The Chaco connection: Bonito style architecture in outlier communities Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Van Dyke, Ruth Marguerite Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 20:17:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282682 DIFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMC fihns the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI direcdy to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation G}inpaiiy 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Aibor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE CHACO CONNECTION: BONITO STYLE ARCHITECTURE IN OUTLIER COMMUNITIES by Ruth Marguerite Van Dyke Cop3rright ® Ruth Marguerite Van Dyke 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College of THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 UMI Nuznber: 9831926 Copyright 1998 by Vem. Dyke, Ruth Marguerite All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9831926 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Ruth Marguerite Van Dyke entitled The Chaco Connection: Bonito Style Architecture in Outlier Communities and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Richard Gwinn Vivian Date ^ (-z,. e-c, I. *1 "r 7- Barbara J. Mills Date /g -/g - ^'7 E. Charles Adams Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Richard Gvd.nn Vivian 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A work of this scope would not have been possible without the intellectual, logistical, financial, and emotional assistance of a great many people. The research was fimded by a Dissertation Improvement Grant from the National Science Foundation. John Roney of the Bureau of Land Management and John Stein of the Navajo Nation Archaeology Department together inspired me to work at the Andrews community. Permission to work at Andrews was kindly granted by Jim Walker of the Archaeological Conservancy. Fieldwork at Andrews in rain and shine was undertaken with the able assistance of Joshua Jones and Sarah Herr. Chacoan research is by namre a cooperative venture, and this dissertation in its present form would not have been possible without die collaboration of many individuals who made unpublished outlier data available to me. Paul Reed of the Navajo Nation Archaeology Department shared information on the Cove community. Bob Powers of the National Park Service provided access to data on the BCin Bineola and Kin Klizhin communities. John Roney of the Bureau of Land Management shared information on the Kin Nizhoni conmiunity. Jim Kendrick contributed data from his ongoing research in the Lowry community. Cathy Cameron and Steve Lekson provided information on their recent work at the Bluff great house. Tim Seaman and the other ARMS employees assisted me in accessing community data from the New Mexico site files. Joyce Raab graciously helped me extract information housed at the Chaco Archives. At the University of Arizona, Laura Smckey and Twila Sandblom provided indispensable assistance in negotiating the many bureaucratic hurdles involved in completing a dissertation. Ellen Stamp and Lynn McAllister Bell administered the NSF monies and were invaluable sources of assistance with regard to financial logistics. Valuable comments on portions of the manuscript were provided by a number of present and erstwhile members of the Department of Anthropology Writers' Bloc, especially Jeff Clark, Patti Cook, Beth Grindell, Sarah Herr, Louise Senior, and Adam Smith. My original NSF proposal benefited greatly from the suggestions of Carol BCramer, Nancy Parezo, and several anonymous reviewers. My committee members have provided invaluable guidance and encouragement over the past several years. Each has cheerfully invested a great deal of time and energy in reading and rereading the manuscript. Chuck Adams' incisive insights and editorial acumen have helped me produce a much more coherent document (I hope!) than that which first crossed his desk. Barbara Mills' epistemological rigor and statistical expertise are especially appreciated; the analyses could not have been completed without her patient mtelage. Gwinn Vivian, my chair, initially helped inspire me to investigate Chacoan architecture. Gwinn's encyclopedic knowledge of things Chacoan has been a imique and invaluable resource. His tireless support provided a firm foundation on which to construct this study. Finally, the support of friends and family too numerous to list has been integral to the initiation as well as the completion of this study. I owe a profoimd intellecmal debt to my parents, Paul and Marguerite Van Dyke, who fostered my love of learning. And, this dissertation would not have been completed without the patience, encouragement, and friendship of Susan Swann and Joshua Jones. 5 for my grandfather Paul Shepherd Van Dyke 1893 - 1998 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 12 LIST OF TABLES 13 ABSTRACT 15 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 17 CHAPTER n: CONTEXT FOR RESEARCH 24 PREHISTORY OF THE SAN JUAN BASIN 24 THE CANYON COMMUNITY 28 THE OUTLIERS 34 COMPETING EXPLANATIONS FOR THE CHACOAN SYSTEM .... 36 The Chaco Center: Redistribution and the Pilgrimage Fair 39 Toll: Periodic Egalitarian Consumption Events 40 Separate but Equal: Vivian's Coextant Cultural Traditions 41 Sebastian's Leadership Model 43 A Chacoan Kula Ring 45 Chaco as Pan-Anasazi 46 The Chacoan State 47 CONCLUSION 49 CHAPTER m: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION 50 THE STUDY OF SOCIOPOUTICAL ORGANIZATION: A REVIEW . 51 Categorization 51 Neo-evolutionary Stage Models 51 Typological Dichotomies 53 Complexity 54 Social Inequality 55 Leaving Categorical Questions Behind 57 Culture as Adaptation 58 Cultural Ecology 58 Selectionists 60 Methodological Individualism 62 Functionalism 64 Information Processing 65 Marxism 66 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 7 Political Economy 66 Hegelian Dialectics 67 Leaders, Agency and Opportunity 68 A CRITICAL POSTSTRUCTURALIST PERSPECTIVE 72 A Poststructuralist View of Culture 73 Ideology 75 Hegemony 77 Power 78 Space/Landscape/Architecture: Recognizing Power on the Ground 81 CHAPTER IV: THE STRUCTURE OF THE INVESTIGATION 89 INTRODUCTION 89 GENERAL PATTERNING 92 DIRECTED V. LOCAL CONSTRUCTION OF BONITO STYLE ARCHITECTURE AT OUTLIERS 95 Directed Chacoan Construction 98 Local Construction 100 Analysis: "Internal" Variables 103 Core-and-Veneer Wall Construction 104 Building Material 107 Banded Facing Style 108 Kiva/Room Ratio 113 Kiva Position 115 Elevated Kivas 117 Symmetry 119 Chaco Units 121 Summary: Directed v. Local Construction 122 POWER AND BONITO STYLE ARCHITECTURE IN OUTLIER COMMUNITY CONTEXTS 124 Great House Function 128 Room Area 129 Comparative Kiva/Room Ratio 130 Orientation 131 Elevation 131 Access 133 Summary; Power in Commimity Contexts 134 CHAPTER V: THE OUTLIER DATA BASE: GREAT HOUSES AND COMMUNITIES 136 THE OUTLIER GREAT