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THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS of CONTROL in RESTRICTED SETTINGS a THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Division of Graduate Studies B

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THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS of CONTROL in RESTRICTED SETTINGS a THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Division of Graduate Studies B THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF CONTROL IN RESTRICTED SETTINGS A THESIS Presented to The Faculty of the Division of Graduate Studies By Frieda D. Peatross In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture Georgia Institute of Technology June, 1994 THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF CONTROL IN RESTRICTED SETTINGS Approved? >7 VIOHR/Peponis, Chairman Craig Zi Ronald Lewcock Date Approved by Chairman II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 OWE A SPECIAL THANKS TO THOSE WHO HELPED ME IN THE RESEARCH AND WRITING OF THIS DISSERTATION, AS WELL AS IN THE TIME SURROUNDING IT. MOST OF ALL, I THANK JOHN PEPONIS FOR INTRODUCING ME TO THE SOCIAL LOGIC OF SPACE. HE OPENED FOR ME A NEW WAY OF LOOKING AT BUILDINGS AND A MORE INTUITIVE MEANS OF THINKING ABOUT THE PEOPLE-SPACE PARADIGM. HE HAS BEEN A CHALLENGING GUIDE, MENTOR, AND COLLABORATOR DURING MY YEARS AT GEORGIA TECH, CONSISTENT IN HIS SUPPORT AND RELENTLESS IN HIS PURSUIT OF PERFECTION. HE TRULY GAVE ME "QUALITY" TIME. I ALSO THANK CRAIG ZIMRING FOR HIS INSIGHTFUL COMMENTS ON THE DRAFTS OF THIS THESIS, AND FOR HIS SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE IN MY STUDIES AND MY PROFESSIONAL LIFE. HE CONTINUOUSLY OFFERS FRESH INSIGHT INTO THE PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF MY WORK, FOR WHICH I AM GRATEFUL. I AM INDEBTED ALSO TO RON LEWCOCK FOR OPENING MY EYES TO THE WORLD OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND FOR CHALLENGING ME TO READ "CRITICALLY" THE WRITINGS IN THIS FIELD. HIS COMMENTS ON MY CONCLUSIONS WERE PARTICULARLY HELPFUL. MY THANKS ALSO TO BILL HILLIER AND MARK GOLDMAN, MY EXTERNAL EXAMINERS, FOR THEIR CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FINAL DRAFT OF THIS DISSERTATION. HILLIER'S THEORY OF SPACE SYNTAX IS THE BASIS OF THIS WORK, A THEORY TO WHICH I HOPE I HAVE CONTRIBUTED. I ALSO THANK MARK FOR HIS CONSISTENT ENCOURAGEMENT DURING MY PLANNING YEARS AT ROSSER INTERNATIONAL AS I COMPLETED MY DOCTORAL STUDIES. I AM GRATEFUL ALSO TO MY PARENTS, PHYLLIS AND OSCAR PEATROSS, FOR THEIR ONGOING SUPPORT, LOVE AND ENCOURAGEMENT DURING THIS WORK AND ANY OTHER I HAVE EVER ATTEMPTED. FINALLY, I THANK MY HUSBAND, IRAJ HIRMANPOUR, FOR HIS CONTINUING INSPIRATION, CAJOLING, NUDGING, AND UNFLAGGING SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT. HE ALWAYS SEES THE TREES BETTER THAN I, AND FOR THAT I AM EXTREMELY GRATEFUL. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES xix LIST OF FIGURES xxv SUMMARY xx xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION: ARE THERE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS TO WEAKER CONTROL REGIMES IN RESTRICTIVE SETTINGS? 1 1. Introduction 1 2. The Notion of Formulation 1 3. The Concept of Behavioral Normalization 3 4. The Issue of Custodial Control 7 5. Awareness and Movement as Requisites of Normalized Experience 9 6. An Outline of the Thesis 11 CHAPTER II: THE PROBLEM OF CONTROL IN STUDIES OF SPACE ORGANIZATION AND SPACE USE IN RESTRICTIVE SETTINGS 1 4 1. Introduction 14 2. The Nineteenth Century Legacy of Spatial Means of Behavioral Imposition and Elimination 1 5 Background 15 Exclusion 1 6 Classification/Compartmentalization 17 Surveillance 2 2 iv Organization - Time Schedules, Rules, Repetition of Events 2 5 Summary 2 6 3. The Behavioral/Normalization Model 2 8 Increasing Opportunities for Socialization 3 0 De-institutionalization 3 5 Opportunities for Autonomy and Control 3 8 Regulation of Visual/Sensory Stimulation 3 9 Containment and Surveillance 41 Summary 4 3 4. Theories of Control That Span Deterministic and Probabilistic Aspects of Space Use 4 5 Reversed Buildings 4 5 Strong and Weak Program Buildings 4 8 Studies Showing the Probabilistic Dimensions of Control 5 0 5. Summary and Discussion 5 3 CHAPTER III: THE OUTLINE OF RESEARCH 5 6 1. Introduction 5 6 2. The Sample Selection of Alzheimer's Units 5 7 3. The Sample Selection of Juvenile Detention Centers 6 0 4. Observation Periods 6 3 5. Data Collection 6 4 Building Data Collection 6 4 Behavioral Data Collection 6 4 Behavior Mappings 6 5 Behavior Trackings 6 7 v Social Climate Scale 6 8 Obtaining a Qualitative Picture of the Organizational Climate 7 0 6. Techniques of Analysis 7 1 Spatial Analysis 7 1 Isovist Analysis 7 7 CHAPTER IV: PART 1: DESCRIPTION OF ALZHEIMER'S UNITS 8 0 1. Introduction 8 0 2. The DAY Unit 8 1 Mission 8 3 Demographic Data 8 3 Resident Data 8 3 Staffing Data 8 3 Physical Ambiance 8 4 Social Climate 8 7 3. The ATL Unit 8 9 Mission 9 0 Demographic Data 9 1 Resident Data 9 1 Staffing Data 9 1 Physical Ambiance 9 2 Social Climate 9 4 4. The ORM Unit 9 5 Mission 9 6 Demographic Data 9 6 Resident Data 9 6 vi Staffing Data 9 7 Physical Ambiance 9 7 Social Climate 9 9 5. Summary 100 CHAPTER V: PART I: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S UNITS 1 0 8 1. Introduction 108 2. The DAY Unit 108 A Morphological Brief 108 Relations of Visibility 1 1 1 A Syntactic Analysis of Space 1 1 3 The Differentiation of Categories by Depth 1 1 4 The Differentiation of Categories by Rings 11 5 Convex and Axial Maps 1 1 6 The Nature of the Lounge/TV Room 1 1 8 The Nature of the Dining and Activity Spaces 1 1 9 The Nature of the Nurses Station 1 1 9 A Comment on the Interface 1 1 9 3. The ATL Unit 121 A Morphological Brief 1 2 1 Relations of Visibility 122 A Syntactic Analysis of Space 1 2 4 The Differentiation of Categories by Depth 1 24 The Differentiation of Categories by Rings 1 2 6 Convex and Axial Maps 1 2 7 The Nature of the Lounge/TV Room 1 2 8 vii The Nature of the Dining Space 1 2 9 The Nature of the Nurses Station 1 2 9 A Comment on the Interface 1 29 4. The ORM Unit 130 A Morphological Brief 130 Relations of Visibility 1 32 A Syntactic Analysis of Space 1 3 3 The Differentiation of Categories by Depth 1 34 The Differentiation of Categories by Rings 1 35 Convex and Axial Maps 136 The Nature of the Lounge/TV and Dining Room 1 37 The Nature of the Loggias and the Porch 1 3 7 The Nature of the Nurses Office and Entry 1 38 A Comment on the Interface 1 38 5. Summary of the Morphological Properties of the Three Layouts 1 39 CHAPTER VI: PART 1: DESCRIPTION OF SPACE USE NI ALZHEIMERS UNITS 1 45 1. Introduction 145 2. The DAY Unit 146 The Lounge/TV Room and Entry 146 The Dining Room and the Activity Rooms 1 4 9 The Nurses Station 1 51 Interface 154 3. The ATL Unit 155 The Lounge/TV Room 1 5 6 The Dining Room 1 5 8 viii The Nurses Station and Entry 1 5 9 Interface 160 4. The ORM Unit 161 The Lounge/Dining Area 1 62 The Nurses Station and Entry 1 6 5 Interface 166 5. Summary of Space Use 1 6 7 CHAPTER VII: PART 1: ANALYSIS OF SPACE AND SPACE USE IN ALZHEIMER'S UNITS 1 7 1 1. Introduction 171 2. The DAY Unit 174 The Spatial Distribution of Behaviors 174 The Animated Isovists 1 8 0 The Animation of Activity Spaces 1 82 Correlations Between Behavioral Variables 184 Density and Liveliness 1 85 Movement and Talking 1 85 Foreground and Background 1 8 6 Correlations Between Configurational Variables and Space Use 1 8 7 Square Footage/lsovist and Density 1 8 8 Connectivity and Density 1 89 Integration and Density 190 The Practice of Control 1 91 Summary 193 3. The ATL Unit 195 ix The Spatial Distribution of Behaviors 195 The Animated Isovists 1 9 9 The Animation of Activity Spaces 2 00 Correlations Between Behavioral Variables 2 02 Density and Liveliness 2 02 Movement and Talking 20 3 Foreground and Background 2 0 3 Correlations Between Configurational Variables and Space Use 2 04 Square Footage/lsovist and Density 2 04 Connectivity and Density 205 Integration and Density 2 06 The Practice of Control 20 7 Summary 208 4. The ORM Unit 209 The Spatial Distribution of Behaviors 20 9 The Animated Isovists 21 3 The Animation of Activity Spaces 2 1 4 Correlations Between Behavioral Variables 21 5 Density and Liveliness 21 6 Movement and Talking 2 1 6 Foreground and Background 21 7 Correlations Between Configurational Variables and Space Use 21 8 Square Footage/lsovist and Density 21 8 Connectivity and Density 21 8 Integration and Density 2 1 9 x The Practice of Control 220 Summary 221 5. Summary of Findings 222 Spatial Distribution of Behaviors 222 Movement and the Practice of Control 22 3 The Interface Between Staff and Residents 225 Foreground and Background 22 6 Correlations Between Space and Space Use 2 30 CHAPTER VIII: PART2: DESCRIPTION OF DETENTION CENTERS 2 35 1. Introduction 235 2. The DEKCenter 236 Mission 238 Demographic Data 2 3 8 Resident Data 2 3 8 Staffing Data 239 Physical Ambiance 24 0 Social Climate 243 3. The MAR Center 244 Mission 246 Demographic Data 2 4 7 Resident Data 2 4 7 Staffing Data 2 4 8 Physical Ambiance 249 Social Climate 252 4. The IND Center 25 3 xi Mission 2 55 Demographic Data 2 57 Resident Data 2 57 Staffing Data 25 7 Physical Ambiance 25 8 Social Climate 261 5. Summary 2 62 CHAPTER IX: PART 2: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF DETENTION CENTERS 1. Introduction 267 2. The DEKCenter 267 A Morphological Brief 267 Relations of Visibility 269 A Syntactic Analysis of Space 2 71 The Differentiation of Categories by Depth 27 3 The Differentiation of Categories by Rings 2 73 The Convex and Axial Cores 2 75 Local - Global Relationships 2 77 The Nature of the Multipurpose Room 279 The Nature of the Control Room 2 80 The Nature of the Boys Dayroom and Wing 2 8 0 A Comment on the Interface 2 8 1 3.
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