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Ballistic Studies on Fox-7 Based Triple Base Propellant for High Calibre Gun

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Ballistic Studies on Fox-7 Based Triple Base Propellant for High Calibre Gun Research Article Academ J Polym Sci Volume 2 Issue 4 - March 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by SM Dahiwale DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2019.02.555593 Ballistic Studies on Fox-7 Based Triple Base Propellant for High Calibre Gun SM Dahiwale1*, Chetan Bhongale2* and SN Asthana1 1Gun Propellant System group, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, India 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Deemed University), India Submission: February 02, 2019; Published: March 20, 2019 *Corresponding author: SM Dahiwale, Gun Propellant System group, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Sutarwadi, Pune, India Chetan Bhongale, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Deemed University), India Abstract In the present work, triple base propellant (TBP) containing mainly energetic nitrate polymer nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine, picrite, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) along with ingredients such as stabiliser and plasticizer has been processed by solvent method. Picrite has been replaced in increments with FOX-7 from the propellant composition. Acetone: ethanol used as solvent to gelatinise/plasticize NC during processing. Dimensions of the propellant was determined by physical measurement and propellant grains were subjected to mechanical to remarkable increase in CS at sub-zero temperatures (-20°C) and reduced at higher temperatures (+55°C) for 20 % FOX-7 in TBP composition. CVproperties test of the (compressive propellant strengthwas carried (CS), out % atcompression) 0.2g/cc loading determination, density in 700cc sensitivity closed tests vessel and at closed +21, -20vessel & +55°C(CV) firing. to evaluate Incorporation ballistic ofparameters FOX-7 led The trends observed during this work bring out the potential of FOX-7 to impart temperature independent characteristics in the TBP used for highsuch calibreas Pmax, gun. force constant, (dP/dt) max, pressure index (α), burning rate coefficient (β), rise time, relative force (RF) and relative vivacity (RV). Keywords: FOX-7; Pressure index; Force constant; Burning rate; Chamber pressure Introduction Table 1: Materials assay and source. Materials Assay & source Nitrocellulose (NC) N 12.2%, ether-alcohol solubility > 95 %, Director General, Ordnance Factory Nitroglycerine (NG) N 18.3 %, Bharat Explosives, India NC-NG paste Ratio 54.3: 45.7, Bharat Explosives, India Nitroguanidine (picrite) 2/cm3, Director General, Ordnance Factory 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) Purity 98.8 % byParticle mass, specificsize 25 aream, Purity 19798 99.5 cm %, Director General, DRDO Carbamite Purity 99.8 μ%, Director General, Ordnance Factory Potassium sulphate Purity 98.8 %, Director General, Ordnance Factory Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) Density 1.04g/cm3 at 27°C, Purity >99.9 %, Aldrich, Germany Acetone Purity 99.8 %, Aldrich, Germany Ethanol Purity > 96 %, S D Fine Chemicals, India Graphite Purity 99.98 %, particle size <20 m, Sigma Aldrich, Germany FOX-7 or 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE) as reported tention during last decade.μ The performance of FOX-7 is compa- rable to cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) whereas its impact synthesized in 1990s by the FOA Defence Research Establishment and friction sensitivities are much less than that of RDX and other by Lochert [1] is a low vulnerable energetic compound. It was first (Sweden). However, its application in propellant has received at- nitramines. Calculated detonation velocity of FOX-7 based high Academ J Polym Sci 2(4): AJOP.MS.ID.555593 (2019) 00103 Academic Journal of Polymer science energy compositions has been of the order 9090m/s compared Dorsett [4] has mentioned in the report that 1,1-diamino-2,2-dini- to 8800m/s for RDX based compositions [1-3]. FOX-7 has a poten- troethene i.e. FOX-7 is like the insensitive chemical compound tri- tial for application in high performance IM-compliant explosive amino trinitro benzene (TATB), a benzene ring compound having formulations. Most of the research establishments working in the three amino and three nitro groups. FOX-7 has a two-carbon back- area of high energy materials (HEMs) like Aeronautical and Mari- bone in place of a benzene ring, but the amino and nitro groups time Research Laboratory (AMRL) have focused on the synthesis, have similar effects in both cases according to published reports hazards characterisation and performance evaluation of FOX-7. on sensitivity and chemical decay processes of FOX-7 [5] Table 1. Table 2: Chemical analysis results of TBP using HPLC model No. Ultimate 3000. Comp NC NG Picrite FOX-7 DBP Carbamite K2SO4 Graphite TBP 32.3 24.2 38.6 -- 1.96 0.96 1.93 0.05 FB-05 32.3 24.2 33.71 4.89 1.96 0.96 1.93 0.05 FB-20 32.3 24.2 18.8 19.8 1.96 0.96 1.93 0.05 It is mainly produced by Eurenco Bofors AB & Sweden [1,6,7]. formulation containing HMX. Hendrik Lips et al. [11] has studied Some of the characteristics of FOX-7 vis-a-vis RDX and picrite are FOX-7 / Ammonium perchlorate (AP) / Glycidyl Azide Polymer given in Table 2. Various tests such as slow cook off, fast cook off, (GAP) based rocket propellants for a shoulder launched projec- bullet impact test have been conducted along with Composition tile. It is found that formulations containing FOX-7, AP and GAP B to establish the insensitive nature of FOX-7 based propellants. exhibit a plateau burning behaviour between pressure values of 7 Most of the reported literature pertains to FOX-7 based plastic and 12 MPa, like double base propellants. Chemical stability and bonded explosives. FOX-7 based compositions have undergone sensitivity test also within acceptable limits. FOX-7/ polyurethane compositions with nitro plasticizers exhibit the best thermal sta- detonation response (type I reaction). Burn rate (mm/s) was bility. Shock sensitivity test results of FOX-7 based propellant cor- deflagration (type V reaction) whereas, Composition B has given found to increase with pressure (MPa) and force constant (J/g) respond to values with a hazard division (HD) 1.3. However, the was found to increase with temperature. mechanical properties need further improvement. Thus, FOX-7 enhanced the safety of propellant without much As limited studies are reported on FOX-7 based gun propel- compromise on propellant energy. Mishra et al [3] have also lant, the present work was undertaken to study FOX-7 as a compo- studied lower vulnerability of FOX-7 based, non-aluminized and nent of triple base gun propellant with NC as polymeric energetic aluminized, melt cast explosive with marginal decrease in perfor- binder. mance compared to RDX based compositions. S Karlsson [8] has Experimental Section reported height of 50% explosion (H50) 63 - 79cm in Drop hammer tests and no reaction in the friction test (>340 N). A castable com- Materials position of FOX-7 and poly-glycidyl nitrate (Poly-GLYN) has also NC-NG paste having volatile matter (VM) content 0.4% and been studied by these researchers. Limited safety tests indicated other ingredients weights are taken on dry weight basis for pro- that the compositions with FOX-7 were less sensitive to friction, it cessing the propellant batch. NC-NG paste, picrite and FOX-7 load- had excellent thermal stability at 65°C and slow cook-off stimuli. ed into incorporator for kneading and solvent (17-25%) along It did not detonate at a diameter of 25 mm and upon slow heating with di-butyl phthalate to form homogenous and fully consistent (3.3°C/hour) it ignites at 220°C and burns without damage to the dough, warm water circulation started (38 - 40°C). Propellant pro- container or the surroundings. Limited work has been reported cessing was carried out by well-established method. (Surjit Singh in literature on FOX-7 based propellant. Wuxi Xie et al. [9] stud- Vol-II [12]. ied the performance of Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether (NEPE) rocket propellants containing FOX-7 as replacement of Cyclote- Chemical analysis of TBP was carried out using high perfor- tramethylene tetranitramine (HMX). They observed decrease in mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) model No. Ultimate 3000. combustion temperature by about 100K and increase in burning This model of HPLC is manufactured by Dionex Softron GmbH, rate as well as pressure exponents. Moreover, tensile strength of Germering, Germany. The HPLC column has a neutral stationary the propellants was increased, whereas maximum elongation de- phase containing C18, octadecasilane with the dimensions of creased by about 40%. The initiation probability under pressure 250mm length, 4.6mm diameter and 5µm pore size. Mobile phase decreased by 12% along with decrease in friction sensitivity of the included methanol: water (70:30) mixture. Propellant sample was propellant suggesting improved insensitivity characteristics. Bog- ground, and ether extract was prepared by heating the content in dan Florczak [10] observed that, the propellant containing FOX-7 water bath. It was injected into the HPLC column. The system is - run for a duration of 30 minutes by conditioning at a temperature tion products volume as the composite propellant containing the of 35°C has a comparable deflagration temperature and gaseous reac 64 bar pressure in reverse phase. Content of polymeric binder NC, same amount of HMX. Linear burn rate of propellant formulation at a standard flow rate of mobile phase of 1ml/min and graphite and K SO in the propellant is calculated by difference. In containing FOX-7 is nearly 17% less than that of the propellant 2 4 How to cite this article: SM Dahiwale, Chetan B, SN Asthana. Ballistic Studies on Fox-7 Based Triple Base Propellant for High Calibre Gun. Academ 00104 J Polym Sci. 2019; 2(4): 555593. DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2019.02.555593 Academic Journal of Polymer science order to obtain only NC and graphite content in the propellant, the thermodynamic equations.
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