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Home , Photopsia, Visual field, Vitreous hemorrhage

CLINICAL Flashes and A practical approach to assessment and management Shyalle Kahawita Sumu Simon Jolly Gilhotra

Patients may describe floaters as ‘flies’, ‘cobwebs’ Background or ‘worms’ that are more pronounced against Flashes and floaters are common ophthalmic issues for which patients may light backgrounds. Floaters may also result from initially present to their general practitioner. It may be a sign of benign, haemorrhage of retinal vessels into the vitreous and age-related changes of the vitreous or more serious . may be described as minute black or red spots. The Objective most common cause of vitreous haemorrhage is This article provides a guide to the assessment and management of a patient proliferative diabetic .5 presenting with flashes and floaters. Flashes are visual phenomena known as Discussion and refer to the of light in the Although most patients presenting with flashes and floaters have benign absence of external light stimuli. Photopsias can be age-related changes, they must be referred to an ophthalmologist to rule out generated anywhere along the visual pathway, but sight-threatening conditions. Key examination features include the nature of the in the they result from mechanical stimulation flashes and floaters, whether one or both are affected and changes in visual of the by vitreoretinal traction. Flashes are acuity or . typically described as a momentary arc of white light, Keywords similar to a bolt of lightning or a camera flash. They eye diseases; vision disorders are more noticeable in dim lighting, may be triggered by eye movement and are usually in the temporal visual field.

The incidence of retinal detachment is Posterior vitreous one in 10 000 people per year and hence detachment is a relatively rare event.1 The symptoms, Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the most however, are not specific to retinal common cause of acute onset of flashes and floaters, detachment and therefore differentiation present in nearly 66% of patients over 70 years.4,6 from other ophthalmic conditions is difficult It is an age-related change in which the vitreous without a dilated fundus examination.2,3 The degenerates, shrinks and separates from the retina. urgency for referral to an ophthalmologist During separation, the vitreous may tug and cause is to exclude retinal detachment as well as mechanical stimulation of the retina, resulting in identify and treat retinal tears in patients flashes. Clinically, the patient has normal vision, no with high-risk posterior vitreous detachment. visual field defects and no relative afferent pupillary defect.4,7 A patient with posterior vitreous detachment is Pathophysiology deemed to be at higher risk of retinal detachment if it Floaters refer to the sensation of dark spots that are is associated with vitreous haemorrhage; about 70% caused either by opacities in the vitreous, which of these patients have been found to have at least cast shadows on the retina, or by light bending at one retinal tear8 (Figure 1). the junction between fluid pockets and the vitreous.4 Floaters may be caused by vitreous debris from Retinal tear infection, and haemorrhage, but are Of PVD, 14% cause a tear in the retina during typically due to the age-related degeneration of the separation.4 Clinically, the patient has no visual field vitreous, forming condensations of collagen fibres. defect and no relative afferent pupillary defect. The

REPRINTED FROM AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN VOL. 43, NO. 4, APRIL 2014 201 CLINICAL Flashes and floaters: a practical approach to assessment and management

Figure 1. Vitreous haemorrhage associated Figure 2. Retinal tear associated with Figure 3. Retinal detachment superiorly with posterior vitreous detachment rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (optic disc visible in the background) patient may complain of black or red spots and (severe acute hypertension), inflammation or Treatment by an impaired vision if the tear has disrupted a blood neoplasm.13 ophthalmologist vessel, resulting in vitreous haemorrhage or release PVD in itself does not require treatment. of retinal pigment epithelium.4,9 Assessment Depending on the clinical scenario, patients 1. History: to help differentiate ocular from non- may be re-examined by the ophthalmologist at Retinal detachment ocular causes of flashes and floaters (Table 1) 6 weeks, as 3.4% will have a new retinal tear. If Approximately 33–46% of patients with a retinal 2. Examine the eye: the patient complains of a new shower of flashes tear or hole will develop a rhegmatogenous retinal a. of each eye separately and and floaters, or reduction in vision, they should be detachment.10 Fluid from the vitreous is able with glasses or pinhole reviewed sooner.3,4 to pass through the tear underneath the retina, b. visual fields to confrontation If the PVD is associated with retinal tears, they separating it from the retinal pigment epithelium c. pupil response for relative afferent need prompt treatment to prevent progression (Figure 2). Detachment can progress as more fluid pupillary defect (RAPD) to retinal detachment. Usually, breaks are enters through the retinal break. Detachment Direct ophthalmoscopy alone is not enough as most surrounded with laser or cryo burns to create a results in visual field loss as the photoreceptors retinal tears or detachment are in the periphery; the chorioretinal scar that prevents fluid seeping into become severely damaged by separation from their patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist at the sub-retinal space.6 underlying choroidal vascular supply. For example, this point. Dilating eye drops take 10–15 minutes to PVD associated with retinal detachment a superior retinal detachment will result in an take effect and as there is a small risk of triggering needs vitreoretinal management. These include inferior visual field defect. Patients may describe acute-angle closure , pupil dilation is not , pneumatic retinopexy and scleral a ‘shadow’ or a ‘curtain coming down’ over their ideal in a general practice setting.14,15 buckling with endolaser or cryopexy.6 A vitrectomy vision. If the macula is detached, central visual General practitioners in rural areas may have aims to relieve vitreoretinal traction on the acuity is lost and this is typically permanent6 limited access to an ophthalmologist; hence those retinal tear by removing the vitreous. Pneumatic (Figure 3). with experience in ultrasonography may be able retinopexy is a procedure where an intravitreal The most common location for a retinal tear is in to determine the presence or absence of ocular gas bubble is used to seal a retinal break and the superotemporal quadrant (60%) and because of pathology. A study assessing the accuracy of reattach the retina. For scleral buckling, a band the effects of gravity results in a greater incidence bedside ocular ultrasonography in 61 patients in is placed on the exterior surface of the globe, of macula-off retinal detachment, compared with an emergency department showed a sensitivity of indenting the sclera so that vitreoretinal traction inferior or nasal retinal tears.11,12 100% and a specificity of 83–97.2%.16,17 is reduced.13 Other types of retinal detachment include If the macula was not detached before , tractional and exudative and these can also Referral guidelines visual acuity will be maintained. If the macula present with flashes and floaters. Tractional • Patients with symptoms of acute onset flashes was detached before surgery, final visual recovery retinal detachment is caused by mechanical or floaters and visual field loss need same day depends on the duration and degree of elevation forces on the retina, usually as a result of previous referral to an ophthalmologist for a dilated of macular detachment and the patient’s age. haemorrhage, infection, inflammation, trauma or fundus examination, to rule out retinal tears and Surgery, therefore, is more urgently indicated in surgery. Exudative retinal detachment results from retinal detachment.6,9 patients with preserved visual acuity. Surgery is accumulation of fluid in the potential sub-retinal • Longstanding flashes or floaters require non- routinely done in patients whose macula detached space due to disruption of hydrostatic forces urgent review.10 within a week.13

202 REPRINTED FROM AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN VOL. 43, NO. 4, APRIL 2014 Flashes and floaters: a practical approach to assessment and management CLINICAL

Key points Table 1. Differential diagnoses • Flashes and floaters are usually signs of Flashes benign disease; however, a small percentage • Ophthalmic will have sight-threatening disease and –– Posterior vitreous detachment hence all patients require a dilated fundus –– Retinal tear/hole examination. –– Retinal detachment • If symptoms of acute onset flashes and –– – on eye movement, retrobulbar floaters are present urgent same day referral • Non-ophthalmic is required.3,4 –– – scintillating , coloured lights, bilateral, evolves over 5 to 30 • Acute-onset flashes and floaters with minutes before resolving with onset of a headache, normal visual acuity visual field defect are suggestive of retinal –– Postural hypotension – bilateral temporary dimming of vision and detachment. light-headedness –– Occipital tumours Authors Shyalle Kahawita MBBS, Ophthalmology –– Vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attacks Resident Ophthalmology Department, Queen Floaters Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA. s.kahawita@ • Ophthalmic gmail.com –– Vitreous syneresis Sumu Simon MBBS, MS, FRANZCO, Medical –– Vitreous haemorrhage Retinal Fellow Ophthalmology Department, –– Posterior vitreous detachment Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA –– Retinal detachment Jolly Gilhotra MBBS, M.Med (Clinical Epidemiology), FRANZCO, Associate Professor, –– Vitritis Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth –– Tear film debris Hospital, Adelaide, SA. Competing interests: Jolly Gilhotra is a paid 1 board member of Alcon and has received Table 2. Risk factors for retinal detachment payment for consultancy, expert testimony, lec- • (near sightedness) – the length of the eye and vitreoretinal forces are tures, manuscript preparation, travel expenses, greater than normal and also the retina is thinner and more prone to breaks accommodation and has grants pending from Bayer Pharmaceuticals and Novartis • Trauma – compression and decompression forces may generate sufficient Pharmaceuticals. vitreoretinal traction to produce retinal tears Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; • surgery – detachment of the vitreous is accelerated externally peer reviewed. • Previous retinal detachment surgery

Acknowledgements • Advancing age – degeneration of the vitreous increases with time The authors would like to thank Anton Drew, ophthalmic photographer at the Queen Elizabeth 8. Sarrafizadeh R, Hassan TS, Ruby AJ, et al. Incidence 15. Porter J. Acute-onset floaters and flashes and risk Hospital, for the retinal photographs. of retinal detachment and visual outcome in eyes for retinal detachment. JAMA 2010;303:1370; author presenting with posterior vitreous separation and reply 1370. References dense fundus-obscuring . 16. Yoonessi R, Hussain A, Jang TB. Bedside ocular 1. Pokhrel PK, Loftus SA. Ocular emergencies. Am Fam Ophthalmology 2001;108:2273–78. ultrasound for the detection of retinal detachment Physician 2007;76:829–36. 9. Diamond JP. When are simple flashes and floaters in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2. Polkinghorne PJ, Craig JP. Analysis of symptoms ocular emergencies? Eye (Lond) 1992;6(Pt 1):102–04. 2010;17:913–17. associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detach- 10. Hollands H, Johnson D, Brox AC, Almeida D, Simel 17. Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. A study of ments. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004;32:603–06. DL, Sharma S. Acute-onset floaters and flashes: is bedside ocular ultrasonography in the emergency 3. Dayan MR, Jayamanne DG, Andrews RM, Griffiths this patient at risk for retinal detachment? JAMA department. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:791–99. PG. Flashes and floaters as predictors of vitreoretinal 2009;302:2243–49. pathology: is follow-up necessary for posterior vitre- 11. Yanoff M, Duker J. Ophthalmology. 3rd edn: Elselvier ous detachment? Eye (Lond) 1996;10(Pt 4):456–58. Inc.; 2009. 4. Johnson D, Hollands H. Acute-onset floaters and 12. Denniston A, Murrray P. Oxford Handbook of flashes. CMAJ 2012;184:431. Ophthalmology. 2nd edn: Oxford University Press; 5. Spraul CW, Grossniklaus HE. Vitreous Hemorrhage. 2009. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;42:3–39. 13. Kanski JJ. Clinical ophthalmology: a system- 6. Gariano RF, Kim CH. Evaluation and management of atic approach. 6th edn. Edinburgh ; New York: suspected retinal detachment. Am Fam Physician Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier; 2007, vii, 931. 2004;69:1691–98. 14. Lachkar Y, Bouassida W. Drug-induced acute 7. Nagendran ST, Thomas D, Gurbaxani A. Flashes, float- angle closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol ers and fuzz. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2013;74:91–95. 2007;18:129–33.

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