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Changes in Malaria Epidemiology in France and Worldwide, 2000–2015 M Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015 M. Thellier, F. Simard, Lise Musset, M. Cot, G. Velut, E. Kendjo, Bruno Pradines To cite this version: M. Thellier, F. Simard, Lise Musset, M. Cot, G. Velut, et al.. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, Elsevier Masson, 2020, 50 (2), pp.99-112. 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002. hal-02507727 HAL Id: hal-02507727 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02507727 Submitted on 6 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015 M. Thellier, F. Simard, Lise Musset, M. Cot, G. Velut, E. Kendjo, Bruno Pradines To cite this version: M. Thellier, F. Simard, Lise Musset, M. Cot, G. Velut, et al.. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, Elsevier Masson, 2020, 50 (2), pp.99-112. 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002. hal-02507727 HAL Id: hal-02507727 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02507727 Submitted on 6 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015 Évolution épidémiologique du paludisme au niveau mondial et national, 2000–2015 a,b,c d e,f g h,i a,b,c j,k,l,m,∗ M. Thellier , F. Simard , L. Musset , M. Cot , G. Velut , E. Kendjo , B. Pradines a boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Service de parasitologie-mycologie, Centre national de référence du paludisme, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 47, Paris, France b UMRS 1136, iPLESP, institut Pierre-Louis d’épidémiologie et de santé publique, Sorbonne université, 27, rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris 12, France c UPMC, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne université, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 91, boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France d MIVEGEC, IRD-CNRS-university Montpellier, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France e Louis Pasteur, 97300 Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre collaborateur OMS pour la surveillance des résistances aux antipaludiques, institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23, avenue Cayenne, France f Centre national de référence du paludisme, institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23, avenue Louis Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, France g h UMR2016, unité Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, institut de recherche pour le développement, 4, avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France Centre d’épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, GSBdD Marseille Aubagne, BP 40026, 13568 Marseille cedex 02, France i Direction interarmées du service de santé des armées, Quartier La Madeleine, 97306 Cayenne, France j Jean-Moulin, 13005 Unité parasitologie et entomologie, institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Marseille, France k Marseille, France Aix Marseille université, IRD, AP–HM, SSA, VITROME, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 l Institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France m Centre national de référence du paludisme, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France a b s t r a c t In 2015, 212 million new cases of malaria were reported, causing 429,000 deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a 41% decrease in the number of new cases worldwide between 2000 and 2015. The number of deaths from malaria fell by 62% worldwide and by 71% in Africa. In mainland France, malaria is mainly imported by travelers or migrants from endemic areas, in particular sub-Saharan Africa (95%). In France, the number of imported malaria cases, mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum (85%), Keywords: was estimated at about 82,000 for the period 2000–2015. Over the same period, 6,468 cases of malaria Malaria were reported in the French armed forces, of which 2,430 cases (37.6%) were considered as imported Plasmodium falciparum because occurring outside of endemic areas. The number of malaria cases also fell between 2000 and Plasmodium vivax Travelers 2015 in Mayotte and French Guiana, a malaria transmission zone. Mayotte has entered the elimination of malaria with less than 15 cases per year. In French Guiana, between 300 and 500 cases have been reported annually in recent years. The decline in morbidity and mortality is usually attributed to vector control measures and improved access to effective treatments. However, the Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit the disease have developed resistance against most insecticides. Similarly, malaria parasites have developed resistance against most of the antimalarial drugs used as prevention or treatment, even the latest marketed combinations such as artemisinin-based combination therapies. ∗ Corresponding author. Unité parasitologie et entomologie, institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Pradines). r é s u m é Mots clés : En 2015, 212 millions de nouveaux cas de paludisme étaient répertoriés, causant 429 000 morts. Paludisme L’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) estimait la réduction de nouveaux cas entre 2000 et 2015 à Plasmodium falciparum 41 % pour l’ensemble du monde. Les décès dus au paludisme chutaient parallèlement de 62 % dans le Plasmodium vivax monde et de 71 % en Afrique. Le paludisme est essentiellement importé par des voyageurs ou migrants Voyageurs en provenance de zones endémiques, essentiellement d’Afrique subsaharienne (95 %) pour la France métropolitaine. Ce nombre de cas de paludisme d’importation, majoritairement dû à Plasmodium falci- parum (85 %), a été estimé à environ 82 000 pour la période 2000–2015. Pour la même période, 6468 cas de paludisme ont été déclarés dans les armées, dont 2430 (37,6 %) importés hors zone d’endémie. Le nombre de cas de paludisme a aussi chuté entre 2000 et 2015 à Mayotte et en Guyane, zone de transmission du paludisme. Mayotte est en phase d’élimination (< 15 cas par an). En Guyane, le nombre de cas déclarés se situent entre 300 et 500 cas par an ces dernières années. La baisse de morbidité et de mortalité est attribuée à la lutte antivectorielle et à l’accès généralisé à des traitements efficaces. Mais les anophèles, insectes vecteurs de la maladie développent des résistances contre la plupart des insecticides. Les par- asites du paludisme développent aussi des résistances contre la plupart des antipaludiques utilisés en prévention ou traitement, même aux dernières associations commercialisées comme les combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine. 1. Trends in the global incidence of malaria since 2000 Africa. Of particular concern, it seems that the WHO’s estimations probably largely underestimate the number of malaria cases and Reliable global epidemiological surveillance for malaria has only related deaths in subjects over the age of 5 [5]. recently been implemented. In 1998, in the wake of the launch of However, it is reasonable to consider that globally the numbers the “Roll Back Malaria” program, the World Health Organization and the main trends described do not significantly depart from real- (WHO) and UNICEF joined forces to produce a statistical summary ity. Other studies using mathematical models but limited to African for the African continent [1], followed by the first World Malaria countries (in particular an international work group coordinated by Report in 2005 based on the cases and deaths reported by 107 Oxford university) reported results that were overall in line with malaria-endemic countries. At present, these reports are the most the WHO’s statistics [6,7]. comprehensive single source of information available on malaria. The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030 approved Each yearly report provides figures for nearly all areas worldwide by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 [8] defines the goal for where there is a risk of contracting malaria, estimates of global mor- 2030: a 90% decrease of the incidence rate of malaria and the related bidity and mortality for all reporting countries, and information on death rate, elimination of malaria in at least 35 countries with trans- the coverage of key interventions to prevent malaria in tropical mission in 2015, and the prevention of malaria re-establishment Africa. in countries free of the disease in 2015. However, the geographical Based on data from disparate
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