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Higher Education Policy 10 June The Socio-Economic Impacts of Nature-based Tourism: The case study of Bakgatla ba-ga Kgafela in the Pilanesberg National Park Simon Goitsimodimo Motlhanke A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts (Coursework and research report) Johannesburg, May 2005 i Abstract This research explores the socio-economic impact of nature-based tourism on surrounding communities in the Pilanesberg National Park (PNP). The study pays particular attention to the Bakgatla community. The study looks at issues of employment creation, and the participation of the community in the management of the park. Of particular impor tance here is whether, PNP generates employment and income making opportunities for neighbouring communities, most notably, the Bakgatla. The level at which the Bakgatla are involved in decision making processes of the park is closely scrutinised Notwithstanding the obvious limitations with regard to the kinds and number of jobs that PNP, as an attraction is able to generate in the area, the study reveals a significant contribution that the park makes in this regard. Lodges serve as the major sources of employment recruitment in the PNP. The bulk of the recruits are mainly people from surrounding communities except in cases where required skills are not available locally. Concerning the question of participation, the study shows that more still need to be done in terms of broadening the concept to include and reflect diverse interests groups within the community. The concept of community participation also needs to be defined beyond mere ‘trickling down’ of benefits to the community, to imply real empowerment. The latter relates to the question of sustainability, which could effectively be realised through meaningful involvement of the community groups and individuals in the making of decisions, and policies affecting their lives. i Declaration I declare that this research is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Masters of Arts in Development Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. ` ………………………………….. Simon Goitsimodimo Motlhanke …….Day of ……….. 2005 ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank the following people without whom this thesis would not have been possible Special thanks to my supervisor, Professor Christian Rogerson for valuable insight, support and guidance throughout Elsa Van Huyssteen for exceptional contribution and moral support Khayaat Fakier (SWOP Coordinator) for believing in me and always encouraging me to press on Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) for providing financial resources for this research My family, especially my mother, for patience and understanding throughout this research The Management of Pilanesberg National Park for welcoming me, and allowing me to conduct this research within their premises Lastly, my friends for always being there for me, and making sure that the social aspects of my life are well taken care of (without you guys, I could have went out of steam before the completion of this report). Many thanks to God, the source and sustainer of life for giving me strength and courage throughout my studies iii Dedication To my family, particularly my mother, Maria Kelobiloe Motlhanke iv List of Abbreviations ANC African National Congress BOP Bophuthatswana (B)CDO (Bakgatla) Community Development Organisation CAMPFIRE The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CBO Community Based Organisations CEO Chief Executive Officer DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism IIED International Institute for Environment and Development KNP Kruger National Park MEC Member of Executive Council NAD Native Affairs Department NWPTB North West Parks and Tourism Board PNP Pilanesberg National Park RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SANP South African National Parks SDI Spatial Development Initiatives v List of Figures Figure 1.1 Pilanesberg National Park and surrounding areas as seen within the context of the North West Province, South Africa ............................................................. 3 Figure 2.1 The physical location of Pilanesberg National Park...................................20 Figure 3.1 Lodges of the Pilanesberg National Park ...................................................70 vi Tables Table 1 A Typology of Participation ...........................................................................85 vii Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Declaration..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................iii Dedication .....................................................................................................................iv List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... v Contents ......................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1: ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives of the study..................................................................................... 2 1.2 Rationale .......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Methodology .................................................................................... 7 1.4 Limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research .............12 1.5 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................14 1.6 Organisation of Chapters ...............................................................................16 CHAPTER 2: ...............................................................................................................18 BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDIES...................................................................18 2.1 Pilanesberg National Park: Physical Location...............................................19 2.3 Local Economy..............................................................................................21 2.4 Impact of the Sun City complex ....................................................................23 2.5 Geological Features........................................................................................24 2.6 The Bakgatla ba -ga Kgafela in the Pilanesbergy area: A brief history..........25 CHAPTER 3: ...............................................................................................................30 TOURISM GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN POST -APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA...................................................................................................................30 3.1 The growth of the tourism sector since 1994 .................................................30 3.2 Tourism as a strategy for reconstruction and development ...........................32 3.3 Tourism and rural development .....................................................................33 3.3.1 Ecotourism versus Nature-based tourism ...................................................35 3.4 Some of the Challenges facing tourism Development in South Africa .........36 CHAPTER 4: ...............................................................................................................39 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN SOUTH AFRICA.....................................................................................................39 4.1 Colonial and apartheid approaches to conservation.......................................40 4.2 The Philosophical base of the preservationist model of conservation...........43 4.3 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................48 CHAPTER 5: ...............................................................................................................50 CONSERVATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.........................................................50 5.1 The CAMPFIRE Initiatives in Zimbabwe .....................................................52 5.2 Protected areas in post-apartheid South Africa..................................................54 5.2.1. Land Restitution .............................................................................................55 5.3. Community participation framewor k................................................................58 CHAPTER 6: ...............................................................................................................65 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..........................................................................65 6.1 The Management structure of PNP ................................................................67 6.2 PNP and employment creation in the area .....................................................68 6.2.1 Lodges as major sources of employment
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