DOCSLIB.ORG

Ingots: Assets, Adornments and Trading Currency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ingots: Assets, Adornments and Trading Currency Ingots: Assets, Adornments and Trading Currency Ingots have been in use as means of payment since about 2000 BC. They do not always consist of metal, but can be made from diverse materials – tea or salt, for instance. In Antiquity, ingots passed as money also in Europe; in Asia and Africa, diverse forms of ingots circulated well into the 20th century. 1 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Cantonal Bank of Zurich, Silver Ingot, 1 Kilogram of Fine Silver 999.0, Nr. 15796 Denomination: Silver Ingot Mint Authority: Cantonal Bank of Zurich Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 2000 Weight (g): 1,000 Diameter (mm): Material: Silver Owner: Conzett Today, ingots serve in the first place to store value and regulate currencies. Their quantity is under national control in most countries, because it influences the stability of national currencies. To facilitate this control, modern ingots are of standardized weight and fineness. The fineness, is always indicated, together with the label of the producer and the serial number; the latter helps to identify every single ingot. 2 von 18 www.sunflower.ch India, Privat Issue of the Company Manilal Chimanlal & Co., 25 Tolas undated (1900-1950), Mumbai Denomination: 25 Tolas Mint Authority: Company Manilal Chimanlal & Co. Mint: Mumbai (Bombay) Year of Issue: 1900 Weight (g): 291.6 Diameter (mm): 596.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Storing precious metals has always been a popular hobby in India. This is why a multitude of smelters produce metal bars for retail sale there. These bars are not actual ingots, however, but rather a form of private piggy banks that can be exchanged into cash at any monetary institute and at any time. 3 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Chinese Empire, Sycee Yuan bao (Boat-Shape), Value 1/10 Tael, 19th century Denomination: Sycee 1/10 Tael Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): 3.7 Diameter (mm): 21.0 Material: Gold Owner: Sunflower Foundation Gold never circulated as legal tender in China. In everyday life the Chinese used bronze coins and for larger transactions silver ingots or paper money. However, gold was known in China, of course. It served as reserve asset, just like silver, jade, silk or pearls. Small gold ingots like this one were popular presents. 4 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Chinese Empire, Sycee Silk-Shoe Shape, Value 1 Tael, 19th Century Denomination: Sycee 1 Tael Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): 39 Diameter (mm): 30.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Chinese silver ingots formed part of the so-called sycee silver that circulated as trading currency in large areas of China and Indochina. The bars were generally made of very pure silver – their precious-metal content reaches up to 98 percent. The precious-metal content was confirmed by a stamp, and thanks to these stamps, Chinese ingots circulated in neighbouring countries as well. The name "sycee" (pronounced "sigh-see") is a Western attempt to pronounce the Chinese word "si-tsu," meaning "fine silk." "Si-tsu" referred to the fine circular lines that appeared on the surface of the silver after casting. 5 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Thailand/Burma/Laos, Silver Bangle, 19th century Denomination: Silver Bangle Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): 95 Diameter (mm): 70.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Silver bangles are jewelry and stores of value at the same time. This is what they have always been used for, even though they are not standardized and have no guaranteed silver content. At one time, collectors used to classify bangles as currency, but most are now of the opinion that these bangles, as described in old Chinese novels, were part of the savings of any good housewife – they were the "nest egg" in the family budget, and were valued not only by weight but also according to their artistic quality. 6 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Laos, Kingdom of Luang Prabang, Lat Money (Tiger- Tongue Money) worth 1 1/2 Tamlung, 18th Century Denomination: Lat Money at 1 1/2 Tamlung Mint Authority: Undefined King of Luang Prabang Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1707 Weight (g): 89 Diameter (mm): 105.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation Such bars are called lat money and known among collectors as "tiger-tongue coins." They originated in Lan Xang, a kingdom in what is now Laos and eastern Thailand. The tiger tongues were issued from the late 16th to the early 18th century. In 1707, Lan Xang split into diverse kingdoms which adopted the lat currency. In the kingdom of Lan Xang and its successor states, bronze ingots representing smaller denominations circulated alongside the silver tiger tongues. They were of the same shape as the tiger tongues but had a smooth surface and are accordingly known as boat or canoe money. 7 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Laos, Kingdom of Luang Prabang, Lat Money (Boat Money), 1707-1889 Denomination: Lat Money Mint Authority: Undefined King of Luang Prabang Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1707 Weight (g): 79 Diameter (mm): 97.0 Material: Bronze Owner: Sunflower Foundation This so-called boat or canoe money is of bronze, unlike tiger tongue money, the silver ingots in the same currency area. Tiger tongues were issued from the 16th to the 18th century in Lan Chang, a kingdom on the Mekong River in the border area between present-day Laos and eastern Thailand. In 1707, Lan Chang split into diverse kingdoms which adopted the traditional currency. The succession state Luang Prabang additionally introduced such bronze boat ingots in 1707. 8 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Kingdom of Lanna, Tok Chiang Mai Worth 1 Tamlung, 1615 to 1768 Denomination: Tok Chiang Mai Mint Authority: Undefined King of Lanna Mint: Chiang Mai Year of Issue: 1615 Weight (g): 75 Diameter (mm): 55.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The kingdom of Lanna in the North of today's Thailand was founded in the 13th century and soon developed an elaborate coinage system. It consisted of little silver ingots in various shapes. This piece is called tok Chiang Mai, since it derives from the town of Chiang Mai in the north of Lanna. 9 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Malaysia, Sultanate of Perak, Fish Money, 17th Century Denomination: Fish Money Mint Authority: Sultanate of Perak Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1600 Weight (g): 2.04 Diameter (mm): 2.4000000953674316 Material: Others Owner: Sunflower Foundation This fish money from the Sultanate of Perak in modern Malaysia is not a real coin, but rather a little ingot. It is made of tin, which is to no surprise, since Perak is renowned for its rich tin deposits. Tin money was in circulation in Perak since the 15th century, and was often cast in form of animals. The beasts are always molded in great detail; besides fishes there are crocodiles, elephants, turtles and crabs, goats, grasshoppers and roosters – animals thus that were popular trading goods in Perak. 10 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Tibet/China/Mongolia/Burma/Siberia, Tea Brick, 20th century Denomination: Tea Brick Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1900 Weight (g): 11,620 Diameter (mm): 235.0 Material: Others Owner: Sunflower Foundation Tea has been used since immemorial times as a currency. In China, tea was, just like salt, for centuries a monopoly of the state and hence a secure currency – not liable to major fluctuations in value. And if tea would for once not have been saleable, it could always be drunk. Slabs of tea were used as money in China, Mongolia, Tibet, Burma, and in parts of Russia, and in some places they are still in use. This slab is modern, since the perishability of the material means that genuine old slabs rarely survive in good condition. 11 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Ethiopia, Two Amole Salt Bars, until Mid-20th Century Denomination: 2 Amole Salt Bars Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): Diameter (mm): 23.5 Material: Others Owner: Schenkung Salt bars, the so-called amoles, were used as means of payment in Ethiopia since ancient times. The oldest reference to their use as money goes back to the Greek traveler Cosmas, who visited the empire of Axum, today's Ethiopia, in the year 525 BC. Salt bars were still in use in Ethiopia at the beginning of the 20th century: In 1903, the tax authorities of the Ethiopian Empire took in amoles worth 907,000 birr (taler), which amounted to 27 percent of total revenues. 12 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Congo, Katanga Cross, until early 20th Century Denomination: Katanga Cross Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Katanga Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): 600 Diameter (mm): 200.0 Material: Copper Owner: Sunflower Foundation Katanga crosses are among the best-known African forms of currency. They are copper bars in the shape of a cross or an H, which were produced as means of payment in the copper-rich areas of southern Congo (formerly Katanga) and in central parts of Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia). The area in which they circulated was considerably larger, however: along the trade routes, katanga crosses circulated as far as to the coasts of western and southern Africa. Their average weight lay around 800 grams (28.2 ounces), but could diverge considerably. 13 von 18 www.sunflower.ch Nigeria, Manilla Denomination: Mondua Copper Ring Bar Mint Authority: Undefined Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1600 Weight (g): 1,250 Diameter (mm): 150.0 Material: Copper Owner: Sunflower Foundation Manillas are a typical African currency too. These copper bars served as bracelets and were at the same time a store of value.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Model of Bimetallism
    Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department A Model of Bimetallism François R. Velde and Warren E. Weber Working Paper 588 August 1998 ABSTRACT Bimetallism has been the subject of considerable debate: Was it a viable monetary system? Was it a de- sirable system? In our model, the (exogenous and stochastic) amount of each metal can be split between monetary uses to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint, and nonmonetary uses in which the stock of un- coined metal yields utility. The ratio of the monies in the cash-in-advance constraint is endogenous. Bi- metallism is feasible: we find a continuum of steady states (in the certainty case) indexed by the constant exchange rate of the monies; we also prove existence for a range of fixed exchange rates in the stochastic version. Bimetallism does not appear desirable on a welfare basis: among steady states, we prove that welfare under monometallism is higher than under any bimetallic equilibrium. We compute welfare and the variance of the price level under a variety of regimes (bimetallism, monometallism with and without trade money) and find that bimetallism can significantly stabilize the price level, depending on the covari- ance between the shocks to the supplies of metals. Keywords: bimetallism, monometallism, double standard, commodity money *Velde, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Weber, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and University of Minne- sota. We thank without implicating Marc Flandreau, Ed Green, Angela Redish, and Tom Sargent. The views ex- pressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Fed- eral Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, or the Federal Reserve System.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cases of the Liberty Dollar and E-Gold Lawrence H
    The Troubling Suppression of Competition from Alternative Monies: The Cases of the Liberty Dollar and E-gold Lawrence H. White Proposals abound for reforming monetary policy by instituting a less-discretionary or nondiscretionary system (“rules”) for a fiat- money-issuing central bank to follow. The Federal Reserve’s Open Market Committee could be given a single mandate or more gener- ally an explicit loss function to minimize (e.g., the Taylor Rule). The FOMC could be replaced by a computer that prescribes the mone- tary base as a function of observed macroeconomic variables (e.g., the McCallum Rule). The role of determining the fiat monetary base could be stripped from the FOMC and moved to a prediction mar- ket (as proposed by Scott Sumner or Kevin Dowd). Alternative pro- posals call for commodity money regimes. The dollar could be redefined in terms of gold or a broader commodity bundle, with redeemability for Federal Reserve liabilities being reinstated. Or all Federal Reserve liabilities could actually be redeemed and retired, en route to a fully privatized gold or commodity-bundle standard (White 2012). All of these approaches assume that there will con- tinue to be a single monetary regime in the economy, so that the way to institute an alternative is to transform the dominant regime. Cato Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 2014). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights reserved. Lawrence H. White is Professor of Economics at George Mason University, a member of the Mercatus Center Financial Markets Working Group, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. 281 Cato Journal A different approach to monetary reform is to think about ways that alternative monetary standards might arise in the marketplace to operate in parallel with the fiat dollar, perhaps gradually to displace it.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Yen Bloc Before the Second World War
    @.PPO8PPTJL ࢎҮ 1.ಕ੉૑ ઱ BOZQSJOUJOH QNBD ȇ ȇ Destined to Fail? The History of the Yen Bloc before the Second World War Woosik Moon The formation of yen bloc did not result in the economic and monetary integration of East Asian economies. Rather it led to the increasing disintegration of East Asian economies. Compared to Japan, Asian regions and countries had to suffer from higher inflation. In fact, the farther the countries were away from Japan, the more their central banks had to print the money and the higher their inflations were. Moreover, the income gap between Japan and other Asian countries widened. It means that the regionalization centered on Japanese yen was destined to fail, suggesting that the Co-prosperity Area was nothing but a strategy of regional dominance, not of regional cooperation. The impact was quite long lasting because it still haunts East Asian countries, contributing to the nourishment of their distrust vis-à-vis Japan, and throws a shadow on the recent monetary and financial cooperation movements in East Asia. This experience highlights the importance of responsible actions on the part of leading countries to boost regional solidarity and cohesion for the viability and sustainability of regional monetary system. 1. Introduction There is now a growing literature that argues for closer monetary and financial cooperation in East Asia, reflecting rising economic and political interdependence between countries in the region. If such a cooperation happens, leading countries should assume corresponding responsibilities. For, the viability of the system depends on their responsible actions to boost regional solidarity and cohesion.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Information About Ordering from the Royal Australian Mint
    Return to: Locked Bag 31 Customer No: KINGSTON ACT 2604 ORDER FORM – March 2019 Australian and International Deliveries Important information about ordering from the Royal Australian Mint Phone Orders: 1300 652 020 International: +61 2 6202 6800 General Conditions For the cost of a local call you can place your order with our Contact Centre. • All cheques and money orders should be in Australian dollars and made payable The Contact Centre is open 8.30 am – 5.00 pm (AEDST) Monday to Friday excluding public holidays. to the Royal Australian Mint. • Cheques and money orders will only be accepted with mailed orders. (Aust. only) Online Ordering: https://eshop.ramint.gov.au • Postage must be included with all coin orders, except for an order in Australia Ordering from our website is safe, secure and easy. Our site is available 24 hours a day, valued at $350.00 or more in one transaction. seven days a week. Registering online and providing us with your email address means • Unless otherwise stated Australian domestic orders will be dispatched within we can keep you informed of coin releases and launch dates. 10 – 14 working days of the order being processed. • Unless otherwise stated Australian and international orders will be dispatched Terms & Conditions relating to lost packages when using within 21 working days of the order being processed. re-direction through MyPost Delivery App. • Orders may be split by the Royal Australian Mint to meet our delivery schedule The Royal Australian Mint will not be not liable for any missing customer orders where orders sent and stock availability.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham
    Victorianizing Guangxu: Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham Scott Relyea, Appalachian State University Abstract In the late Qing and early Republican eras, eastern Tibet (Kham) was a borderland on the cusp of political and economic change. Straddling Sichuan Province and central Tibet, it was coveted by both Chengdu and Lhasa. Informed by an absolutist conception of territorial sovereignty, Sichuan officials sought to exert exclusive authority in Kham by severing its inhabitants from regional and local influence. The resulting efforts to arrest the flow of rupees from British India and the flow of cultural identity entwined with Buddhism from Lhasa were grounded in two misperceptions: that Khampa opposition to Chinese rule was external, fostered solely by local monasteries as conduits of Lhasa’s spiritual authority, and that Sichuan could arrest such influence, the absence of which would legitimize both exclusive authority in Kham and regional assertions of sovereignty. The intersection of these misperceptions with the significance of Buddhism in Khampa identity determined the success of Sichuan’s policies and the focus of this article, the minting and circulation of the first and only Qing coin emblazoned with an image of the emperor. It was a flawed axiom of state and nation builders throughout the world that severing local cultural or spiritual influence was possible—or even necessary—to effect a borderland’s incorporation. Keywords: Sichuan, southwest China, Tibet, currency, Indian rupee, territorial sovereignty, Qing borderlands On December 24, 1904, after an arduous fourteen-week journey along the southern road linking Chengdu with Lhasa, recently appointed assistant amban (Imperial Resident) to Tibet Fengquan reached Batang, a lush green valley at the western edge of Sichuan on the province’s border with central Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the U.S. Mint
    #9246 IINNSSIIDDEE TTHHEE UU..SS.. MMIINNTT AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 2000 Grade Levels: 9-13+ 50 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed DESCRIPTION Describes the process of minting U.S. coins: creating and selecting their designs, finding correct metals, creating new dies, striking and inspecting new coins. Features the gold-refining process for the Canadian gold Maple Leaf and the enormously complex problems faced when replacing the national currencies of Europe with the new Euro-dollar. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: Civics • Standard: Understands how the United States Constitution grants and distributes power and responsibilities to national and state government and how it seeks to prevent the abuse of power Benchmark: Knows which powers are primarily exercised by the state governments (e.g., education, law enforcement, roads), which powers are prohibited to state governments (e.g., coining money, conducting foreign relations, interfering with interstate commerce), and which powers are shared by state and national governments (e.g., power to tax, borrow money, regulate voting) Subject Area: Economics • Standard: Understands basic features of market structures and exchanges Benchmark: Knows that the basic money supply is usually measured as the total value of coins, currency, and checking account deposits held by the public INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 1. To observe coin-making inside the U.S. Mint. 2. To present the Royal Canadian Mint. 3. To illustrate the process of European countries switching to the Euro dollar. 4. To provide statistics on minted coins. 1 Captioned Media Program VOICE 800-237-6213 • TTY 800-237-6819 • FAX 800-538-5636 • EMAIL [email protected] • WEB www.cfv.org Funding for the Captioned Media Program is provided by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 340336 1 En Bookbackmatter 251..302
    A List of Historical Texts 《安禄山事迹》 《楚辭 Á 招魂》 《楚辭注》 《打馬》 《打馬格》 《打馬錄》 《打馬圖經》 《打馬圖示》 《打馬圖序》 《大錢圖錄》 《道教援神契》 《冬月洛城北謁玄元皇帝廟》 《風俗通義 Á 正失》 《佛说七千佛神符經》 《宮詞》 《古博經》 《古今圖書集成》 《古泉匯》 《古事記》 《韓非子 Á 外儲說左上》 《韓非子》 《漢書 Á 武帝記》 《漢書 Á 遊俠傳》 《和漢古今泉貨鑒》 《後漢書 Á 許升婁傳》 《黃帝金匱》 《黃神越章》 《江南曲》 《金鑾密记》 《經國集》 《舊唐書 Á 玄宗本紀》 《舊唐書 Á 職官志 Á 三平准令條》 《開元別記》 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 251 A.C. Fang and F. Thierry (eds.), The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3 252 A List of Historical Texts 《開元天寶遺事 Á 卷二 Á 戲擲金錢》 《開元天寶遺事 Á 卷三》 《雷霆咒》 《類編長安志》 《歷代錢譜》 《歷代泉譜》 《歷代神仙通鑑》 《聊斋志異》 《遼史 Á 兵衛志》 《六甲祕祝》 《六甲通靈符》 《六甲陰陽符》 《論語 Á 陽貨》 《曲江對雨》 《全唐詩 Á 卷八七五 Á 司馬承禎含象鑒文》 《泉志 Á 卷十五 Á 厭勝品》 《勸學詩》 《群書類叢》 《日本書紀》 《三教論衡》 《尚書》 《尚書考靈曜》 《神清咒》 《詩經》 《十二真君傳》 《史記 Á 宋微子世家 Á 第八》 《史記 Á 吳王濞列傳》 《事物绀珠》 《漱玉集》 《說苑 Á 正諫篇》 《司馬承禎含象鑒文》 《私教類聚》 《宋史 Á 卷一百五十一 Á 志第一百四 Á 輿服三 Á 天子之服 皇太子附 后妃之 服 命婦附》 《宋史 Á 卷一百五十二 Á 志第一百五 Á 輿服四 Á 諸臣服上》 《搜神記》 《太平洞極經》 《太平廣記》 《太平御覽》 《太上感應篇》 《太上咒》 《唐會要 Á 卷八十三 Á 嫁娶 Á 建中元年十一月十六日條》 《唐兩京城坊考 Á 卷三》 《唐六典 Á 卷二十 Á 左藏令務》 《天曹地府祭》 A List of Historical Texts 253 《天罡咒》 《通志》 《圖畫見聞志》 《退宮人》 《萬葉集》 《倭名类聚抄》 《五代會要 Á 卷二十九》 《五行大義》 《西京雜記 Á 卷下 Á 陸博術》 《仙人篇》 《新唐書 Á 食貨志》 《新撰陰陽書》 《續錢譜》 《續日本記》 《續資治通鑑》 《延喜式》 《顏氏家訓 Á 雜藝》 《鹽鐵論 Á 授時》 《易經 Á 泰》 《弈旨》 《玉芝堂談薈》 《元史 Á 卷七十八 Á 志第二十八 Á 輿服一 儀衛附》 《雲笈七籖 Á 卷七 Á 符圖部》 《雲笈七籖 Á 卷七 Á 三洞經教部》 《韻府帬玉》 《戰國策 Á 齊策》 《直齋書錄解題》 《周易》 《莊子 Á 天地》 《資治通鑒 Á 卷二百一十六 Á 唐紀三十二 Á 玄宗八載》 《資治通鑒 Á 卷二一六 Á 唐天寶十載》 A Chronology of Chinese Dynasties and Periods ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 Pm GREAT BRITAIN GOLD
    5490 Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 pm Queen Victoria, old head, sovereign, 1898; half sovereign, 1896 (S.3874, 3878). Good fi ne. (2) $570 5491 Edward VII, sovereigns, 1905 (S.3969); half sovereigns, 1908 GREAT BRITAIN GOLD COINS (S.3974B). Very good - fi ne. (2) $500 5492 Edward VII, sovereign, 1910 (S.3969). Very fi ne. $370 5493 George V, half sovereigns, 1912 (S.4006). Fine - nearly very fi ne. (2) $350 5482* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1774 (S.3728). Very fi ne. $600 5483* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1777 (S.3728). Nearly extremely fi ne. $1,350 5484 George III, fi fth bust, guinea, 1787 (S.3729). Very good/ fi ne. $500 5485 George III, guinea, fi fth bust of spade type, 1788 (S.3729). Very good. $450 5486 George III, half guinea, fourth bust, 1781 (S.3734). Surface marked (from wear as jewellery?), otherwise very fi ne. $250 5494* George VI, proof specimen set of fi ve and two pounds, sovereign and half sovereign, 1937 (S.PS15). With case of 5487* issue, FDC. (4) George III, quarter guinea, 1762 (S.3741). Good fi ne. $7,000 $250 5488 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, two pounds, 1887 (S.3865). Very good. $700 5495* George VI, proof half sovereign, 1937 (S.4077). Nearly FDC. $850 5489* 5496 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, half sovereign, 1887 Elizabeth II, sovereigns, 1957-1959, 1962-1968 (S.4124, 5). (S.3869). Extremely fi ne. Nearly uncirculated - uncirculated. (10) $250 $3,700 532 5497 Elizabeth II, proof sovereigns, 1979 (S.4204) (2); proof half sovereigns, 1980 (S.4205) (2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Currency Conversion in Postwar Taiwan: Gold Standard from 1949 to 1950 Shih-Hui Li1
    The Kyoto Economic Review 74(2): 191–203 (December 2005) The Currency Conversion in Postwar Taiwan: Gold Standard from 1949 to 1950 Shih-hui Li1 1Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University. E-mail: [email protected] The discourses on Taiwanese successful currency reform in postwar period usually put emphasis on the actors of the U.S. economic aids. However, the objective of this research is to re-examine Taiwanese currency reform experiences from the vantage- point of the gold standard during 1949–50. When Kuomintang (KMT) government decided to undertake the currency conversion on June 15, 1949, it was unaided. The inflation was so severe that the KMT government must have used all the resources to finish the inflation immediately and to restore the public confidence in new currency as well as in the government itself. Under such circumstances, the KMT government established a full gold standard based on the gold reserve which the KMT government brought from mainland China in 1949. This research would like to investigate what role the gold standard played during the process of the currency conversion. Where this gold reserve was from? And how much the gold reserve possessed by the KMT government during this period of time? Trying to answer these questions, the research investigates three sources of data: achieves of the KMT government in the period of mainland China, the official re- ports of the KMT government in Taiwan, and the statistics gathered from international organizations. Although the success of Taiwanese currency reform was mostly from the help of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Significance of Latin American Silver in the Chinese Economy, 16Th–19Th Centuries
    THE CHANGING SIGNIFICANCE OF LATIN AMERICAN SILVER IN THE CHINESE ECONOMY, 16TH–19TH CENTURIES RICHARD VON GLAHN University of Californiaa ABSTRACT The important role of Chinese demand for silver in stimulating world- wide silver-mining and shaping the first truly global trading system has become commonly recognised in the world history scholarship. The com- mercial dynamism of China during the 16th-19th centuries was integrally related to the importation of foreign silver, initially from Japan but princi- pally from Latin America. Yet the significance of imports of Latin American silver for the Chinese economy changed substantially over these three centuries in tandem with the rhythms of China’s domestic economy as well as the global trading system. This article traces these changes, including the adoption of a new standard money of account— the yuan—derived from the Spanish silver peso coin. Keywords: silver, money supply, peso, coinage, international trade JEL Code: N15, N16 RESUMEN El importante papel de la demanda china de plata para estimular la extracción de plata en todo el mundo y dar forma al primer sistema de comercio verdaderamente global se ha reconocido comúnmente por los a University of California, Los Angeles, History. [email protected] Revista de Historia Económica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 553 Vol. 38, No. 3: 553–585. doi:10.1017/S0212610919000193 © Instituto Figuerola, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's Coinage in Our Hands
    The world’s coinage in our hands The world’s leading export mint Supplying approximately 5 billion coins and blanks to over 40 countries each year, The Royal Mint is the world’s leading export mint. We are the trusted partner of more governments and central banks than any other mint, delivering high-quality products that help our customers achieve more value from their currency. Redefining currency As cash cycles evolve, we’re helping customers all over the world to redefine how coins and currency are designed and manufactured, ensuring each currency system meets the needs of its economy. The world’s authority on coins and currency The Royal Mint is a 21st-century business backed by more than 1,100 years of experience and continuous improvement. We continue to define the minting industry, delivering the world’s best currency to our partners around the globe. Security and reliability “The new £1 coin has been designed to be fit for the future, using security features that aim to safeguard our currency, and currencies around the world, for years to come. Staying ahead of sophisticated counterfeiters remains a constant challenge and this coin helps in that battle.” Adam Lawrence Chief Executive of The Royal Mint As the creator of the most secure coin in the world – the new UK 12-sided £1 coin – we can offer our customers the highest levels of security expertise. From design and manufacture through to storage and distribution we’re always looking for ways to enhance currency security. Durability like no other Our longer-lasting mono-ply technology is the cost-effective alternative to more expensive currency options.
    [Show full text]