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WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices by Joan Burton

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WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices by Joan Burton WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices by Joan Burton Table of Contents Page Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………. i List of Tables and Figures ………………………………………………….…………………………….. iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………………….. v Executive Summary ..……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Why Develop a Healthy Workplace Framework? …………..…………………………….. 5 A. It is The Right Thing To Do: Business Ethics ………….………..……………..…….. 5 B. It is The Smart Thing To Do: The Business Case ……..……………………………. 6 C. It is the Legal Thing to Do: The Law…………………………………………………… 7 D. Why a Global Framework?……………………………….…………………………….. 7 Chapter 2: History of Global Efforts To Improve Worker Health ……………………………….…..... 11 Chapter 3: What Is a Healthy Workplace? ………………………………….……………………….…. 15 A. General Definitions ………………………………………….……………………..…... 15 B. The WHO Definition of a Healthy Workplace………………………………………… 16 C. Regional Approaches To Healthy Workplaces ……………………………………... 17 1. Regional Office For Africa (AFRO) …………………..………………….…... 17 2. Regional Office For the Americas (AMRO) …………...……………………. 17 3. Regional Office For the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO)…………………. 20 4. Regional Office For Europe (EURO) ………………………….…………….. 21 5. Regional Office For South-East Asia (SEARO)……………….……………. 22 6. Regional Office For the Western Pacific (WPRO).…………….…………... 23 Chapter 4: Interrelationships of Work, Health and Community……………………………………….. 25 A. How Work Affects the Health of Workers ……………………………..………..…… 25 1. Work Influences Physical Safety and Health..…………………..……….… 25 2. Work Affects Mental Health and Well-Being……………………..………… 28 3. Interrelationships…………………………………………………………….... 32 4. The Positive Impact of Work on Health ……………………………………. 33 B. How Worker Health Affects the Enterprise………………..………………………..... 34 1. Accidents and Acute Injuries Affect the Enterprise ……………………...... 34 2. The Physical Health of Workers Affects the Enterprise …….………......... 35 3. The Mental Health of Workers Affects the Enterprise……........................ 36 C. How Worker Health and the Community Are Interrelated …………………………. 37 Chapter 5: Evaluating Interventions …………………………………..………………………………… 41 A. The Cochrane Collaboration ………………………………………………………….. 41 B. General Evaluation Criteria ……………………………………………………………. 41 C. Grey Literature ………………………………………………………………………….. 43 D. The Precautionary Principle …………………………………………………………... 43 E. Interrelatedness of Worker Participation and Evaluation Evidence ………………. 44 F. Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions ………………………………… 44 Chapter 6: Evidence For Interventions That Make Workplaces Healthier ….……………………….. 47 A. Evidence For Effectiveness of Occupational Health & Safety Interventions ..……. 47 B. Evidence For Effectiveness of Psychosocial/Organizational Culture Interventions 49 C. Evidence For Effectiveness of Personal Health Resources in the Workplace …… 51 D. Evidence For Effectiveness of Enterprise Involvement in the Community ............. 55 i Chapter 7: The Process: How To Create a Healthy Workplace …………………………………........ 59 A. Continual Improvement Process Models ………………………………………….…. 59 B. Are Continual Improvement/OSH Management Systems Effective? ………….….. 61 C. Key Features of the Continual Improvement Process in Health & Safety………… 62 1. Leadership Engagement based on Core Values ……………………………….. 62 2. Involve Workers and their Representatives……………………………………… 62 3. Gap Analysis………………………………………………………………….…….. 63 4. Learn from Others………………………………………………………………….. 64 5. Sustainability………………………………………………………………….…….. 64 D. The Importance of Integration ………………………………………………………… 65 Chapter 8: Global Legal and Policy Context of Workplace Health…………………………………… 69 A. Standards-setting Bodies…………………………………………………………….. 70 B. Global Status of Occupational Health & Safety……………………………………… 72 C. Workers’ Compensation ……………………………………………………………….. 73 D. Trade Union Legislation …………………………………………………………..…… 75 E. Employment Standards……………….…………….……………………………….… 76 F. Psychosocial Hazards …………………………………………...……………………. 78 G. Personal Health Resources in the Workplace ………………...……….………….. 79 H. Enterprise Involvement in the Community ………………………………………….. 80 I. The Informal Economic Sector ………………………………………………………. 81 Chapter 9: The WHO Framework and Model..…………………………...……………………………. 82 A. Avenues of Influence for a Healthy Workplace …………………………………….. 83 1. The Physical Work Environment ………………………………………………...... 84 2. The Psychosocial Work Environment …………………………………………….. 85 3. Personal Health Resources in the Workplace ………………………………….. 86 4. Enterprise Community Involvement……………………………………………….. 87 B. Process For Implementing a Healthy Workplace Programme …………………….. 89 1. Mobilize……………………………………………………………………………… 89 2. Assemble…………………………………….……………………………………… 90 3. Assess…………………………………………………………..…………………… 90 4. Prioritize……………………………………………………………………………… 92 5. Plan…………………………………………………………………………………… 93 6. Do…………………………………………………………………………………….. 94 7. Evaluate……………………………………………………………………………… 94 8. Improve……………………………………………………………………………… 96 C. Graphical Depiction …………………………………………………………………...... 96 D. Basic Occupational Health Services – the Link ……………………………………… 96 E. The Broader Context ………………………………………………………………….... 97 F. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………. 98 Annex 1: Acronyms Used in this Document …………………………………………………..………… 99 Annex 2: Glossary of Terms and Phrases .………………………………………………………..…….. 101 Endnotes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108 i NOTE ABOUT THE INSERTED QUOTATIONS: Throughout this document there are numerous quotations inserted in text boxes on the pages. Each has a designation at the bottom as “Interview #xx [Country], [Profession]” These are quotations taken from the transcription of 44 interviews with global professionals from various disciplines, carried out for WHO by Stephanie Mia McDonald, Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, during July and August, 2009. ii Tables and Figures List of Figures Page Figure ES1 WHO Healthy Workplace Model: Avenues of Influence, Process and Core Principles ……………. 3 Figure 1.1 The Business Case in a Nutshell ………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Figure 2.1 Timeline of Global Workplace Health Evolution …………………………………………………………. 14 Figure 4.1 American Institute of Stress Traumatic Accident Model ……………………………............................ 26 Figure 4.2 Relationship Between Health and Wealth …………………………………………………..…………… 40 Figure 9.1 WHO Four Avenues of Influence ………………………………………………………………………….. 83 Figure 9.2 WHO Model of Healthy Workplace Continual Improvement Process ……………............................. 89 Figure 9.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ……………………………………………………………………………… 93 Figure 9.4 WHO Healthy Workplace Model: Avenues of Influence, Process and Core Principles……………… 97 List of Tables and Boxes Table 4.1 Work-Related Symptoms of Common Mental Disorders ………………………………......................... 37 Table 4.2 Work-Family Conflict Effects On Worker Health, the Enterprise and Society ……………….………... 39 Table 6.1 Evidence for Effectiveness of Occupational Health & Safety Interventions …………………………… 48 Table 6.2 Evidence for Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions …………………………………….………… 50 Table 6.3 Evidence for Effectiveness of Personal Health Resource Interventions in the Workplace …………... 52 Table 6.4 Examples of Enterprise Involvement in the Community….…………………………………..…………... 57 Table 7.1 Comparison of Continual Improvement/OSH Management Systems ……………………………..…… 60 Box 7.1 Learn from Others: WISE, WIND and WISH …………………………………………………….…………. 65 Table 8.1 Countries Classified By National Economic Level And Labour Market Policies …………………….… 70 Table 8.2 Percent of Countries in WHO Regions That Have Ratified Selected ILO Conventions …………….… 71 Table 8.3 ILO Workers’ Compensation Conventions and Ratifications ……………………………………...…….. 74 Table 8.4 Comparison of Selected Workers’ Compensation Features in USA, Canada, Australia ……............. 75 Table 8.5 Work and the Protection of Workers’ Health in Wealthy and Poor Countries, 1880-2007. …............ 77 Table 9.1 Application of WHO Continual Improvement Process in Large and Small Enterprises ….…………… 95 iii Acknowledgements This document was written by Joan Burton, , BSc, RN, MEd. Joan Burton is a Strategy Advisor for the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, Canada. The following individuals who made up the Project Working Group worked closely with Joan Burton on the development of this document: Evelyn Kortum, Global Project Coordinator, WHO, Occupational Health, Switzerland PK Abeytunga, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, Canada Fernando Coelho, Serviço Social da Indústria, Brazil Aditya Jain, Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, United Kingdom Marie Claude Lavoie, World Health Organization, AMRO, USA Stavroula Leka, Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, United Kingdom Manisha Pahwa, World Health Organization, AMRO, USA Thanks are also due to the diligent and thoughtful comments provided by the Peer Reviewers: Said Arnaout, World Health Organization, EMRO, Egypt Janet Asherson, International Employers Organization, Switzerland Linn I. V. Bergh, Industrial Occupational Hygiene Association, and Statoil, Norway Joanne Crawford, Institute of Occupational Medicine, UK Reuben Escorpizo, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Switzerland Marilyn Fingerhut, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, USA Fintan Hurley, Institute of Occupational Medicine, UK Alice Grainger Gasser, World
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