CNPP (updated 2014)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. Country overview 1.1.1. Governmental System As in other democratic countries, the Republic of Indonesia applies the Trias Politica that recognizes the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial bodies. The legislative authority is under the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) that consists of two bodies namely the Parliament composed of members of political parties (DPR), and the Regional Representative Council (DPD) composed of representatives from each province in Indonesia. The executive institution is centralized under the president, vice president, and the cabinet of ministers. The cabinet is a presidential cabinet in which the ministers report to the president and do not represent the political parties. Presidential election is also held every five years. Since 2004, president of the Republic of Indonesia is elected through direct election by the people. The judicial institution - since the reform era and upon the amendment of the 1945 Constitution - is administered by the Supreme Court including the administration of the judges. 1.1.2. Geography and Climate Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagos in the world that has 17,508 islands, situated between 6 degrees northern latitude and 11 degrees southern latitude and spreading from 97 degrees to 141 degrees eastern longitude and it is located between two continents – Asia and Australia/Oceania. This strategic position greatly influences the country’s culture, social, politics and economy. Stretching along 3,977 miles between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Indonesia has a total area of 1.9 million square miles (4,92 million square kilometres) including the ocean. The water area is about two-third of total area. The five large islands of Indonesia are: , , Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and . These islands were formed range from Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Australian and Pacific tectonic plate have a great effect on the change of the islands. The Australian plate changes slowly with an upward movement into the small plates of the Pacific plate that moves southward. Between these lines, the islands of Indonesia are stretched out. This makes Indonesia as one of the most changing geological area in the world. There are 400 volcanic mountains – which 100 of them are active- that dot the islands of Indonesia. Java alone is home to 112 volcanoes, fifteen of which are still active. Most of the islands are hot and humid throughout the year. Temperature ranges from 27.6° to 36.8° C during the day and from 14.6° to 24.6° C during the night. Humidity ranges from 63% to 83%. Rain falls primarily from December to March, when the winter monsoon dominates. Only western Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands have a dry season, from June to September. 1.1.3. Population TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION Average annual Growth Rate (%) Year 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2000 to 2012 Population 147,490.3 179,378.9 205,843.0 218,869.0 237,641.0 241,134.0 244,523 (thousands) 1.38 Population (million) 147.5 179.4 205.8 218.9 237.6 241.1 244.52 Population density 76.1 92.6 106.3 113.0 122.7 124.5 126 (inhabitants/km2) Urban Population as - - 42 48.1 50 51 % of total Area (1000 km2) 1,937.2

Source: Statistic Centre Board (www.bps.go.id) Currently, there are more than 244 million people living in Indonesia. The population grew at an average rate of 1.38% between 2000 and 2012. It is projected that the total population of Indonesia will always increase in the next 25 years, from 241.1 million in 2011 to 273.1 million in the year 2025. Every year there is an increasing number in urban population. Based on the data shows in Table 1, in 2011 about 51% of Indonesia population is living in a city. Generally, urbanization level is projected to reach 68 percent in year 2025. The results of the 2010 National Population Census shows that Java and Madura Islands, which accounts for 7% of the total area, is resided by around 57,5% of the population (136 millions), while and Papua which account for 25% of the total area, are inhabited by 3% of the total population. 1.1.4. Economic Data

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Average annual growth rate (%) 2000 to Year 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 GDP (million of 144,843.1 285,861.0 432,264.0 510,647.9 538,643.7 709,458.8 853,193.2 879,601.3 current US$) GDP (million of constant 2000 144,843.1 182,471.6 204,724.1 217,035.5 227,081.9 241,215.1 256,870.9 272,864.9 5.42 US$) GDP per Capita (PPP 2,199.6 2,875.0 3,340.1 3,615.0 3,875.7 4,055.7 4,311.9

US$/capita) GDP Per Capita (current 703.7 1,306.1 1,915.7 2,234.6 2,297.7 2,985.4 3,538.3 3,590.2 US$/capita) Source: Statistic Centre Board

Indonesia had an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.42 percent between 2000 and 2012. During the 2000-2012 periods, GDP of Indonesia had increased from US$144.8 billion to US$ 272.86 billion (CY 2000 Price). Table 2 shows the GDP of Indonesia.

By utilizing the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI), Indonesia aims to earn its place as one of the world’s developed country by 2025 with expected per capita income of USD 14,250-USD 15,500 with total GDP of USD 4.0-4.5 Trillion. To achieve the above objectives, real economic growth of 6.4-7.5 percent is expected for the period of 2011-2014. This economic growth is expected to coincide with the decrease in the rate of inflation from 6.5 percent in 2011-2014 to 3.0 percent in 2025. The combined growth and inflation rates reflect the characteristics of a developed country.

1.2. Energy Information 1.2.1. Estimated available energy

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES Estimated Available Energy Sources Fossil Fuels Nuclear* Renewables Thorium Solid Liquid Gas Uranium Hydro Geothermal Solar Biomass (Hypothetical) Specific Unit Million Billion TSCF Metric tons Metric tons GW GW GW GW tons Barrel Total Amount 126,319.28 7.41 150.70 63,000 121,500 845.29 29,177 22.5 49.81 in specific unit Total Amount 3,599.88 42.32 154.60 1,986.77 3,831.62 26.66 920.13 0.71 1.57 in Exajoule (EJ) Source: - Ministry of Enery & Mineral Resources (2013) - Batan (National Nuclear Energy Agency) for nuclear data

1.2.2. Energy Statistics

TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS (in EJ) Average Annual Growth Rate (%) Year 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2000 to 2011 Energy Consumption * Total 3.85 4.56 4.63 4.81 4.73 4.95 5.66 5.81

- Solid 0.21 0.38 0.51 0.70 0.54 0.47 0.78 0.83 17.21 - Liquids 1.88 2.10 2.02 2.02 1.93 2.07 2.39 2.48 2.79 - Gases 0.48 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.67 0.82 0.84 0.90 6.39 - Nuclear 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 - Hydro 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Other Renewables

* Geothermal 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 * Biomass 1.28 1.54 1.58 1.57 1.59 1.59 1.65 1.60 2.22 Energy Production

* Total 9.29 10.80 11.56 11.49 11.90 12.59 13.85 15.46

- Solid 1.88 3.65 4.65 5.22 5.49 6.15 6.60 8.47 14.87 - Liquids 2.96 2.21 2.10 1.99 2.04 1.98 2.13 2.15 -2.76 - Gases 2.98 3.06 3.03 2.49 2.54 2.62 3.13 2.97 0.35 - Nuclear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 - Hydro 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.25 0.18 4.36 -Other Renewables

* Geothermal 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 9.95 * Biomass 1.28 1.54 1.58 1.57 1.59 1.60 1.65 1.60 2.15 Net Import (Import - Export) * Total -3.61 -3.34 -4.38 -4.80 -4.66 -5.59 -5.90 -7.35 7.34

Source: Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2012, Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources

1.2.3. Energy policy The President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2006 that outlined the National Energy Policy (NEP). This NEP is a comprehensive policy which covers both the supply and the demand-side policy. The NEP also underlines the need that energy conversion in all sectors has to be implemented immediately, not only to reduce the dependence on oil fuel, but also to diversify energy, alleviate poverty, increase economic growth, and promote environmentally-friendly development. The aforementioned Presidential Regulation serves as the main guideline in the national energy management to achieve the security of domestic energy supply. This regulation sets a clear target of the share of each type of energy up to the year 2025, as follows: oil supply will be reduced to share only up to 20%, natural gas increases to 30%, coal should be more than 33%, and new and renewable energy sets at 17%.

The House of Representatives passed the new NEP in a plenary meeting on 28 February 2014, securing renewable energy requirements for the coming decades. The new policy would reduce gasoline dependency and increase the use of renewable energy.

At the moment, gasoline accounts for 49 percent of Indonesia’s energy usage. The new policy will seek to decrease that portion to 23 percent by 2025, while increasing the use of gas, coal and the portion of new and renewable energy (including nuclear energy). As stated in the previous policy that portion of new and renewable energy sets at 17%, become increase to be 23% by 2025.

In the new policy nuclear considered as a last resort, but in the explanation article stated that: "in-depth studies have been conducted on the presence of technological development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, meeting growing energy needs, the provision of large-scale national energy, reduce carbon emissions as well as the urgent national interest, then basically nuclear energy can be utilized”. 1.3. The electricity system 1.3.1. Electricity policy and decision making process The Indonesian power sector is ruled and regulated by the following law and government regulations:

• Law No. 15 /1985 regarding electricity; • Government Regulation No. 3/2005 regarding amendment of the Government Regulation No. 10/1985 regarding electricity; • Ministerial Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) No. 9/2005. • Ministerial Decree of MEMR No.10/2005. The Directorate General of Electricity (DGE) under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is primarily responsible to formulate electricity policy and regulation. One responsibility of DGE is to prepare general national electricity planning to meet electricity power demand in a reliable and sustainable way. The National Electricity General Planning (RUKN, Rencana Umum Kelistrikan Nasional) is an integrated policy in the electricity sector comprising projection of electricity demand and supply of power generation, investment and financing, utilization of primary energy resources, as well as new and renewable energy for power generation. According to Act No. 15 on Electricity (1985) and the Government Regulation No. 26 on supply and utilization of power generation (2006), the electricity utility should undertake planning and have a Electricity Power Supply Business Plan (RUPTL, Rencana Umum Pengusahaan Tenaga Listrik). 1.3.2. Structure of electric power sector The structure of the current Indonesian electricity supply industry is shown in Figure 1. According to the law No. 15/1985, PLN - which is a state owned enterprise as well as a limited liability company - is the only authority in the country that provides electricity to all Indonesian people (PKUK). In serving the national electricity demand, PLN produces electricity from its own power plants, including from generator companies which are PLN’s subsidiaries. PLN also acts as the single buyer that purchases electricity from independent power producers (IPP). Other power producers apart from PLN and IPP are ‘captive power’, mostly industries that produce power for self uses, and some other smaller companies including cooperatives that sell their electricity directly to consumers.

FIGURE 1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CURRENT INDONESIAN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY

PLN builds and owns most electricity infrastructure in the country. In term of generation facilities, PLN owns almost every kind of power plants, such as coal-fired and oil-fired steam power plants, gas turbine, geothermal, hydroelectric, and diesel plants. Most of these generation facilities are under the management of two PLN’s subsidiaries, PT Indonesia Power and Java- Electric Company (PT. PJB).

FIGURE 2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY MARKET IN INDONESIA

In delivering electricity to its large, medium and small customers while maintaining the quality and reliability of service, PLN has developed extensive transmission and distribution networks, including the large scale interconnection power grid in Java-Bali system. Furthermore, PT PLN established 5 subsidiaries and 1 joint venture as the following: 1. PT. Indonesia Power, whose main business is electricity generation. 2. PT. Pembangkitan Jawa Bali (PT PJB), whose main business is electricity generation. 3. PT. National Electricity Service of Island (PT. Pelayanan Listrik Nasional Batam - PLN Batam), that engaged in business of electricity provision for public purposes in the Region Batam Island. 4. PT. Indonesia Comnets Plus, whose main business is telecommunications business. 5. PT. Prima Layanan Nasional Enjiniring (PT. PLN Enjiniring), a company on engineering, consultant, and construction supervision. 6. PT. National Electricity Service (PT PLN Tarakan), a provider of electricity for public purposes in Tarakan Island of . 7. PT. Geo Dipa Energi, a joint venture between PT.PLN and PT. PERTAMINA , whose business is in electricity generation, especially geothermal power plant.

1.3.3. Main indicators Installed Capacity Power systems in Indonesia divided into two types, which are: interconnected system and isolated system. The power system which has been well interconnected is Java-Bali system and Sumatra system, while the rest are still isolated. At the end of 2012 the capacity of the power system in Indonesia was 41,098 MW. In comparison the figure for the previous year was 39,898.97 MW, so the capacity of the power system increased 1,199.03 MW or 3 %. Of this amount, approximately 76% of the power capacity is in the Java-Bali system.

TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2000 to 2012 Capacity of Electrical Plants (GWe) Hydro 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.52 1.17 Steam 6.9 6.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 8.8 9.5 12.1 14.45 7.35 Gas 1.2 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.97 10.71 Combine Cycle 6.86 6.28 7.02 7.02 7.37 7.37 6.95 7.83 8.81 2.51 Geothermal 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.548 3.62 Diesel PP 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.60 0.38 Mini Gas PP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.72 Other Renewable

Wind 1.E- 2.6E- 1.06E- 3.4E- 3.40E- 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4E-04 36.34 04 04 03 04 04 Solar 1.9E- 6.20E- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/A 1.23E-03 86.49 04 03 Total 21.06 22.53 24.85 25.22 25.59 25.64 26.89 29.27 32.90 4.22 Electricity Production (TWh)

Hydro 10.7 9.8 8.8 10.6 10.7 10.3 15.8 10.3 10.52 2.05 Steam 39.4 42.3 47.8 52.2 52.4 53.0 54.4 62.3 73.82 6.08 Gas 1.5 6.0 5.0 4.7 5.3 7.8 7.9 8.2 17.55 5.67 Combine Cycle 27.4 31.3 30.9 31.4 35.7 34.7 36.8 40.4 34.57 2.41 Geothermal 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.56 1.72 Diesel PP 5.8 5.8 6.1 5.7 5.7 6.1 5.1 4.0 3.48 -4.01 Mini Gas PP 5.51E- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.07 0.05 -11.70 02 Other Renewable

Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0001 0,0005 0,00072 44.40

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/A N/A N/A 0.00285 - Rent of Generator 0.8 3.1 2.8 3.3 4.7 5.2 8.2 13.9 18.07 36.76 Buy 13.3 26.1 26.6 31.2 31.4 36.2 38.1 40.7 50.56 13.47 Total 101.7 127.4 131.1 142.4 149.4 156.8 169.8 183.4 200.32 6.38 Total Electricity 84.5 107.0 112.6 121.2 129.0 134.6 147.3 158.0 173.99 6.81 Consumption (TWh) Source: National Electricity Company, PT PLN

The system peak-load of Indonesia in 2012 was 28.88 GWe. The peak load of Indonesia increased 8.32% over the previous year. PT. PLN produced electricity of about 200.32 TWh in 2012 including that produced from power generation units rented from other companies. The total production (including purchase from utilities outside PLN or IPP) during the CY 2011 was 183.4 TWh, an increase of 16.9 TWh or 9.21 % over the previous year. Of this energy production, the energy purchased from other utilities outside PLN amounted to 50.56 TWh (25.24%). This was increased by 9.9 TWh or 24.29 % over the previous year. From the total energy purchased the greater part were 8.5 TWh (18.34%) from PT Paiton Energy Company and 8.4 TWh (18.20%) from PT. Jawa Power.

TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Energy Consumption 18.6828 20.8505 20.8504 21.3229 20.6883 21.1366 23.8213 24.0847 per Capita (GJ/Capita) Electricity Consumption per 489.0232 506.8132 537.3416 564.5769 574.0768 619.8319 655.2070

capita (kWh/Capita) Electricity Production/Energy 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.5

Production (%) Nuclear/Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Electricity(%) Ratio of External -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -1.0 dependency(%)

2. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION 2.1. Historical development and current organizational structure 2.1.1. Overview

Nuclear activities in Indonesia began with the establishment of the State Committee for the Investigation of Radioactivity in 1954. The Committee was assigned to investigate the possibility of radioactive fall-out in Indonesian territory due to nuclear weapon testing in the Pacific Ocean.

Noting that the development and application of atomic energy could enhance the welfare of the people, the Government issued Government Regulation No. 65 of 5 December 1958 establishing the Atomic Energy Council and the Atomic Energy Institute. This Government Regulation was then followed by the enactment of the Act No. 31 in 1964 regarding the Basic Stipulations on Atomic Energy. In 1965 Government Regulation No. 33 renamed the Atomic Energy Institute as the National Atomic Energy Agency (Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional or BATAN). However, 5 December has been retained as the date of anniversary of BATAN.

In 1965, the operation of the first research reactor (Triga Mark II, 100 KWt later upgraded to 1 MWt in 1971 and 2 MWt in 2000) was inaugurated in . In order to improve mastery of nuclear science and technology, several research & development and engineering facilities were built, among others are the Nuclear Technology Research Center of Pasar Jumat, in 1966, and the Nuclear Technology Research Center of GAMA, Yogyakarta in 1967. In this last one, the Kartini research reactor was in 1979 with a capacity of 100 KWt. To further support the nuclear energy programme, research & development and engineering facilities, the 30 MWt Multipurpose Research Reactor was inaugurated in 1987. To support this last reactor’s activities, laboratories, including facilities for fuel fabrication of research and power reactors, reactor safety testing, production of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical, management of radioactive wastes and other nuclear facilities have been built in the PUSPIPTEK science and technology research complex in Serpong.

Further development saw the enactment of Act No. 10 on Nuclear Energy in 1997, which stipulated among others the separation of the executing function on the beneficial applications of nuclear energy (BATAN), from the regulatory function held by the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN).

2.1.2. Current organizational chart(s)

To implement its nuclear energy programme, Indonesia so far has not decided to establish an implementing organization (NEPIO). It should be noted that some available institutions, such as National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Research and Technology, have played essential roles similar to those of NEPIO.

FIGURE 3 INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has a role in energy and electricity policy, The Ministry of Research and Technology in science and technology policy, and The Ministry of Environmental in site and environmental policy, while The Ministry of Industry is concerned with national industry and technology transfer policy.

BATAN, assisted by the universities, has a role in research and development including technical consultancy, human resources and training, information and socialization and site preparation. BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) has a role as a regulatory body in nuclear regulation and licensing.

BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency) in cooperation with other relevant government institutions: BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Ministry of Environment (KLH), Ministry of Industry (Depperin), and State Electricity Company (PLN) initiates to prepare, develop and conduct a self-evaluation on the national status of 19 basic infrastructures of NPP development, which has been started since 2009. Table 7 shows the responsible institutions and their scope of work in infrastructure preparation of nuclear power programme.

RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR SCOPE OF WORK Responsible institutions Scope of work BATAN ° Nuclear Safety ° Stakeholder Involvement (Socialization Programme), ° Siting, ° Fuel Cycle and Radioactive Waste ° Environment Protection

BAPETEN (Regulatory Body) ° Nuclear Safety ° Legislative Framework ° Regulation Framework ° Safeguard, ° Radiation Protection ° Emergency Planning ° Security & Physical Protection

° Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources ° National Position (Directorate General of New and ° Management Renewable Energy and Energy ° Funding & Financing Conservation, Training and Education ° Electrical Grid Agency) ° Human Resources Development ° Electricity State Own Company (PLN) ° Stakeholder Involvement ° Ministry of Industry ° Environment Protection ° Ministry of Environmental ° Industrial Involvement and Procurement .

2.2. Nuclear power plants: Overview 2.2.1. Status and performance of nuclear power plants

The table “STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS” is not applicable. 2.2.2. Plant upgrading, plant life management and licence renewals NA

2.3. Future development of Nuclear Power 2.3.1. Nuclear power development strategy

Utilization of NPPs as a part of the provision of national energy was noted in the Presidential Regulation No. 5 in 2006 on the National Energy Policy, as well as in the Act No.17 in 2007 on the National Long-term Development Plan for 2005-2025. Act No.17 in 2007 mentions that the introduction of nuclear power should be utilized with high consideration of safety factor. According to these two legal documents, NPPs utilization may be initiated within the period mentioned. Project Framework of Indonesia in NPP development is shown in Figure 4 below.

Indonesia is considering having NPP project through an open bids mechanism. Type of contract for first NPP is covered by the turnkey approach.

Regarding to the nuclear fuel cycle, an open cycle is for the moment a preferred option. According to the BAPETEN Chairman Regulation No. 4/2009 on Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning, the Owner has responsibility for decommissioning of NPP including provision for financial guarantee. Specific plans are needed for national strategy implementation. The nuclear infrastructure is being developed through many related institutions based on their tasks.

The schedule activities for the first NPP was prepared in accordance with the Nuclear Act No. 10 Year 1997, the commercial operation is expected by 2027 as shown in Figure 4. Table 8 below shows the planned reactor to be built.

FIGURE 4. PROJECT FRAMEWORK OF INDONESA IN NPP DEVELOPMENT

Note: FS: Feasibility Study, GD: Government decision, OE; Owner Establishment, SC: Select Consultant, CP; Construction Permit (needs 24 months), POL: Professional Operation Licensing, OL: Operation Licensing (needs 18 months), BIS: Bid Information Specification, ITB: Invitation To Bid, ATP: Authorization To Proceed, A/E: Architect Engineering, URD: User Requirement Document, CHT: Cold Hydro Test, HFT: Hot Functional Test.

2.3.2. Project management

Commercial construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear reactor shall be performed by any company, State Company, co-operative, and/or private company, as mentioned in the Act No 10 of 1997. Regarding the operation of NPP, the operator should apply for license or permit from BAPETEN for each site, for construction, for commissioning, for operation and for decommissioning.

The owner is responsible for the type of contract suitable for the implementing each NPP project. Presently, no organization has been established to own the first NPP. A study report on project management for NPP done by BATAN and KHNP shows that turnkey contract approach is the suitable one for the first NPP project.

As it is the case for all industrial construction projects in Indonesia, local participation and local content should be maximized. Local participation in the construction of a nuclear power plant would mean the use of material and manpower resources within Indonesia. A latest study was carried out by BATAN and KHNP (Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co.) in year 2006, recommends the target for localization: 20% of equipment localization at the first 2 units (step-1), 50% at the next 4 units (step-2) and 70% at the other 4 units (step-3).

Policies and requirements for purchasing nuclear equipment and services are not considered yet, but it should follow any existing related regulations.

2.3.3. Project funding Funding scheme for the project is still under consideration. A study undertaken by BATAN, PLN and KHNP proposed a financing scheme and ownership structure for the first NPP in Indonesia. The funding for the construction of the first NPP may be a combination of long term loans and equity. The loan would be used mostly to finance procurement of foreign contents, most likely obtained from ECA (Export Credit Agency) and commercial bank through loan agreement with the ‘NPP company’ that could be owned by the government. Most of the equity portion would be used to finance local capital expenditure, such as land acquisition, professional fee, mobilization, certification, etc. The equity will be sourced partly from the public utility's own funds, which might be PLN or another state owned enterprise, and from private investors who can be partners. Funding for spent fuel handling, waste management and decommissioning and final disposal is the responsibility of the owner. 2.3.4. Electric Grid development Presently, an integrated system of electrical grid exists in Java-Bali-Madura and Sumatera. The Java-Bali-Madura system is interconnected with 500 kV and 150 kV lines, while Sumatra is interconnected with 275 kV and 150 kV lines. Power transmission in Jawa-Bali and Sumatera will be integrated. PT. PLN plans to expand the interconnection project through electricity transmission system of high voltage direct current/HVDC). The project starts constructed in 2013 and targeted to operate in 2017. The combining of the two trusted to have impact on cheap and efficient energy use. The interconnection system designed to distribute power 3,000 MW from Sumatera to Jawa-Bali. It will consist of converter station from AC power to DC in Muara Enim, South Sumatera. DC power will be converted again to AC (inverter station) in Bogor, West Java. In case of Bangka NPP is built, this power transmission integration will ease the electricity distribution from Sumatera to Jawa.

Currently, in Kalimantan Island, 150 kV line has interconnected the provinces of Central Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan. However, province is still isolated from the other provinces.

2.3.5. Site Selection There are several locations in Indonesia have been identified as potential sites for NPPs. Figure 5 shows the location of each site and recent status regarding site survey of the site. They are in the Muria Peninsula, and sites. All of the potential sites were located in a coastal line due to cooling water source availability. In conducting the site survey and evaluation, IAEA guidance related to the safety and non- safety related aspects and other considerations are used as the basis for safety and non- safety analysis.

FIGURE 5 CURRENT STATUS OF NPP SITE STUDY IN INDONESIA

Muria Site Feasibility Study for Muria Peninsula has been completed in 1996, identifying three (3) candidate sites i.e. Ujung Lemahabang (ULA), Ujung Watu (UW) and Ujung Grenggengan (UG). But only two sites which were selected as preferred site, namely ULA and UW. Site Evaluation of ULA preferred site has already been done by NEWJEC in year 1991-1996, while for UW preferred site, the evaluation has not done yet. Nonetheless, the development of whether in international guidance or national regulation, give rise to the necessity of further intensive investigation of ULA site mainly on volcanolgy, geotechnics and seismotectonics aspects. Figure 6 shows the main access road to the preferred sites.

FIGURE 6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE MURIA SITE

Banten Site Based on preliminary study from year 2008 up until now, there are two potential sites in Banten site, namely Pulo Panjang and Kramatwatu-Bojonegara. This study covers regional and near-regional analysis. Both of the potential sites are characterized as safe from external hazard (volcanic, surface faulting, seismicity, extreme meteorology, and coastal flooding), are not located at the Pyroclastic Density Current (PDC) of the active volcano, the distance of supposed capable fault to the sites > 5 km, PGA value < 0.4 g. The area is not vulnerable to tornados and tropical cyclones, and is not flooded by tsunami waves caused by earthquake or volcanic eruption as was the case with Krakatoa (1883). The site is not inundated by sea level rise due to global warming (eustacy) in 100 year projection, and is not in urban and population center area and has a distance to outer border of population center > 1 km, and is safe from human activities that present a potential safety threat as initiating events.

FIGURE 7 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BANTEN SITE Bangka Site The feasibility study carried out in Bangka Island consists of three phases in three consecutive years from 2011-2013 as illustrated in Table 9. Based on the ongoing study, there are two interest areas in Bangka site that are Site-1: Teluk Manggris-Tanah Merah, Mentok, West Bangka , and Site-2: Tj. Berani-Tj Krasak, Sebagin, Simpang Rimba, South .

BANGKA SITE STUDIES PHASE Year Site Studies Phase 2011 Regional and Near Regional Surve y 2012 Site vicinity survey and Site characterization (site area survey ) 2013 Licensing document preparation : SDR, SER, SDI, AMDAL concept , Draft of NPP Master plan

The interest area 1 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through Kelapa by following a paved road for approximately 140 km, and then by continuing for about 4 to 6 km by unpaved road (of which only 3 km can only be accessed by car and the rest by motorcycle or by 4 wheel-drive vehicle). Interest area 2 can be reached from Pangkal Pinang through , Bangka Kota, Simpang Rimba, Permis Village, Rajik Village and Sebakin Village by paved road of 83.5 km. There are 5 major harbors and one medium airport. Bangka site transport infrastructures are provided in Figure 8.

FIGURE 8 BANGKA SITE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES

2.4. Organizations involved in construction of NPPs NA 2.5. Organizations involved in operation of NPPs NA 2.6. Organizations involved in decommissioning of NPPs NA 2.7. Fuel cycle including waste management Based on Act No 10, 1997 on Nuclear Energy, general surveys, explorations and exploitations of nuclear material ore as well as the production and/or procurement of raw materials for manufacturing nuclear fuel shall only be performed by BATAN and this may be done in cooperation with a state company, co-operative, or private company. BATAN shall also perform non-commercial production of nuclear fuel and radioisotopes, while the commercial production shall be performed by a state company, co-operative, and/or private company. Act 10, 1997 stipulated that the radioactive waste management shall be performed by BATAN. Low level and intermediate level radioactive waste generated shall be collected, segregated, treated and temporarily stored before being transferred to BATAN. High level radioactive waste (i.e. spent fuel) generated shall temporarily be stored for a period not less than the life time of nuclear reactor. A final repository for high level radioactive wastes shall be provided by BATAN.

2.8. Research and development 2.8.1. R&D organizations Researches and development of nuclear science and technology are mainly implemented by BATAN. Nuclear R&D activities are classified into reactor safety, radiation safety, environmental safety, radiation and radioisotope application, and radioactive waste- management. R&D activities are implemented in several nuclear complexes as the following. SERPONG NUCLEAR COMPLEX There are many centres in the Serpong Nuclear Complex for research & development and engineering of nuclear science and technology that have been built with the objectives to support development of the nuclear industry and for preparation, development as well as the operation of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia. The development of installations and laboratories of the Serpong Nuclear Complex had been conducted in 3 phases beginning in 1983 and fully completed in 1992. The area is about 25 hectares and is located in the National Center for Research of Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK), Serpong. The main facility in the area is the GA. Siwabessy Multipurpose Research Reactor with a power of 30 MWth. The Installation is used for Production of Research Reactor Fuel Element, Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Installation, Experimental Fuel Element Installation, Radioactive Waste Processing Installation, Radiometallurgy Installation, Reactor Safety and Engineering Installation, Facility for Development of Informatics and Computation, Nuclear Mechano-Electronic Installation, Neutron Spectrometry Installation, as well as Storage for Spent Fuel Elements and Contaminated Materials Installation. BANDUNG NUCLEAR COMPLEX The Bandung Nuclear Complex was initially constructed in the early 1960s on an area of 3 hectares and where the first research reactor was built in Indonesia. The activities conducted cover the utilization of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise, R&D of basic materials, radioisotopes and labelled compounds, instrumentation and radiometry analysis techniques, supervision of occupational radiation safety and environment. In addition, nuclear medicine firstly developed in Bandung nuclear complex was the embryo of nuclear medicine in Indonesia. The activities of nuclear medicine are then further developed in several hospitals in Indonesia. In order to support the R&D activities, the Bandung Nuclear Complex utilizes various facilities, among others, the Triga Mark II Reactor which started with a power of 250 kW in 1965. The power of this reactor was increased to 1000 kW in 1971 and further to 2000 kW in the year 2000. Other facilities in this area are the laboratory for physics, chemistry and biology, production of isotopes and labelled compounds. YOGYAKARTA NUCLEAR COMPLEX The Yogyakarta Nuclear Complex was established in 1974 on an area of 8.5 hectares. The Center for Technology of Accelerator and Material Process and the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology are located within this area. The activities conducted cover R&D in nuclear physics, chemistry, technology of low and medium energy particle accelerator, process technology, analysis of nuclear materials and reactor, as well as the use of the reactor for research and fostering of expertise. In addition, supervision of occupational radiation safety and of environmental radioactivity is also conducted. Meanwhile the Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology conducts programmes of education in the field of nuclear science and technology. The facilities in this area are the Kartini Research with a power of 100 kW, complemented with a subcritical assembly, a laboratory for pure materials research, accelerators, laboratories for nuclear physics and chemistry, a work safety and health facility, library facilities, as well as laboratory facilities for education. PASAR JUM'AT NUCLEAR COMPLEX The Pasar Jum'at Nuclear Complex was built in 1966 in an area of about 20 hectares. In this area, Center for Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology, Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology, Center for Development of Nuclear Geology, Center for Education and Training and Center for Dissemination of Nuclear Science and Technology are located. In this area, among others are the following facilities: 3 units of Co-60 Gamma Irradiators, 2 electron beam machines, laboratory for uranium processing, radiation measuring equipment, chemistry, biology, process and hydrology, education and training facility as well as a permanent exhibition for nuclear science and technology. MONITORING STATIONS FOR MICRO-EARTHQUAKES AND METEOROLOGY JEPARA - AND BANGKA ISLAND Since 1982 a monitoring station for Micro-Earthquakes and Meteorology has been built and operated in the Ujung Watu village in Jepara - Central Java. The micro-earthquakes monitoring station records the earthquake data originating from volcanic as well as tectonic earthquakes, whereas the meteorology station is applied to record air pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity and solar radiation. In addition, since 2011 a comparable facility has been built in Bangka Island to record the data of micro-earthquakes and meteorology on the Bangka site. There are 10 micro- earthquakes monitoring stations and two meteorology monitoring stations. 2.8.2. Development of advanced nuclear technologies Indonesia is willing to participate in the development of nuclear reactor system through INPRO project. There is also a plan to develop HTR design with co-generation purposes. 2.8.3. International co-operation and initiatives Indonesia has signed a number of international agreements as well as conducted bilateral and multilateral cooperations in the field of nuclear power development. A complete list of international agreements and cooperations is provided in Appendix 1.

2.9. Human Resources Development A human resource development (HRD) plan identifying the human resources needed by organization implementing nuclear energy programme has been addressed in the study on HRD Programme and HRD Blue Print carried in 2008. TRS 200 IAEA has been used to identify competences and human resources needed by future organization of NPP. More detailed reviews and analysis in competences and human resources needed for future organization and blue print of Human Resources Development (HRD) programme and concept of Nuclear Training Center (NTC) facilities are being conducted by interdepartmental organization including MEMR, BATAN, Department of Labor and Transmigration, BAPETEN, and Ministry of Research & Technology, as indicated by the Decree of ETC-MEMR Chairman No. 105K Year 2008 and Decree of BATAN Chairman No. 071 Year 2009. The stakeholders involved are BATAN, BAPETEN, MEMR, Ministry of Research and Technology, Department of Labor and Transmigration, and universities. For the human resources development programme, BATAN and related institutions have sent personnel to Universities (in Indonesia or abroad) to obtain Master/Doctoral Degrees and sent personnel abroad to notable NPP Companies such as General Electric, Westinghouse Companies, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Mitsubishi, Korea Nuclear and Hydro Power (KHNP), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Korea Power Engineering Company (KOPEC) etc. to participate in their NPP design activities. BATAN has established the Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT), which is responsible for the implementation of education and training programmes, especially in the nuclear science and technology related to BATAN’s competency. The development programme is oriented to provide well educated and well trained personnel in the fields of research, development and application of nuclear technology, as well as to promote nuclear science and technology to the public, especially industrial society, through the education and training programme. Moreover, BATAN has also established a higher education institute called College of Nuclear Technology (STTN) based on Presidential Decree No. 71 Year 2001. STTN is an official education institute carrying out nuclear science and technology man-power development programme through carefully crafted four year education. STTN has two majors study programmes namely, Nuclear Techno-Chemistry and Nuclear Techno- Physics. In addition, for human resources development, BATAN has established cooperation with Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, and Bandung Technology Institute in various fields of study. 2.10. Stakeholder Communication

Within the framework of public information and communication, BATAN and the Ministry of Research and Technology have undertaken several activities in public information and education.

Public information and education are carried out for disseminating information on the nuclear power programme to various target audiences, which include parliamentary representatives, government executives, politicians, journalists and editors, social organizations (including women’s associations), local representatives and religious leaders, professional groups (engineers, ecologists, sociologist, culture researchers, artists etc.), schools/universities (schools/universities/colleges, students, teachers, lectures), and the armed forces. The means of disseminating public information and education are through several periodic events including exhibitions, opening events of any nuclear facility of information center involving high ranking officials, visit to nuclear research or power plants for decision makers (parliamentary representatives, civil servant), and for opinion leaders (newspapers, radio, TV), national seminars on nuclear technology and energy, inviting speakers from various domestic and overseas institutions.

In order to survey public perception concerning utilization of NPP in Indonesia, on November 2010, a poll was conducted for the 3,000 respondents in the district /city areas of Java, Madura and Bali with the result that 59.7% of respondents agreed, 26.1% not agreed and 14.2% abstained. After Fukushima’s NPP accident in 2011, a poll was conducted for the 3,000 respondents. Nationally, the result was 49.5% agreed, 35.5% disagreed and 15% abstained. In the year 2012 a poll involved 5.000 respondents and public acceptance increased to 52% agree for the NPP construction. The latest poll in 2013 showed that nationally public acceptance for utilization of NPP in Indonesia increased to become 60.4%.

3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 3.1. Regula tory Framework 3.1.1. Regulatory Authority(s)

Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) is a non-Department Government Institution (LPND) which is under and responsible to the President. BAPETEN has the tasks of implementing the surveillance of all activities involving the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia through regulation, licensing and inspection in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. BAPETEN was founded on May 8, 1998 and began actively working on January 4, 1999.

Role & Responsibility of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN, as an independent regulatory body, has responsibility to ensure that any activity related to the use of any nuclear energy is performed to maintain the safety, security, and peace, as well as the health of the workers and the public, and also the protection of the environment. These are administered by:

1. Drafting and establishing nuclear safety regulations 2. Controlling nuclear installations and nuclear materials through licensing and inspection systems that covered all stages of NPP establishment (from site evaluation to decommissioning stages); 3. Controlling the use of radioactive materials and other radiation sources through licensing and inspection systems.

FIGURE 9. ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE REGULATORY BODY

The primary objective of the regulatory body is to ensure that workers, the public and the environment are protected from possible adverse effects arising from nuclear activity. In order to achieve these objectives, BAPETEN has responsibility in:

1. the rule-making of national policy in the field of the control of nuclear energy utilization; 2. the planning of national programme in the field of the control of nuclear energy utilization; 3. the guidance and the rule-making and the implementation of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and safeguards assessments; 4. the implementation of licensing and inspection to the development and the operation of nuclear reactor, nuclear installation, nuclear material facility, radiation source, and the development of nuclear preparedness; 5. the implementation of co-operation in the field of control of nuclear energy utilization with other Government agencies or organizations either internally or externally to the ; 6. the implementation of safeguards and SSAC (State's system on accounting for and control of nuclear material); 7. the implementation of the guidance and counseling for the effort that related to the safety and health of the worker and the people, and the effort of environmental conservation.

Organization of the Regulatory Body

BAPETEN is headed by a chairman assisted by two deputies and one executive secretariat. It has seven directorates, 2 centres for assessment, three bureaus, and one inspectorate, as shown in Figure 9 above. According to Decree No.01/K-OTK/VIII-1998 the Chairman of BAPETEN shall directly report to the President. 3.1.2. Licensing Process

Based on government Regulation No. 2 in 2014 on Nuclear Installation Licensing and Nuclear Fuel Utilization, instead of Government Regulation No. 43 in 2006, the construction and operation of a nuclear reactor can be performed after obtaining a license from BAPETEN. The license will be issued in the following stages: Site Permit, Construction Permit, Operating Licence, and Decommissioning Permit. There are two procedures for obtaining a license, which are as the follows:

Five stage licensing procedure and evaluation period: 1. Site Permit/Licence (2 years) 2. Construction Permit/Licence (2 years) 3. Commissioning Permit/Licence (1 year) 4. Operating Licence (2 years) 5. Decommissioning Permit (1 years)

The diagram of the Entire Licensing Process is shown in Figure 10 below.

FIGURE 10. DIAGRAM OF THE ENTIRE LICENSING PROCESS

3.2. Main national laws and regulations on nuclear power

The highest regulation level in the hierarchy of regulation in Indonesia is the 1945 Constitution followed by Act, Government Regulation and Presidential Decree, and Ministry/Chairman of BAPETEN. The lowest regulation level is guide and standard.

A number of regulations relating to the NPP establishment have been prepared as follows: ° Act:

1. Act No. 12 Year 2011 on The Establishment of Legislations 2. Act No. 30 Year 2007 on Energy 3. Act No. 25 Year 2007 on Investment 4. Act No. 17 Year 2007 on National Long Term Development Planning 5. Act No. 3 Year 2002 on National Defense 6. Act No. 10 Year 1997 on Nuclear Energy 7. Act No. 9 Year 1997 on Treaty on South East Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 8. Act No. 8 Year 1978 on Ratification of NPT.

° Government Regulation (GR):

1. GR No. 2 Year 2014 on Nuclear Installation Licensing and Nuclear Fuel Utilization. 2. GR No. 54 Year 2012 on The Safety and Security of Nuclear Installations and Nuclear Material 3. GR No. 46 Year 2009 on Limit of Liability for Nuclear Damages 4. GR No. 29 Year 2009 on The Procedures for Determining the Amount, Payment, and Remittance of Payable Non-Tax State Revenues 5. GR No. 27 Year 2009 on the Classification and Tariff of Non-Tax State Revenues for the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency 6. GR No. 29 Year 2008 on the Licensing on the Utilization of Ionizing Radiation Source and Nuclear Material 7. GR No. 33 Year 2007 on the Safety of Ionizing Radiation and the Security of Radioactive Source. 8. GR No. 43 Year 2006 on Nuclear Reactor Licensing 9. GR No. 27 Year 2002 on Radioactive Waste Management 10. GR No. 26 Year 2002 on Safety of Radioactive Material Transport 11. GR No. 63 Year 2000 on Safety and Health concerning Utilization of Ionizing Radiation 12. GR No. 64 Year 2000 on Licensing for Utilizing of Nuclear Energy 13. GR No. 20 Year 1994 on Investment

° Presidential Decree:

1. Presidential Decree No. 74 Year 2012 on Nuclear Damage Liability 2. Presidential Decree No. 85 Year 2010 on the Ratification to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management 3. Presidential Decree No. 46 Year 2009 on the Ratification to the Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 4. Presidential Decree No. 106 Year 2001 on Ratification of Convention on Nuclear Safety 5. Presidential Decree No. 66 Year 1999 on Radiation Risk and Subvention 6. Presidential Decree No. 187 Year 1998 on BATAN and BAPETEN Establishment 7. Presidential Decree No. 82 Year 1993 on Ratification of Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 8. Presidential Decree No. 81 Year 1993 on Ratification of Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident 9. Presidential Decree No. 80 Year 1993 on the Ratification to the Amendment of Article VI of the Statue of the International Atomic Energy Agency 10. Presidential Decree No. 49 Year 1986 on Ratification of Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

° BAPETEN Chairman Regulation (BCR):

1. BCR No. 17 Year 2012 on Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine 2. BCR No. 16 Year 2012 on Clearance Level 3. BCR No. 12 Year 2012 on the Implementation of Electronic System in Respect to the Framework of Indonesia National Single Window in the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency 4. BCR No. 8 Year 2012 on the Reporting of the Analysis to the Safety of Non- Power Reactor 5. BCR No. 7 Year 2012 on Aging Management of Non-Nuclear Reactor Installations 6. BCR No. 6 Year 2012 on the Essential System Design for Computer Based Safety in Power Reactor 7. BCR No. 5 Year 2012 on Safety in Utilization and Modified Non Power Reactor 8. BCR No. 3 Year 2012 on the Management of Non-Tax Revenues in the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency 9. BCR No. 2 Year 2012 on the Protection Against Internal Hazard other than Fires and Explosions in the Design of Nuclear Power Plants 10. BCR No. 1 Year 2012 on the Provision Againts Internal Fires and Explosion in the Design of Nuclear Power Plants 11. BCR No. 10 Year 2011 on the mangement System for Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency 12. BCR No. 9 Year 2011 on the Compliance Test for the X-Ray Radiology Diagnostic 13. BCR No. 8 Year 2011 on the Radiation Safety in the Uses of X-Ray Radiology Diagnostic and Intervention 14. BCR No. 7 Year 2011 on the Design of Emergency Power Supply System for Power Reactor 15. BCR No. 6 Year 2011 on the Decommissioning of Non-Reactor Nuclear Installation 16. BCR No. 5 Year 2011 on the Maintenance Requirements for Non-Power Reactor 17. BCR No. 4 Year 2011 on the Safeguard System 18. BCR No. 3 Year 2011 on the Safety Design of Power Reactor 19. BCR No. 2 Year 2011 on the Safety Requirements for the Operation of Non-Power Reactor 20. BCR No. 1 Year 2011 on the Safety Requirements for the Design of Non-Power Reactor 21. BCR No. 6 Year 2010 on the Health Monitoring for Radiological Workers 22. BCR No. 4 Year 2010 on the Nuclear Energy Facility and Utilization Activity Management System 23. BCR No. 3 Year 2010 on the Design of Handling and Storage System of Nuclear Fuel for Power Reactors 24. BCR No. 1 Year 2010 on Nuclear Emergency Responses and Preparedness 25. BCR No. 9 Year 2009 on Intervention Exposure from Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material 26. BCR No. 7 Year 2009 on Radiation Safety in the Use of Radiography Industry Equipments 27. BCR No. 6 Year 2009 on Radiation Safety in the Utilization of Radioactive Materials and X-Ray and X-Ray for Gauging Equipment 28. BCR No. 5 Year 2009 on Radiation Safety in the Use of Radioactive Materials for Well Logging 29. BCR No 4 Year 2009 on Decommissioning of Nuclear Reactors 30. BCR No 3 Year 2009 on Limiting Condition of Operation for Nuclear Power Plants 31. BCR No 2 Year 2009 on Design Information Questionnaire for Nuclear Installations 32. BCR No 1 Year 2009 on Physical Protection for Nuclear Installations and Nuclear Material 33. BCR No 10 Year 2008 on Certification for Personnel of Nuclear Installations 34. BCR No 9 Year 2008 on Additional Protocol to State System on Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material 35. BCR No 6 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for External Human Induced Events Aspect 36. BCR No 5 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for Meteorology Aspect 37. BCR No 4 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for Aspects of Geotechnics and Power Reactor Foundation 38. BCR No 3 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for Aspects of Determination of Radioactive Material Dispersion in Atmosphere and Aquatic, and Consideration of Population Distribution surrounding the Power Reactor Site vicinity 39. BCR No 2 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for Volcanic Aspect 40. BCR No 1 Year 2008 on Nuclear Power Site Evaluation for Seismicity Aspect 41. BCR No 5 Year 2007 on Safety Guidance on Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Site 42. BCR No 2 Year 2005 on System on Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material 43. BCR No 05-P /Ka-BAPETEN/I-03 Year 2003 on Guidance for Emergency Preparedness Planning 44. BCR No. 04-P/Ka-BAPETEN/I-03 Year 2003 on Guide for Training for Supervisors and Operator of Nuclear Reactors 45. BCR No.01-P/Ka-BAPETEN/VI-99 Year 1999 on Guide for Selection of Nuclear Reactor Site 46. BCR No.07/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 Year 1999 on Quality Assurance for Nuclear Installation 47. BCR No.04/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 Year 1999 on Safety Requirements for Transport of Radioactive Material 48. BCR No.03/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 Year 1999 on Safety Provisions for Radioactive Waste Management 49. BCR No.02/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 Year 1999 on Limit Values for Radioactivity in Environment 50. BCR No.01/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 Year 1999 on Working Safety Provision against Radiation.

REFERENCES

[1] Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2012, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, www.esdm.go.id [2] Statistic of Indonesia, BPS-Statistics Indonesia, www.bps.go.id [3] Statistic of Electricity, National Electricity Company, PT PLN, www.pln.co.id [4] Statistics of Electricity, Directorate General of Electricity, www.djlpe.esdm.go.id [4] Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI), www.bappenas.go.id [5] Nuclear Regulations and Legislations, www.bapeten.go.id [6] About Batan, http://www.batan.go.id/profil.php [7] Self-Evaluation of The Status of Indonesia Nuclear Infrastructure Development Report, National Nuclear Energy Agency (Batan), Jakarta, October 2009 [8] Blueprint of Human Resources Development for Nuclear Power Programme 2012- 2025, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta, December 2010 (in Indonesia language)

Appendix 1: International, Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements

A. Convention and Treaty

STATUS ADOPTED NO. TITLE SIGNED REMARKS /ENTRY INTO /RATIFIED FORCE IAEA 1. Statute of the International Open Signature: Ratified through Act No. 25 year 1957 on Atomic Energy Agency 26 October 1956 Act No. 25 year the Agreement of the 1957 on July 22, Government of the 1957 Republic of Indonesia on the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency 2. Convention on the Privileges and Ratified through Presidential Decree No. 51 Immunities of the United Nation, Presidential year 1969 on the 1946 Decree No. 51 Ratification on the year 1969 on Convention on Privileges July 24, 1969 and Immunities Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies, 1947

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Atomic Energy Agency 3. An Amendment of Article VI of Ratified through Act No. 2 year 1973 on The the Statute of the International Act No. 2 year Agreement of the Atomic Energy Agency 1973 on January Government of the 12, 1973 Republic of Indonesia to the Amendment of Article VI of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency Non –proliferatio n 4. Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Adopted: 12 June Ratified through Act No. 8 year 1978 on the Nuclear Weapons 1968 Entered into Act No. 8 year Treaty on the Non- force: 5 March 1978 on Proliferation of Nuclear 1970 December 18, Weapons 1978 4.a. Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of the Safeguards on Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. 4.b. Protocol Additional to the Ratified on Agreement between the Republic October 29, of Indonesia and the International 1999 Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 5. Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon - Adopted: 15 Ratifi ed through Free Zone Treaty (Treaty December 1995 Act No. 9 year Bangkok) Entered into 1997 force: 27 March 1997 Nuclear Security 6. Convention on the Physical Adopted: 3 March Ratified through Protection of Nuclear Material 1980 Entered into Presidential force: 8 February Decree No.49 1987 year 1986 6.a. Amendment to the Convention on Adopted: 8 July Currently in an inter - the Physical Protection of Nuclear 2005. Entered departmental review Material into force: not yet process 7. Comprehensive Nuclear Test -Ban Adopted: 10 Signature : 10 In order for this treaty to Treaty September 1996. September 1996 be effective, Indonesia as Entered into one of the 44 countries has force: not yet to ratify this treaty. However, until recently it has not been ratified. Nuclear Safety and Emergency Response

8. Convention on Early Notification Adopted: 26 Ratified through of a Nuclear Accident September 1986 Presidential Entered into Decree No. 81 force: 27 October year 1993 1986 9. Convention on Assistance in the Adopted: Ratified through Case of a Nuclear Accident or September 26, Presidential Radiological Emergency 1986. Entered Decree No. 82 into force: year 1993 February 26, 1987 10. Convention on Nuclear Safety Adopted: June 17 , Ratified through 1994 Entered into Presidential force: February Decree No. 106 26, 1987 year 2001 11. Joint Convention on the Safety of Adopted: 5 Signature : 6 Spent Fuel Management and the September 1997 October 1997 Safety of Radio Active Waste Entered into Management force: June 18, 2001

Liability and Compensation for Nuclear Damage 12. Vienna Convention on Civil Adopted: 21 May Liability for Nuclear Damage 1963 Entered into force: November 12, 1977 13. Protocol to amend the Vienna Adopted: Signature : 6 Convention on Civil Liability for September 12, October 1997 Nuclear Damage 1997. Entered into force: 4 October 2003 14. Convention on Supplementary Adopted: Signature : 6 Compensation for Nuclear September 12, October 1997 Damage 1997. Entered into force: not yet

B. Bilateral Agreements

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

• Agreement for Cooperation between The United States of America and The Republic of Indonesia Concerning Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, a G to G cooperation signed on June 30, 1980. • Extended through, • Protocol Amending the Agreement for Cooperation Between The Government of The United States of America concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, signed in Jakarta, February 20, 2004 effective until December 31, 2031. • Memorandum of Understanding between BATAN and Westinghouse Electric Corporation on The AP600, signed on October 27, 1989. • Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) BATAN-GE Nuclear Energy, USA and Mitsui & Company Limited , signed on November 8, 1990. • Letter of Understanding Batan Participation in SBWR Program, signed on March 27, 1991. • Arrangement between The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) and The Indonesian National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN) for Cooperation in Nuclear Safety Matters, signed on October 28, 1992. • Arrangement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and Government of The United States of America and The IAEA for The Transfer of Enriched Uranium for a Research Reactor in Indonesia (Fourth Supply Agreement), signed on January 15, 1993. • Arrangement between The International Atomic Energy Agency and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the United States of America concerning The Transfer of Enriched Uranium for the Fabrication of Targets to the Production of Radioisotopes for Medical Purpose (Project and Supply Agreement), signed on January 15, 1993. • Program Participant Agreement between Westinghouse Electric Corporation and National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN), signed on November 24, 1994. • Program Participant Agreement BATAN-Westinghouse Electric Company signed on November 24, 1994. • Nuclear Power Plant Technology Development Agreement between Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional and General Electric Company, signed on March 24, 1995. • Agreement between General Electric Company and National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia for the on-the-job-Training (OJT) Under the ABWR First-of-a-Kind Engineering (FOAKE) Programme, signed on April 11, 1995. • Nuclear Power Plant Technology Development Agreement between Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional and General Electric Company, signed on April 13, 1995. • Agreement for Join Study on the Application of an Advance Boiling Water Reactor in The Republic of Indonesia between BATAN (National Atomic Energy Agency) and The General Electric Company in Cooperation with Hitachi, Ltd, Mitsui & Co., Ltd and Toshiba Corporation, signed on Augusts 16, 1996. • Contract No. DE-G109-99-Sr18920 between the United States Departement of Energy Savannah River Operation Office and National Atomic Energy Agency Center for Multipurpose Reactor Republic of Indonesia Terms and Conditions for the Acceptance of Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel at the Savannah River Site. signed on December 14, 1998

AUSTRALIA: • Agreement between Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of Australia Concerning Cooperation in Nuclear Science and Technology, signed on November 11, 1997. • Memorandum of Understanding between The Government of The Republic Indonesia and The Government of Australia relating to the Nuclear Technical Assistance Project in Indonesia, signed on February 19, 1988. • Safeguards-in-Confidence Proposed Collaboration on the Further Development of Remote Monitoring Techniques in Support of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), signed on Augusts 4, 1998. • Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of Australia for Cooperation in Science Research and Technological Development, signed on July 11, 2005. • MOU by and between National Nuclear Energy Agency (Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional) and PT. Jawa Energy and Resources regarding Uranium Exsploration in Kotabaru – Ransa, Kalimantan. signed on May 15, 2006 • “Memorandum of Understanding Between The National Nuclear Energy agency and The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization on Cooperative Programme in Nuclear Science and Technology. signed on December 15, 2010

CANADA: • Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of Canada Concerning the Peaceful Uses of The Nuclear Energy, a G to G cooperation signed on July 12, 1982. • Memorandum of Agreement between National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN) and The Atomic Control Board of Canada, signed on November 14, 1994. • Memorandum of Agreement between Atomic of Canada Limited (AECL) and National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN), signed on November 21, 1995. • Technical Cooperation Agreement between National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN) and Atomic Energy Agency of Canada Limited/Energie Atomique Du Canada Limitee, signed on January 17, 1996. • Administrative Arrangement between The Indonesia Atomic Energy Agency and Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada for Technical Cooperation and Exchange of Information in Nuclear Regulatory Matters, signed on January 17, 1996. • Design Attachment Letter of Understanding BATAN-AECL for the Purposes of Familiarization with the Design of Canada, signed on December 7, 1998. • “Computer Code Licensing Agreement between AECL and BATAN ” Transfer of Cathena Code to BATAN, signed on June 11, 1999. GERMANY: • Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of The Federal Republic of Germany on Cooperation Regarding the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, a G to G cooperation signed on July 14, 1976. • Agreement between Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional and Kernforschungsanlage Julich Gmbh, signed on January 22, 1987. • Memorandum of Understanding BATAN-Siemens AG signed on Augusts 18, 1992. FRANCE: • Agreement between The Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional and Rhecommisariat a L’energie Atomique Concerning Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes, a G to G cooperation signed on April 2, 1980. • Memorandum of Understanding BATAN/SGN, signed on April 4, 1996. Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia and La Socite Generale Pour Les Techniques Nouvelles (Identify Issues and the Creation of the Joint Venture), signed on April 4, 1996. ITALY: • Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of The Republic of Italy on Cooperation Regarding the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, a G to G cooperation signed on March 17, 1980. • First Arrangement between Batan and CNEN on Implementation of the Agreement between the Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of The Republic of Italy on Cooperation Regarding The Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. signed on October 9, 1980 • Memorandum Of Understanding Between Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional and Italian Commission for Nuclear and Alternative Energy Sources (ENEA) signed on July 3, 1987 • Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of The Italian Republic on Scientific and Technological Cooperation” signed on October 20, 1997

JAPAN:

• Agreement between The Government of The Republic of Indonesia and The Government of Japan on Scientific and Technological Cooperation, signed on January 12, 1980. • Agreement between MITSUI & Co. Ltd., Japan and National Atomic Energy of Indonesia regarding the Participation of BATAN on the Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR) Program, January March 27, 1991. • Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) Muria Consortium (MURIA) and PT. Citacinas, signed on March 13, 2000 in Jakarta. • Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Batan and Mitsubishi for a Joint Study On 1000 MWe Class PWR, signed on November 21, 1997. • Arrangement on Collaborative Research in Neutron Science and Technology between the Center for Research and Development of Materials Science and Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (P3IB-BATAN) Indonesia and the Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KENS-KEK), Japan. signed on June 12, 2003 • Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between BATAN and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. on Strengthening Cooperation Relationship through Exchange of Information for the Successful Introduction of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia, signed on July 14, 2006. • Arrangement between the National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan in the Field of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. signed on May 25, 2007 • Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan on Cooperation in the Promotion of Nuclear Power Development. signed on November 22, 2007 • Memorandum of Understanding between Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional and Mitshubishi Heavy Industries, ltd on Strengthening Cooperation Relationship through Exchange of Information for the Successful Introduction of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia. signed on November 11, 2010 in Jakarta • Amendment to Arrangement between the National Nuclear Energy Agency, Indonesia and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan in the Field of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy”. signed on Japan April 11, 2012 & on Indonesia April 17, 2012

KOREA: • Agreement between The Government of The Republic Indonesia and The Government of The Republic of Korea for The Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy , a G to G cooperation signed on December 4, 2006 in Jakarta and in the process of ratification by the Government of Indonesia. • Agreement between the National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia and the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, signed on April 7, 1995 in Taejon, Republic of Korea. • Cooperation for 1997/1998 between National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN) and Korea Electric Power Corporation, signed on July 11, 1997. • Memorandum of Understanding between the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) of the Republic of Indonesia and the Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. (KHNP) of the Republic Korea for the Cooperation on the Nuclear Power Development in Indonesia, signed on February 6, 2004. • “Agreement for Technical Cooperation on Neutron Scattering by Utilization of research Reactors between Center for Technology of Nuclear Industrial Materials of The National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) and Neutron Science Division, Basic Science and Technology Department of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)”. Signed on 2008 • Memorandum of Understanding between the Center for Accelerator and Material Process Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (PTAPB-BATAN), Indonesia and Research Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (RIRAMS-KIRAMS), Korea on Cooperation on the Development of Cyclotron Technology for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)”. Signed on January 2011) • “Memorandum of Understanding the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) of the Republic of Indonesia and the Korea Electric Power Cooperation (KEPCO) of the Republic of Korea for Cooperation on the Development of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy”. Signed on March 2012

RUSSIA: • Agreement between The Government of The Republic Indonesia and The Government of The Russian Federation on the Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy , a G to G cooperation signed on December 1, 2006 in Moscow, Russia, and ratified by the Government of Indonesia in 2011. JORDAN • “Memorandum of Understanding between the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) of the Republic of Indonesia and the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan concerning the Development of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy” (Signed on 1 November 2012)

C. Technical Co-operation with IAEA in the Field of Nuclear Power Development

Project 1st Year of Title Number Approval INS/9/012 Nuclear Power Plant Sitting 1988 INS/9/013 Strengthening Nuclear Safety Infrastructure 1989 INS/4/028 Support for the First Nuclear Power Plant 1993 INS/9/021 NPP Site Confirmation and Structural Safety 1997 INS/0/015 Human Resource Development and Nuclear 1999 Technology Support INS/0/016 Comparative Assessment of Different Energy Sources 2001 for Electricity Generation INS/0/017 Human Resource Development And Nuclear 2003 Technology Support INS/4/033 Preparation for a Nuclear Power Plant 2005-2008 INS/4/034 Feasibility Study for Nuclear Desalination Plant 2005-2006 Construction INS/4/035 Preparation of Regulations, Codes, Guides and 2005-2006 Standards for a Nuclear Power Plant INS/0/017 Human Resources Development and Nuclear 2005-2006 Technology Support EBP-ASIA- Extra Budgetary Program on the Safety of Nuclear 2000-2004 178 installations in South East Asia, Pacific and Far East Asia INS/4/036 Supporting the Preparation of Regulatory Control for 2009 Nuclear Power Plant INS/7/005 Developing a Radioecology and Marine Environment 2009 Programme in Muria Peninsula INS/4/033 Preparation for a Nuclear Power Plant. Objectives: To 2005-2008 enhance national capacity for preparation and introduction of a nuclear power plant (NPP). Field: (4V) Nuclear Power Plant Planning and Pre- Operational Support

Appendix 2: Main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear power related activities

1. Directorate General for New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Jl. Pegangsaan Timur No.1, Menteng, Jakarta 10320 Tel. +62-21-31924546, fax. +62-21-31924546 www.ebtke.esdm.go.id 2. Directorate General for Electricity Jl. H.R Rasuna Said, kav 06 & 07, Blok X2, Kuningan, Jakarta 12950 Tel. +62-21-5225180, fax. +62-21-5256044 www.djlpe.esdm.go.id 3. Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN) Jl. Kuningan Barat, Mampang Prapatan, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia PO Box 4390 Jakarta 12043 Ph. +62-21-5251109, Fax. +62-21-5251110 www.batan.go.id 4. Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN) Jl. Gajah Mada No. 8, PO. Box 4005 Jakarta 10040 Indonesia Ph. (021) 6385 8269 - 70, Fax. (021) 6385 8275 www.bapeten.go.id 5. Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir (STTN) Jl. Babarsari POB 6101 YKBB, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia Ph. +62-274-484085, Fax. +62-274-489715 www.sttn-batan.ac.id 6. Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Jl. Tamansari 64, Bandung 40116 Indonesia Tel/fax. +62-22-250 0935 Campus: Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132 www.itb.ac.id 7. Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada (UGM) Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Ph./Fax. 062-274-580882 http://tf.ugm.ac.id

Contact person:

Mr S. Superman Center for Nuclear Energy Development National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN)

Jl. Kuningan Barat, Mampang Prapatan, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia PO Box 4390 Jakarta 12043

Email: [email protected]