L. candidum L.), raibąją, kartais vadinamą tigrine, (L. lancifolium Thunb., sin. – L.tigrinum Ker Gawl.), raudonąją (L.bulbiferum L.) ir karališkąją (L. regale E.H.Wilson.) lelijas. Sistematiškai Lelijos (Lilium L.) gentis priskiriama MAGNOLIOPHYTA – Magnolijūnų (gaubtasėkliai) skyriui, LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES) – Lelijainių (vienaskilčiai) klasei, LILIIDAE – Lelijažiedžių poklasiui, LILIALES – Lelijiečių eilei, Liliaceae – Lelijinių šeimai. 4 Lelijų ‚aukso amžius“ prasidėjo tada, kai buvo sukurtos hibridinės veislės. Jau 2007 metų tarptautiniame lelijų registre (Matthews, 2007) įregistruota gerokai per 14 tūkstančių lelijų. Pirmasis lelijų veislių skirstymas į grupes pagal kilmę (Baranova, 1990) buvo pasiūlytas amerikiečių selekcininko Jano de Grafo (J. de Graaff) ir paskelbtas 1962 metais žurnale „ Populiarioji sodininkystė“ (Popular Gardening). Tarptautinė sodininkų draugija šio skirstymo prisilaiko ir visas lelijų rūšis bei veisles skirsto į devynias sodines grupes (Baranova, 1990; Austin McRae, 1998; Kirejeva, 2000): I. Azijinių lelijų hibridai (Asiatic Hybrids); II. Miškinės lelijos hibridai (Martagon Hybrids); III. Baltosios lelijos hibridai (Candidum Hybrids, sin. Euro-Caucasian hybrids); IV. Amerikiniai hibridai (American Hybrids); V. Ilgažiedės lelijos hibridai (Longiflorum Hybrids); VI. Vamzdiškų ir Orleano lelijų hibridai (Trumpet and Aurelian Hybrids); VII. Rytinių lelijų hibridai (Oriental Hybrids); VIII. Kiti hibridai (Other Hybrids) ir IX. Lelijų rūšys, žemesnio rango taksonai (Species and cultivars of species). Pagal žiedų išsidėstymą žiedyno ašies atžvilgiu visų grupių lelijos skirstomos tris pogrupius: a – žiedai nukreipti į viršų; b – žiedai nukreipti į šonus; c – žiedai nukreipti žemyn, o pagal žiedo formą (taurė, čalma arba tiurbanas, žvaigždiška, vamzdiška bei praskleista vamzdiška) – dar daugiau (Matthews, 2007). I. Azijinių lelijų hibridai – pati gausiausia ir užimanti didžiausius plotus pasaulyje grupė. Grupei priklauso veislės, išvestos sukryžminus Azijos lelijų rūšis (Austin McRae, 1998): svyrančiąją (Lilium cernuum Kom.), taškuotają (Lilium davidii Duch.), raibają (L. lancifolium Thunb.), šlakuotąją (Lilium amabile Palib.), žemąją (Lilium pumilum DC.), vienspalvę (Lilium concolor Salisb.), raudonąją (Lilium bulbiferum L.) lelijas. Raudonoji lelija
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