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Refuge Resources of Concern Cial Dune Cial C Appendix D ©Kevin Fleming ©Kevin Hibiscus bee Refuge Resources of Concern Appendix D. Refuge Resources of Concern of Resources Refuge D. Appendix Table D-1. Summary of Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health (BIDEH) Elements for Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge I. BARRIER ISLAND BEACH HABITATS – 439 ACRES 4/3/2012 Habitats and Plant Communities that Represent Existing Population/Habitat Attributes (Age Class, Structure, Serial Natural Processes responsible for BIDEH Stage, Species Composition these conditions Limiting Factors Overwash A series of small dune “fi ngers” developed at regular intervals, Forms a drier, later successional Overwash dunes of mid- Grassland oriented @ 900 to the bay shoreline and protruding into the phase beginning from water- Atlantic barrier island Dunes: 50 A salt marsh. These overwash and blow-out areas are both deposited sands from storm habitats are G2-G3 ranked recently deposited and devoid of vegetation, or may be older overwash. Sand movement, plant and DE S2/S3. This w/ well-established vegetation. Cakile edentula, and Spartina burial, and dune formation rates community is restricted to patens are dominants, in early successional expressions of dune differ from dune grasslands overwash dunes developed overwash. As vegetation develops, other associates found on the dominated by American Beachgrass on coastal beach habitats refuge include Schoenoplectus pungens, Cenchrus tribuloides, (Ammophilia breviligulata) to other of DE, MD VA & NC. Triplasis purpurea and scattered Baccharis halimifolia areas with salt meadow cordgrass Restricted to specialized seedlings. (Spartina patens) and seaside habitat it is threatened by a goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens). number of human activities Potential Focal Species: Piping Plover, Red Knot, American Storm overwash and dune blowouts especially artifi cial dune Oystercatcher, Sanderling, Least Tern, Black Skimmer, from surf surges and wind stabilization. American Black Duck, Willet, Forster’s Tern, Coastal Plain erosion are the prevalent natural Swamp Sparrow, Common Night Hawk; Horseshoe Crab, disturbances of this community. Beach-Dune Tiger Beetle, Northern Diamondback Terrapin Beachgrass and Community is a maritime dune grassland dominated by Eolian processes cause active Community is globally Panic- Ammophila breviligulata or Panicum amarum. Other sand deposition and erosion. This ranked as G2, found on grass Dune associated plant species include Solidago sempervirens, community generally occurs on maritime dunes from Long Grassland Triplasis purpurea, Cenchrus tribuloides, Chamaesyce foredunes that receive the force of Island, south to NC. Over Association: polygonifolia, Cakile edentula, Nuttallanthus canadensis and, wind and salt spray, but is beyond this range less than 3,000 Concern of Resources Refuge 35 A Cyperus grayi, where overwashed by sand. the infl uence of spring tides and acres currently exist. most storm surges. Diagonostic Limiting factors include Potential Focal Species: Beach-Dune Tiger Beetle. plant species are A. breviligulata, S. trampling by people and sempervirens Panicum amarum, ATV traffi c. This association and O puntia humifusa. is highly fragile and does not recover well from these types of human uses and impacts. D-1 D-2 Refuge Resources of Concern of Resources Refuge Habitats and Plant Communities Prime HookPrime National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Draft Conservation and Environmental Plan Impact Statement that Represent Existing Population/Habitat Attributes (Age Class, Structure, Serial Natural Processes responsible for BIDEH Stage, Species Composition these conditions Limiting Factors Atlantic Coast This association occurs on maritime barrier islands’ protected This community is not tidally fl ooded Habitat Loss and Interdune backdunes, barrier fl ats & interdunal swales. Substrate is sand and occurs beyond the reach of most Fragmentation; Most Swale: 67 A to loamy sand w/ thin layer of organic matter. Vegetation is storm tides, but it is impacted by occurrences near refuge characterized by moderately open to densely closed canopy salt spray, wind erosion and sand have been destroyed of Morella cerifera and short stems of Prunus serotina. movements. (Note:) Reference sites by coastal development Other canopy associates include Baccaris halimifolia and in Delaware = Great Marsh in Lewes of Slaughter, Prime Juniperus virginiana and Rhus copallinum. Herbaceous & Prime Hook NWR in Milton. Hook & Broadkill Beach layer characterized by Spartina patens, Panicum virgatum, communities., These soils Andropogon virginicus, A. virginicus var. hirsutior (S1), are sandy and dry enough Juncus effuses, Polygonum hydropiperoides, & Distichlis that they are not classifi ed spicata. as “jurisdictional wetlands.” Remaining occurrences Potential Focal Species: Catocala muliercula & other are highly fragmented, invertebrate fauna dependent on this habitat type & heavily represented by very small utilized by migratory songbirds. and isolated patches. Irregularly Dominated by Iva frutescens or Baccharis halimifolia or both The tidal shrublands are Storm surges can cause Flooded growing in association with salt marshes. Other associated characteristic of diurnal to shrub die-back. Heavy Eastern Tidal shrubs include Morella cerifera. Spartina patens is the irregularly fl ooded mesohaline (5- salt spray & tidal fl ooding Salt Shrub: ~ 60 characteristic dominant grass with other herbaceous associates: 18 ppt) systems. Soils are layers of often causes die-back of Acres Panicum virgatum, Distichlis spicata, Hibiscus moscheutos, accumulated peat of variable depths shrub layer bayward. This Tercrium canadenses, Cuscuta gronovii, & Solidago overlying sands. Communities occur association grades into sempervirens. in estuarine margins and form an high salt marsh dominated ecotone between salt marsh & upland by herbaceous vegetation. Conservation Target Catocala muliercula (State Record) vegetation. Landward, shrub cover becomes denser. Invasive species encroachment problematic. Invertebrate communities susceptible to negative impacts from adulticides (Naled ). Appendix D. Refuge Resources of Concern of Resources Refuge D. Appendix Habitats and Plant Communities that Represent Existing Population/Habitat Attributes (Age Class, Structure, Serial Natural Processes responsible for BIDEH Stage, Species Composition these conditions Limiting Factors Maritime Community dominated by red cedars (Juniperus virginiana) The dominance of red cedar and This Coastal Dune Red Cedar of variable heights but trees are generally shorter than 4 its maritime location defi nes this community is very rare in Woodland meters tall. Trees start to colonize areas behind sand dunes community. Maritime Red Cedar DE (S1) and also Globally 76 A and upper edges of salt marshes. Red cedar either forms Woodland is infl uenced by onshore Rare (G2). Artifi cial dune pure stands and/or grows in association with Quercus stellata, winds and salt spray, sand deposition, stabilization, commercial Prunus serotina, Amelanchier canadensis & Ilex opaca. Piuns and tidal overwash from severe & residential development taeda, Q. phellos & Diospyros virginiana infrequent canopy storms. Golden heather grows where as its greatest threats. associates. In Delaware this NVCS community is one of the soils are hot, sandy and nutrient poor. The invertebrate fauna best remaining examples of this cover-type. This community Plant species diversity is low in these associated with this supports the state rare plant golden heather (Hudsonia areas due to stressful environmental community is threatened ericoides – S1) and its population size is signifi cant as the only conditions. from annual adulticides other known occurrence on the Delmarva Peninsula was Cape applications that occur in Henlopen State Park. A close relative to golden-heather also and around community occurs here, beach heather (Hudsonia tomentosa). Vegetation locations. community supports unique and uncommon invertebrate fauna listed below: Potential Focal Species: Wallengrenia otho (S1), Southern Broken Dash, Drasteria graphica (S1S3) = Good indicator species of high quality Maritime Red Cedar Woodland Habitat; Pompeius verna, Little glassy wing (tier 2) and Anatrytone logan, Delaware skipper (tier 2). Refuge Resources of Concern of Resources Refuge D-3 D-4 Refuge Resources of Concern of Resources Refuge Habitats and Plant Communities Prime HookPrime National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Draft Conservation and Environmental Plan Impact Statement that Represent Existing Population/Habitat Attributes (Age Class, Structure, Serial Natural Processes responsible for BIDEH Stage, Species Composition these conditions Limiting Factors Successional This community is found on the leeward side of secondary This is a tall deciduous shrub-scrub Limited range in mid- Maritime Forest dunes with substrate varying from pure sand directly adjacent forest. The physiognomy varies Atlantic from VA to north of (184 A) to Delaware Bay to well-drained loamy sands in more dramatically, ranging from open Cape May, NJ. In Delaware sheltered areas. Community is a stunted forest of blackcherry, woodland to stunted forest to dense this community is known sweetgum, and red maple with a shrub layer dominated by impenetrable thicket. Individual trees from the Mispillion River, bayberry shrubs (Morella cerifera and pensylvanica) plus are wind-pruned and multi-stemmed, south into the Inland Bays Smilax rotundifolia the are dominant shrub species. Other and are subjected
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