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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 STRUCTURE, MODELS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVIL Abdullaev Akmal Nasriddinovich Senior Lecturer at the Department of National and , NamSU.

ABSTARCT: lifestyle of the citizen. It is true that in the The article examines the most of Western countries all important issues of the formation of the privileges are given to man. But in the cultural rule of and civil society in modern traditions of the East, special emphasis is Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan has a rich always placed on the interdependent experience of political life, features of development of society and the . political consciousness and develops in Political relations between “civil unique and difficult conditions. Thus, it society” - an economically, culturally and turned out that it is wrong to copy a simple legally developed society and members of copy of the political experience of the “civil society” develop independently of the Western world. state and in relations with the state. A civil society with a high level of social, economic, Keywords: , civil society, modern cultural, ethical and social ties in the state Uzbekistan, political consciousness, structure creates developed legal relations. political experience. Formation of the rule of law and civil society is a very important issue for modern INTRODUCTION: Uzbekistan. It should be noted that Uzbekistan The idea of limiting the boundaries of has a rich experience of political life, features "civil society" and "state" was proposed by the of political consciousness and develops in German philosopher G. Hegel. It should be unique and difficult conditions. So simply noted that society and “civil society” is copying the political experience of the Western generally a state term. [1]. According to world, in our opinion, is not good. researchers, “civil society” refers to processes Civil society includes and outside the jurisdiction of the state, based on associations voluntarily created by citizens. the freedom and autonomy of citizens. [2]. In These institutions are self-governing, that is, this sense, we must pay particular attention to independent of and not relying on , the fact that “state” and “civil society” are but live in harmony with government and use relatively independent social phenomena. their collective efforts in social and civic affairs “State” and “civil society” are not an integral to deepen and advance . Trade part of this process. Because these are specific unions, women's unions, environmental and social phenomena that play an active role in institutions, and religious, the development and real processes of society. artistic and cultural associations are examples The idea of “civil society” as an expression of of civil society. Although civil institutions have the and dignity of the human person long existed as centers of collective action, civil developed on the basis of the scientific society in the modern sense emerged in the achievements of Western European of , Immanuel philosophers. Socio-philosophical thinking and Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the eighteenth the political experience of Eastern states give century, and then in the political philosophy of priority to the equality of humanity as the John Stworth Mel in the eighteenth century. highest value, regardless of the position and nineteenth century [3]. Of course, the great 3 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 twentieth-century philosopher Jurgen (384-322 BC), one of the first authors Habermas is the scientist who brought the of the concept of “civil society”, puts the to the forefront of civil society interests of citizens at the center of thought. By [4]. Civil society, as mentioned above, pays “citizen” the “first teacher” did not mean any more attention to social and civic issues, but member of society, but free and independent political society more includes political parties people. In his view, the state is the sum of and structures in the process of acquiring citizens, that is, civil society. Apparently, political power. Two civil and political Aristotle uses the terms “state” and “civil can complement each other in the society” in the same sense. [7]. For example, in formation of a democratic society. Opinions on the ancient world, this idea was expressed in this matter were expressed by the scientists of 's theory of eidos. It is also necessary to our country M. Sharifkhoyaev, N. Shodiev, S. take into account the point of view of Aristotle Khusanov, T. Dustyanov also learns from that the state is a self-sufficient unit consisting Aristotle. For example, M. Sharifkhodzhaev of citizens, in other words, civil society. writes that “Aristotle's state was nothing more Supporting the idea of equal rights for people, than a general union of citizens, a civil society.” emphasized that the law is the unifying [5] T. Dust'yanov and S. Hasanov said: “The link of civil society and that the law created by thinkers of the ancient world were the first to law is the same for everyone. In the early try to reveal the features and theoretical stages of human development, such a society foundations of the rule of law of , was completely connected with the state, Democritus, Plato, , Cicero. which arose as a result of the current economic Consequently, legally recognized and at the development of mankind and the development same time limited state power is, according to of socio-political relations. According to many ancient thinkers, a just state governed by the thinkers of antiquity and the : “The rule of law ... [6] state was the main regulating social Civil society is a democratic state based relations. This understanding of reality is the on the rule of law. Such a society is citizen- result of the absence of the concept of oriented and creates an atmosphere of respect interconnection and duality of society and the for traditions and of law and international state at this stage of development of society.” humanistic ideals. Civil society creates [8]. opportunities for prosperity and the Abu Nasr al-Farabi emphasizes the need realization of the rights of individuals and to introduce fair governance in the country in citizens, while naturally creating tools to limit order to build a civil society (noble city) for the power and regulate the activities of public first time in Eastern philosophy. The thinker authorities. The origins of civil society are lists the internal and external functions of the reflected in the history of the development of state, reflecting on the forms of government. civilizations, which can be described as the The effectiveness of these functions (internal - desire of the thinkers of each era to create a ensuring the happiness of citizens; external - model of an ideal social system in which there protecting the city) depends on the rational is intelligence, freedom, prosperity and justice. organization of . Farobi includes The creation of such a society has always been such forms of government as monopoly, rule of associated with the improvement of the state the country by a small group, and the rule of a and the supremacy of the rule of law and the ruler chosen by the people. He believes that rule of law. For this reason, the of only a rational policy strengthens the rights 4 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 and obligations of a person in society [9]. The basis of the religious paradigm of civil society”. difference between the virtuous and just [11], - concludes that. that Farobi dreamed of and the The foundations of civil society can also ignorant community is that people help each be found in Kant, who believed in: other closely to achieve the finest and best A person must create everything himself goals, as well as common interests. Obviously, and be responsible for what he creates. Farobi puts forward requirements for the The reasons for human self-improvement spiritual growth of people, the acquisition of are a conflict of human interests and the need civic qualities in order to build a noble to protect these interests. community. As early as the beginning of the At the legislative level, civil , 10th century, Forby described the project of a backed by law, are a prerequisite for self- simple and understandable model of a just civil development, a guarantee of the preservation society as follows: profession. People will be and promotion of human dignity. truly free. One will not be the master of the The foundations laid down by Kant, of other. There will be no Sultan (ie, the King) course, can form the basis of the theory of civil who interferes with the and freedom of society. After Kant transferred the conflict people. There will be various good habits and between individuals to interstate relations as a pleasures among them” [10]. It is obvious that means of stimulating self-development, he the main feature of the “cultural society” put comes to the conclusion that the main task forward by the thinker is also important created for him by nature is the creation of a because it is one of the most important universal legal civil society. In support of the elements of civil society - human freedom. philosophical teachings of Kant, Humboldt The further development of relations in sought to illustrate the contradictions and society marked a further change in the views differences between civil society and the state of civil society scholars. In the XVI-XVII with specific examples. Humboldt called civil centuries G. Grotius, T. Gobbs, Dj. Locke, C. society a system of national and social , J.-J. Rousseau clearly saw the institutions created by citizens, as well as difference between forms of government and natural and universal human rights. On the civil society. This was the case only when civil other hand, the state, from the point of view of society was built on natural-legal and Humboldt, is a system of state institutions contractual principles. For this reason, J. created by the same state, consisting of Mavlonov said: “As the first historical and and a citizen. [12]. G.V. Hegel scientific paradigm of civil society, we can played an important role in the formation of refer to the ideas of antiquity. The opinion was clear ideas about civil society, which they formed that civil society has a moral and described as a sphere of activity of personal spiritual character in the east and a socio- interests. For such a society, he defined family, political and economic character in the west. class relations, religion, law, morality, This opened the way for the formation of education, laws and legal relations arising ancient paradigms of Eastern and Western civil from interaction. In this idea, a special role was society. In the Middle Ages, the dominance of assigned to citizens opposing each other. religious norms in socio-philosophical views K. Marx and F. Engels gave the world a had a significant impact on the nature and materialistic description of this phenomenon content of civil society. In particular, the ideas and the category that reflects it. The authors and views of Christianity and Islam formed the argue that civil society is a material connection 5 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 between people at a certain stage in the beginning of the eighteenth century - the end development of productive forces. Such a of the nineteenth century), two main theories society encompasses the entire commercial of the development of civil society arose. On and industrial life of this stage and transcends the one hand, this is the image of the “universal state and national borders [13]. But on the state” by G. Hegel, who presented as a other hand, civil society must present itself as complete intervention in the affairs of civil a nation in the external environment and as a society in order to resolve the contradictions state in the internal environment. Historical and contradictions inherent in the state. On the analysis of opinions and judgments shows that other hand, this is T. Payne's theory of the the formation of civil society is a complex and minimal state, in which the idea of limiting the contradictory process, spanning hundreds of role of the state in managing society and years, starting with the formation of elements recognizing the right to self-government for of civil society in the ancient world (Athens civil society was realized. [15]. and Rome). This process manifested itself in The idea of civil society and the third medieval cities such as Lubeck and Novgorod, stage of its development is considered from and now it can be observed in the developed the beginning of the 20th century. The German countries of Europe and America. The philosopher and sociologist Habermas, who formation of civil society depended on made a great contribution to the development economic and legal relations, the stages at of the theory of civil society, considered civil which the personal and economic freedoms of society as a state sphere that exists between citizens are, as well as the relevance of means the individual and the state, in which their of limiting the power of state structures. relations develop. He proposed the concept of Certain features of civil society are transparency (of the masses), which has inherent in any system of society, but they can become key in the field of creating models for be at different stages of development. For the formation of civil society. As Habermas example, while these qualities are in their points out, the distribution of newspapers and original state, and in a totalitarian state these magazines led to the politicization of society qualities are completely suppressed. The and the emergence of claims to participate in characteristics of civil society may be in a state political life. Such a church, matured in of readiness to win, or they may simply be political activity, appeared in the history of filled with clear signs of a class social system. mankind in England at the beginning of the Only in a democratic state do these features 17th and 18th centuries and found its prevail in achieving social equality. expression in the creation of a representative T. Payne, in contrast to the state, body of government. Members of the represented civil society and viewed the state community sought to unite their interests and as an inevitable evil - the less of it, the better come to a political consensus while for society. T. Payne viewed society as a participating in parliamentary activities. system that regulates interaction between Society understands political life on the basis citizens, who are dependent by their nature, as of the category of law, which in public opinion a structure of peaceful competition, mutual has the characteristics of general and assistance and mutual interests. The thinker reasonable law. Consequently, the viewed the economic, cultural and political of domination is replaced by the rule of law, institutions of society as the main factors of which is a sign of the formation of society. civil society. [14]. Thus, during this period (the Habermas sees the institutional core of civil 6 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 society as voluntary associations outside the influence, consisting of families, associations, state and the economy that enable citizens to social movements and various forms of social rule and act against power based on tradition, relations located between the economy and power, and ritual [16]. At the same time, he the state. The authors compare civil society negatively assesses the prospects for the with the political community (parties and development of the public sector in the parliaments), as well as with the economic twentieth century. He also seeks to idealize the community (production and marketing institutions of the modern era, which created organizations). In their opinion, non-political the conditions for the implementation of the public associations form the basis of civil political and philosophical ideas of society. society. Scientists understand civil society as However, according to Habermas, due to the “creating associations and living in commercialization of relations and the associations”, which is associated with self- expansion of the field of professional in creation, self-mobilization and the twentieth century, it was only possible to institutionalization and is a prerequisite for create a society in decline [17]. the creation and existence of civil society. In his later works, Habermas's approach According to T. Jansson, who described the to the prospects for civic self-organization was relationship between the state and civil society somewhat different. Thus, in his 2007 essay in the form of a “dramatic triangle”, at the top “On the causes of the public sphere” the author and bottom of the triangle of states there are, describes the crisis of traditional media on the one hand, local authorities and (newspapers, television) in Germany, which municipalities affiliated with the state, and have become more dependent on profit and public associations of citizens in the private advertising, and at the same time criticizes the sector. T. Jansson writes that when the ruling current situation. ... The thinker emphasized elite pursues a policy aimed at supporting the that the media should not only satisfy the public of citizens, the necessary easily commercialized needs of people for conditions will be created for them if the entertainment, but also provide its consumers state's interference in society is minimal and with the opportunity to participate in cultural the elites of civil society will respect life, observe political processes and shape government structures. [19]. In the context of political views. Habermas explores the role of the ongoing large-scale reforms in the the press in the development of the public of Uzbekistan and the need for an sphere and the formation of public opinion, as accelerated renewal of fixed assets, leasing well as the reliability of information. The is of particular importance as a form of scientist assesses the importance of the public financing the investment activities of sphere in a modern state, “promotes the economic entities.[21] democratic legitimacy of the state's actions”, Models of relations between the state participates in the selection of topics sufficient and civil society were studied by the Polish to tie them together for political decision- sociologist Edmund Vnuk-Lipinski, who making, their subsequent processing and identified only three such models: 1) civil formation. J. Habermas's views on civil society society as opposed to the state; 2) civil society were supported by political scientist Jean L. other than the state; 3) in addition to the state Cohen and sociologist [18]. civil society [20]. Cohen and Arato introduced the concept of “civil society” into a sphere of social 7 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 REFERENCES: 12) Humboldt W., background. On the limits of 1) Hegel G.V. F. The phenomenology of the state activity / per. with him. Chelyabinsk spirit. - M .: Academic Project, 2018 .-- 494 p. Socium 2019 .-- 287p. 2) Social work and civil society: Collective 13) Semenov Yu.I. An introduction to the monograph edited by I.A. Grigorieva, A.A. science of philosophy. Book 3: Marxist Kozlova, V.A. Samoilova. St. Petersburg . breakthrough in philosophy Book 3. Book 3. Scythia-Print, 2006 .-- 312s. Publishing stereotype. LENAND 2019 .-- 240 3) Kutsenkov A.A. Essays on Indian Civil p. Society. Part II: Civil Society: Organizations 14) Hitchens K. Thomas Payne. Human rights and Movements. M. IV RAS. 2017 .-- 280 p. 10 books that changed the world. M. AST 4) Habermas J. Structural change in the public 2009 .-- 218 p. sphere: Research on the category of 15) Fast G. Citizen Tom Payne. M. Terra 1997 .-- bourgeois society. Per. with him. M. Ves Mir 240s. 2017 .-- 344 p. 16) Habermas J. Structural change in the public 5) Sharifkhўzhaev M. Ўzbekistondda ochiқ sphere: Research on the category of fuқarolik zhamiyatining shakllanishi T., bourgeois society. Per. with him. M. Ves Mir “Sharқ”. 2003, 9-bet. 2017 .-- 344 p. 6) T. Dustjonov, S. Hasanov. Uzbekistan is on 17) Melkevik B. Habermas and Rawls: the path of democratic development. T., Discourse on Democracy. M. Prospect 2020 2004. p.8 .-- 136 p. 7) See: Aristotle. Politics. Anthology of World 18) Cohen, Jean L., Arato, Andrew. Civil society Philosophy. - M., 1969. Tom-1, part - and political theory. M. Ves the world, 2003. 1.С.465-475. - 784s. 8) Mavlonov Zh.Yo. The main directions of the 19) Jansson T. Triangular drama: the modern conceptual discourse on civil relationship between the state, local society (socio-philosophical analysis). government and voluntary associations // Author's abstract. PUBLISHING Civil society in the European North. SPb., CENTER, 2017.- P.11. 1996.S. 6. 9) See: Farobi A. Fozil, the city of people. - T .: 20) Grandson-Lipiński E. of public People's Heritage, 1993. Pages 159-161. life. M., 2012.S. 191-192. 10) See: Faroobi Abu Nasr. The city of noble 21) Madumarov Talatbek Tolibjonovich, & people. - T .: A. Qodiri People's Heritage Gulomjonov Odiljon Rahimjon o'g'li. (2021). Publishing House, 1993, 190 pages. PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 11) Mavlonov J.Y. Fuharolik zhamiyatiga oid OF A LEASING MECHANISM IN PUBLIC - zamonaviy conceptual discourse asosiy PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP. International yўnalishlari (izhtimoiy-falsafiy taҳlil). Engineering Journal For Research & Abstract. "ACADEMY NOSHIRLIK MARKAZI" Development, 6 (SP), 5.https: DUK, 2017.- B.15. //doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7MXR3

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