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26/10/2019 Outline • Mine or quarry ? MINING IN PORTUGAL • Mining Unitary Operations TECHNOLOGIES AND EXAMPLES • Mines in Portugal • Neves-Corvo Mine (mining method) J OSÉ ANTÓNI O DEAL MEIDA (JA @FCT.UN L.PT) • Sifucel Mine (LOCAL COORD INATOR, BSC, PH D MINI NG EN GINEERING, MSC MIN ERALURG Y AND MIN E PLAN NIN G) • Panasqueira Mine • Other Mines OPENYOURMINE 1 2 Mines and Quarries – what are the differences ? Mining Unitary Operations Underground unitary operations P UBLIC DOMAIN || Legislation (MINES) Surface tasks • Production drilling (jumbos) Mi neral deposits - any mineral occurrences which by their rarity, high specific value or • Charging and blasting • Comminution (secondary importance in the application in industrial processes due to the substances contained, • Loading and hauling to stock crushing and milling to are presented with special economic value. DL 88/90, of 16/03 areas liberation size) P R IVATE DOMAIN || Legislation (QUARRIES) • Comminution (primary crushing) • Mineral processing for concentration of ores (gravity, Mi neral masses - any rocks and other mineral occurrences that do not have the • Transport to surface (conveyor, magnetic, flotation) necessary characteristics to be qualified as mineral deposits DL 270/2001, of 6/10, dumper, mine lift) revised by DL 340/2007, of 12/10 3 4 Mining ore treatment chain Mining waste rock treatment chain Excavation - stopes Comminution Separation Tailings Excavation – tunnels and Exterior waste rock shafts disposal – dams and backfill Interior waste rock Ores Waste rock Waste disposal – rock fill Saleable Concentrate 5 6 1 26/10/2019 Mines in Portugal Metallic mines || 3 WORLD CLASS mineral deposits (underground mines) • Aljustrel (Cu, Zn) • Neves Corvo (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Au, Ag) • Panasqueira (W, Sn, Cu) Industrial minerals || (open pit mines, Loulé underground) • Clays • Quartz, feldspars (pegmatites) • Lithium minerals (for ceramics) • Mineral salt (Loulé mines) Neves Corvo mine 7 8 Neves-CorvoMine Neves Corvo Mine New mine: first concentrate in 1989 (Bouguer anomaly in 1977) O w ner: Lundin Mining O re morphology: massive sulphides and stockwork 7 d eposits: Graça, Corvo, Neves, Zambujal, Lombador, Semblana e Monte Branco O b ject of exploration (mineral): copper (chalcopyrite), zinc (sphalerite) and by- products lead (galena); indium, silver, gold https://www.lundinmining.com/site/assets/files/3791/2017- 05-neves-corvo-cp.pdf 9 10 Neves-CorvoMine Neves-CorvoMine Massive sulphides Stockwork ores L E APFROG MODELLING EXAMPLE: Zambujalis the smallest mineral deposit of Neves-Corvo mine. Maximum length about 600 m and maximum width 490 m, and average thickness 55 m (from 10 to 100 m). 11 12 2 26/10/2019 Neves-CorvoMine Mining Methods Access to the mine: one ramp (for people and equipment) and one shaft (ores and B en ch and fill – Cemented & low cement Paste-fill, and uncemented Waste fill (rock waste rock) fill). Length: 20 to 130m; width: 12m; height: 20m: Volume: 31000 m 3 Mi ning method: bench-and-fill and drift-and-fill Constant ores, regular boundaries, large volumes C o ncentration: flotation Dri ft and fill – Cemented Paste-Fill, Cemented Hydraulic Sand fill and uncemented C u t-off: <1% Cu and <3,3% Zn waste Fill (rock fill). C o ncentrates: (1) copper ore with 23%-25% in Cu; (2) zinc ore with 45%-46% in Zn; (3) Different ores, irregular boundaries, thickness lower than 10m. copper/lead ore with 30% of Cu and a minimum of 22% in lead 13 14 Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine 668 Nível 668/648 CORTE AB 648 transversalAB Section Nível 648/628 Exploração ascendenteBench & por Fill níveis mining de desmontes de bancada com 20 628 metros de alturawith 20 m high stopes Nível 628/608 Initial tunnel of 5x5 m and 608 Nível 608/588 CORTE CD enlargement to 12x5 m CORTE CD 588 Zona limite Nível 588/568 Explorada por Drift&Fill 568 Nível 568/548 548 1 PLANTA 2 1 2 CORTE AB Zona explorada por Drift&Fill já cheia transversal 1 Primários Mined out D&F area 1 CORTE AB 2 2 Secundários AB Section transversal CORTE CD longitudinal 1 CD Section 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Zona limite 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 Explorada por DriftD&F&Fill area 5x5 m Primary and secondary stopes mining: 1. Mine first primary stopes and backfill (green) 2. Mine the stopes between the primary stopes with backfill in the sidewalls (blue) 15 16 Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine DISPAROS DE BANCADA – ESQUEMAS DE FURAÇÃO Parallel drilling PLANTA SECÇÃO CAVIDADE ABERTA 568 2 1 2 563 Furação vertical de produção de bancada (76 mm) Furação vertical de bancada de contorno para execução de “smoth blasting” (76 mm) 553 1 548 ENCHIMENTO HIDRÁULICO 17 18 3 26/10/2019 Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Cables & bolts Ring drilling Bench Drilling 3” Vertical Blast Holes Backfill Backfill Bench & fill mining method (options for rock with good geomechanical properties) Remote Mucking 19 20 Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill stope lower backfill concrete wall Upper drift backfill door last 2 meters backfilled with hydraulic fill in order to ensure tight fill Upper drift sidewall mesh to decrease dilution Paste fill with hydraulic fill pipes 21 22 Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Bench & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Phase 8 – Secondary stope Phase 9 – Secondary stope mining with paste fill on the backfill with 1% cemented ORE sidewalls ORE paste Initial tunnel of 5x5 m and enlargement to 12x5 m 568 568 ENCHIMENTO HIDRÁULICO COM 5% DE C IM ENTO 2 1 2 563 563 SECONDAR Y BACK FILL BACK FILL BACK FILL B AC K FILL PRIMARY SECONDAR Y PRIMARY B AC K FILL PRIMARY (5 % C EMENTED P ASTE) (1 % C EMENTED P ASTE) (5 % C EMENTED P ASTE) PRIMARY (5 % C EMENTED P ASTE) OR WASTE FILL (5 % C EMENTED P ASTE) 553 553 1 548 548 5x5 m 23 24 4 26/10/2019 Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine FASE 1 Section view PAINEL PAINEL PAINEL Aerial view CV CV CV 2 2 Falha 2 Falha -15% CM – Chaminé de Minério -15% -15% CV – Chaminé de Ventilação CM CM CM 1 1 Galeria de nível de muro 25 26 Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine FASE 5 FASE 2 Tecto FASE 3 FASE 4 Tecto Abertura do desmonte seguinte Abertura do desmonte a tecto Enchimento do desmonte a tecto 4 5 5 Tecto 4 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 Muro CV Muro Porta de CV CV Enchimento CV CV Muro 2 2 2 CV 2 Falha Falha Falha 2 FASE 7 Falha 2 Falha FASE 6 -15% Abertura e Enchimento dos Realce do acesso e exploração -15% CM – Chaminé de Minério desmontes seguintes – finalização do novo nível -15% do nível CV – Chaminé de Ventilação CM CM CM 7 1 7 1 8 8 Galeria de nível 9 9 de muro CV CV 2 10 Falha Rampa de Acesso Falha 27 28 Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine RAMP FASE 3 – Abertura de galerias longitudinais FASE 4 – Enchimento desses FASE 5 – Abertura e enchimento de no minério até extremidade do painel e abertura desmontes desmontes transversais em retirada 1 0 0 m de desmontes transversais nesse limite 7 5 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 3 6 3 5 3 7 7 5 CV CV CV FASE 6 – Desmonte do nível FASE 7 – Realce do acesso para o finalizado e cheio nível superior. 8 8 6 6 3 8 8 CV CV 29 30 5 26/10/2019 Cut & Fill Mining Method – Neves-Corvo Mine Mineral Processing Plants – Neves-Corvo Mine Un d erground: primary crushing Su rface facilities: screening, secondary crushing, grinding, flotation and dewatering tanks Cut-and-fill Bottom to top mining, level by level, 5 meters high Primary crushing Grinding (rod mills || ball mills) Flotation cells plant 31 32 Sifucel Mine – Quartz Sand Exploitation Mi ne size: Medium O w ner: Parapedra Group O re morphology: sub-horizontal layer of sands, thickness above 50 m, several hundreds of meters in horizontal development O b ject of exploration (mineral): quartz for glass and solar panel industry Sifucel mine 33 34 Sifucel Mine – Quartz Sand Exploitation Sifucel Mine – Quartz Sand Exploitation Sand + Clay Pipeline Fist mineral Second mineral (Suction dredge) Hydraulic Transport processing plant processing plant of Sands Trommel Inverse flotation Screen Quartz Sands Trommel Decantation tank Humphrey spirals Attrition cells First quality (< 50 ppm Separation of clays Fe) Humphrey spirals Hydrocyclone Quartz Sands Second quality (150-200 ppm Fe) Attrition cell Hydrocyclone Stock of quartz sands 35 36 6 26/10/2019 Modal Analysis of Minerals Main Minerals Quartz || SiO2 Ilmenite || FeTiO3 Rutile || TiO₂ Pyrope || Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 2+ Staurolite || Fe 2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2 Schorl || (Na(Mg,Fe,Li,Mn,Al)3Al6(BO3)3 Si6.O 18(OH,F)4 Panasqueira mine 37 38 Panasqueira Mine Panasqueira Mine – Mining Method O l d mine: the official mining license was dated from May 24, 1896 O w ner: Almonty group since 2016 O re morphology: Sequence of sub-horizontal quartz veins developed in schist rocks O b ject of exploration (mineral): tungsten (wolframite); tin (cassiterite) and copper Room and pillar, no backfill (chalcopyrite) are by-products of the exploration • Opening of exploration galleries in an orthogonal mesh, leaving between them columns of 11m by 11m.
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  • Estudo Da Distribuição Do Estanho Na Mina Da Panasqueira

    Estudo Da Distribuição Do Estanho Na Mina Da Panasqueira

    0 1 2 cm Estudo da distribuição do Estanho na Mina da Panasqueira Filipe Miguel de Vasconcelos Pinto Mestrado em Geologia Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território 2014 Orientador Fernando Manuel Pereira Noronha Professor Catedrático Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Coorientador Romeu André Carvalho Vieira Diretor do Departamento de Geologia e Prospeção Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (Portugal), S.A. 2 FCUP Estudo da Distribuição do Estanho na Mina da Panasqueira Figura de capa: Amostra de cassiterite e marcassite da Mina da Panasqueira. Desmonte: L2 D27 R5A AW23 Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, /_ / 4 FCUP Estudo da Distribuição do Estanho na Mina da Panasqueira FCUP i Estudo da Distribuição do Estanho na Mina da Panasqueira Agradecimentos O presente trabalho foi executado nas instalações da Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (Portugal) S.A., na que habitualmente é designada por Minas da Panasqueira. Deste modo expresso o meu especial agradecimento à Administração da empresa por todas as condições concedidas para a realização deste trabalho e de possibilitar a publicação dos dados desta campanha de prospeção subterrânea. As pesquisas efetuadas ao longo deste trabalho fomentaram o meu desenvolvimento pessoal, social e profissional. Contudo gostaria também de dirigir agradecimentos a algumas pessoas e seus valiosos contributos, sem as quais a execução deste trabalho nunca seria possível. Ao Eng.º João Pedro Real, na qualidade de Diretor Geral pela possibilidade da publicação dos resultados obtidos. Ao Prof. Dr. Fernando Noronha, orientador deste trabalho, que sempre se mostrou interessado em divulgar e partilhar os seus vastos conhecimentos na área dos jazigos minerais em geral e da metalogenia e geoquímica em particular.
  • A Holistic Approach in Re-Mining Old Tailings Deposits for the Supply of Critical-Metals: a Portuguese Case Study

    A Holistic Approach in Re-Mining Old Tailings Deposits for the Supply of Critical-Metals: a Portuguese Case Study

    minerals Article A Holistic Approach in Re-Mining Old Tailings Deposits for the Supply of Critical-Metals: A Portuguese Case Study Janine Figueiredo 1,* , M. Cristina Vila 1,* , António Fiúza 1, Joaquim Góis 1, Aurora Futuro 1, M. Lurdes Dinis 1 and Diogo Martins 2 1 CERENA—Polo FEUP—Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099002 Porto, Portugal; afi[email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (M.L.D.) 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099002 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: j.fi[email protected] (J.F.); [email protected] (M.C.V.) Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019; Published: 17 October 2019 Abstract: Demand growth for metallic minerals has been faced with the need for new techniques and improving technologies for all mining life-cycle operations. Nowadays, the exploitation of old tailings and mine-waste facilities could be a solution to this demand, with economic and environmental advantages. The Panasqueira Mine has been operating for more than a century, extracting tungsten and tin ore. Its first processing plant, “Rio”, was located near the Zêrere river, where mineral-processing residues were deposited on the top hillside on the margin of this river in the Cabeço do Pião tailings dam. The lack of maintenance and monitoring of this enormous structure in the last twenty years represents a high risk to the environment and the population of the surrounding region. A field-sample campaign allowed the collection of data, and resulted from laboratory tests to use regression optimization.
  • Minas Da Panasqueira

    Minas Da Panasqueira

    MINAS DA PANASQUEIRA MINAS DA PANASQUEIRA Breve resenha histórica As Minas da Panasqueira situam-se na vertente mais a sul do sistema montanhoso da Serra da Estrela (Serra do Açor), cuja sede se localiza na Barroca Grande, cerca de 40 km por estrada para SO da Covilhã, distrito de Castelo Branco, na região da Beira- Baixa. A Portaria de Direitos de Descoberta data do ano de 1887 para a zona do Cabeço do Pião. Para a zona da Panasqueira a Portaria de Direitos de Descoberta data do ano de 1888. O jazigo da Panasqueira começou a ser explorado em 1896, mantendo-se até à actualidade. Inicialmente, entre 1910 e 1928 a exploração esteve a cargo da Wolfram Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd. tendo, na última data dado origem à Beralt Tin & Wolfram Limited. A partir de 1973, a empresa tomou a designação de Beralt Tin & Wolfram (Portugal), S. A.. Em 1990, a Minorco S. A. adquiriu 80% do capital da empresa, tendo esta levado ao fecho da mina três anos mais tarde, em 1993. Em 1994, acabou por ser adquirida pela canadiana Avocet Ventures Inc., tendo a mina reaberto em Janeiro de 1995. No período de 2005 a 2007, o concessionário foi a empresa canadiana Primary Metals Inc. Mais recentemente, em Outubro de 2007 a totalidade das acções da empresa foram adquiridas pela japonesa Sojitz Corporation. Em Julho de 2009 a empresa mudou de nome passando a designar-se Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (Portugal), S. A. Roteiro das Minas e Pontos de Interesse Mineiro e Geológico em Portugal 1 MINAS DA PANASQUEIRA Os trabalhos subterrâneos já se efectuam há 114 anos.