“Voices of Syria” Vera Mironova University of Maryland Project Loubna Mrie Syria
Sam Whitt High Point University Overview
• Presentation includes recent interviews of ex-combatant Free Syrian Army (FSA) rebel fighters now living in Turkey. • We compare attitudes and opinions of former FSA fighters to active FSA fighters inside Syria, non-combatant refugee populations currently living in Turkey.
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Methodology
• Unknown population parameters and security concerns preclude random sampling • We rely on non-probability, cluster sampling • No more than 5 per cluster, 1 per household • Interviews in Aleppo and Idlib (August- December 2013) • Interviews in Turkey (January 2013- April 2014) • N = 250
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Demographics Respondents Age Group
44.2
39.0
30.2 27.1 26.6 26.8 24.5 22.1 22.0
16.3 13.5
9.3
Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter 16-21 22-30 31-40 41-60 "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Respondents Education Levels
46.0 46.7 45.0 44.0
38.0 34.0
28.0
10.0 8.3
0.0
Refugees Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugees Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugees Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugees Fighter Ex-Fighter None Primary Secondary Higher
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Occupation Before War (Fighters) Q: What type of work were you doing before the war began ? Student 35.59 Unemployed 13.56 Unskilled manual worker 3.39 Semi-skilled manual worker 1.69 Skilled manual worker 6.78 Non-manual - office worker 1.69 Supervisory - office worker 1.69 Professional worker 27.12 Employer/ manager of an establishment 6.78 Employer/ manager of a big establishment 1.69
Occupation Before the War (Ex-Fighters) Q: What type of work were you doing before the war began ?
Student 30.23 Unemployed 18.6 Member of armed forces 4.65 Skilled manual worker 23.26 Professional worker 11.63 Employer/ manager of an establishment 4.65 Employer/ manager of a big establishment 6.98
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Displacement Time at Current Location Q: How long have you been in the location where you are currently living/seeking shelter?
Refugees 4.0 4.0 2.0 42.0 26.0 22.0
Fighters 1.6 14.1 29.7 21.9 29.7 3.1
Ex- 2.3 16.3 37.2 7.0 37.2 Fighters
Less then a week 1–3 weeks 1-3 months 3-6 months 6-12 months 1-2 years More than 2 years
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Displacement by Conflict Q: How many times have you moved since the war began?
Refugees Fighter Ex-Fighter
50.0
37.2 34.8 32.7
27.8 27.3
16.4 13.9 11.1 7.3 6.9 6.9 7.2 5.6 5.6 5.4 1.8
0 1234 56 # times moved
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Displacement of Family Members Q: Where are most of your immediate family members now ?
Refugees Ex-Fighters 66
58.14
41.86
34
Most still in Syria Most now outside of Syria
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Cross-Border Migration Q: How often have you returned to Syria ?
48.8 Refugees Ex-Fighters
34.8 34
30
20
16 13.9
2.3
Never Once Twice Three times or more
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Self-Reported Reasons for Leaving Syria Q: Why did you decide to leave Syria? (Indicate all that apply)
Refugees Ex-Fighters
86.1
69.8
53.5 48.0 44.0 46.0 40.0 40.0
30.0 32.0 26.2 28.0 25.6 24.0 20.9 16.2 14.0 12.0 9.3
Too People My family My friends Most of my The costs of Government Rebels took I had no Government I ran out of dangerous threatened convinced convinced neighbors living in forces took control over other place forces money and to stay in me to leave me to leave me to leave also left Syria control over my town inside Syria destroyed therefore Syria became to my town to stay my home couldn’t high stay in Syria
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Self-Reported Main Reason for Leaving Syria Q:What is the most important reason for you to leave Syria ?
Refugees Ex-Fighters
48.8 48.0 46.0 44.0 40.0 40.0
32.0 30.0 28.0 25.6 24.0
14.0 12.0
7.0 7 4.7 4.7 2.3
Too People My family My friends Most of my The costs of Government Rebels took I had no Government I ran out of dangerous threatened convinced convinced neighbors living in forces took control over other place forces money and to stay in me to leave me to leave me to leave also left Syria control over my town inside Syria destroyed therefore Syria became to my town to stay my home couldn’t high stay in Syria
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Likelihood of Returning to Syria Q: When do you think you will be able to return to Syria ? Refugees Ex-Fighters
41.9 42.0
22.0 20.9 20.0 18.6 16.0 14.0
4.7
0.0
In a few weeks In a few months In a year More than a year Never "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Expectations of Returning to Syria Q: Please indicate whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree of disagree with the following statement?
Strongly agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
Ex-Fighter 20.9 14.0 20.9 44.2 Syria Refugees 14.0 18.0 26.0 42.0 I have no desire no I have to ever return to return ever to
Ex-Fighter 44.2 32.6 7.0 16.3 future for the for It is too is It Refugees 51.0 26.5 22.5 foreseeable dangerous to dangerous return to Syria to return
Ex-Fighter 25.6 18.6 25.6 30.2
Refugees 53.1 20.4 14.3 12.2 I would like like to I would soon as possible as soon return to Syria Syria as to return
Ex-Fighter 41.9 34.9 11.6 11.6
Refugees 68.0 14.0 12.0 6.0 other options other I feel I have have no I I feel but to stay here stay to but "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Safety and Security Reliance on Others for Safety and Security Q: How much confidence do you have in the following to help keep you safe?
Strongly agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
Refugees 78.0 14.0 8.0
Ex-Fighters 58.14 16.28 13.95 11.63
Refugees 62.0 18.0 18.0 2.0
Ex-Fighters 44.2 9.3 9.3 37.2 Local leaders Friends Family
religious Refugees 50.0 8.3 29.2 12.5
Ex-Fighters 37.2 27.9 18.6 16.3 Local leaders political Refugees 38.0 28.0 26.0 8.0
Ex-Fighters 76.7 9.3 9.3 4.7
Refugees 62.0 14.0 20.0 4.0
Ex-Fighters 30.2 16.3 9.3 44.2
Refugees 52.0 22.0 14.0 12.0 Aid groups Aid police Local "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Assessment of Current Conditions Q: Compared to 12 months ago, do you think conditions here have:
Got a lot worse Got a little worse Stayed the same Got a little better Got a lot better
Ex-Fighters 51.2 4.7 44.2
Refugees 4.0 8.0 58.0 8.0 22.0
Expectations for the Future Q: And over the next 12 months, do you expect conditions here to ... ?
Get a lot worse Get a little worse Stay the same Get a little better Get a lot better
Ex-Fighters 14.0 9.3 32.6 7.0 37.2
Refugees 10.0 28.0 42.0 6.0 14.0
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Rebel Recruitment Reasons Given for Joining Rebel Groups (Fighters) Q: If you are currently fighting or have fought with the FSA or any other group in the past, why did you join? (select all that apply, % selecting each option) 83.9 71.9 72.4 63.2 50.9 53.6
17.5 10.5 5.2 0.0
For money Forced by To be Family All friends Inspired by Support the To defeat To defend my To take a others respected pressure had joined others group’s goals Assad community revenge against Assad
Reasons Given for Joining Rebel Groups (Ex-Fighters) Q: If you are currently fighting or have fought with the FSA or any other group in the past, why did you join? (select all that apply, % selecting each option)
93.0 93.0 86.1 69.8 74.4 58.1
7.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
For money Forced by To be To get Family To defend To defeat Support the To take a All friends Inspired by others respected combat pressure my Assad group’s goals revenge had joined others training community against Assad
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Main Reason Given for Joining Rebel Groups (Fighters) 46.3 Q: And what was the most important reason? (%)
18.5 11.1 13.0
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.7
Inspired by Family pressure To be Forced by All friends had To defeat To defend my Support the To take a others respected others joined Assad community group’s goals revenge against Assad
Main Reason Given for Joining Rebel Groups (Ex-Fighters) Q: And what was the most important reason? (%) 50.0
26.0
10.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
To defeat Family To be Forced by Inspired by To take a All friends had To defend my Support the Assad pressure respected others others revenge joined community group’s goals against Assad "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt 53.5 Reasons Given for Leaving Rebel Groups (Ex-Fighters) Q: Why are you no longer fighting ? (select all that apply, % selecting each option) 44.0
34.9 36.0 28.0 24.0
16.3 14.0 8.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
I do not have Too old or Fighting was Do not The risks of Fighting was Family Have to take Wounded, Lack of Lack of I felt it was combat skills not in good too support dying in the not worth pressure care of family not able to teamwork in discipline in impossible to health emotionally rebeles goals war the risks I fight the group the group win stressful anymore outweigh the was taking benefits of victory
Main Reason Given for Leaving Rebel Groups (Ex-Fighters) Q: And what was the most important reason? (%) 44
16.0 14.0 12.0
2.33 2.33 4.0 4.0 0.00 0.00 0.00
I do not have Too old or Fighting was The risks of Fighting was Lack of Do not Have to take Wounded, Lack of I felt it was combat skills not in good too dying in the not worth teamwork in support care of family not able to discipline in impossible to health emotionally war outweigh the risks I the group rebeles goals fight the group win stressful the benefits was taking anymore of victory "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Likelihood of Returning to Combat (Ex-Fighters only) Q: Do you think you will ever fight again ?
48.8
27.9
18.6
4.7
Definitely yes Probably yes Probably not Definitely not
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt 79.1 81.4 Reasons Given for Why Others Joined FSA (Ex-Fighters only) Q: Why do you think others joined FSA ? (select all that apply, % selecting each option) 67.4 69.8
48.8 44.2
23.26
9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
For money Forced by To be Family To get To fight for To defeat All friends To defend Support the Inspired by To take a others respected pressure combat Islam Assad had joined my group’s others revenge training community goals against Assad Reasons Given for why others joined FSA (Refugees only) 88.0 Q: Why do you think others joined FSA ? (select all that apply, % selecting each option) 76.0
58.0 50.0 52.0 40.0 34 24.0 18.0
0.0 0.0 2.0
Forced by To be For money To get Family To fight for To defend All friends To defeat Inspired by Support the To take a others respected combat pressure Islam my had joined Assad others group’s revenge training community goals against Assad "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Religion Importance of religion Q: In general, how important are your religious beliefs to you in your daily life ?
Refugees Rebel Fighters Ex-Fighters
48.8 46.0 43.3
40.0
33.3
20.9 20.9 18.3
14.0
9.3
5.0
0.0
Very important Somewhat important Somewhat unimportant Not at all important
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Change in Religiocity Since the Begining of the War Q: Since the war started do you think you have become more religious, less religious, or are about the same ?
Refugees Rebel Fighters Ex-Fighters
54 55.0 51.2 48.8
36.7
30
16
8.3
0
More religious About the same Less religious "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Salience of Sectarian Divisions Q: In general, how close do you feel to people of your religion compared to other people in Syria ? Refugees Rebel Fighters Ex-Fighters
51.16 50
43.3
36.7 37.21
26 24
20
11.63
Much closer Closer in some ways but not in others No real difference
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Role of Religion in Syria's Future Politics Q: In your opinion, what role should religion play in Syrian politics in the future ?
Very important Somewhat important role Not very important role No role at all
Rebel Fighters 53.3 33.3 13.3
Ex-Fighter 58.1 7.0 25.6 9.3
Refugee 46.9 16.3 36.7
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Political views Views of Other Countries Q: Please tell me if you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or vey unfavorable view of the following:
Very Unfavorable Somewhat unfavorable Somewhat favorable Very Favorable
Ex-Fighters 9.3 20.93 16.28 53.49 Saudi
Arabia Refugees 12 10 20 58
Ex-Fighters 30.23 18.6 20.93 30.23
Fighters 51.7 18.3 13.3 16.7
Refugees 42.0 18.0 28.0 12.0
Ex-Fighters 100.0
Fighters 89.7 8.6 1.7
Refugees 98.0 2.0
Ex-Fighters 100.0
Fighters 88.1 11.9
Refugees 100.0
Ex-Fighters 2.0 8.2 10.2 79.6
Fighters 8.3 8.3 20.0 63.3
Refugees 2.0 8.2 10.2 79.6
Ex-Fighters 22.0 28.0 26.0 24.0
Fighters 51.7 18.3 15.0 15.0 NATO Turkey Iran RussiaStates United Refugees 22.0 28.0 26.0 24.0
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Negotations with Assad Q: Tell me whether you strongly support, somewhat support, or strongly oppose the following (%)
Strongly support somewhat support somewhat oppose Strongly oppose
4.08 2.6 5.3
13.2 20.4 21.1 18.0 24.4 26.5 26.5 24.5 35.9 23.7 32.7 32.0 41.0 37.5 36.7 24.7 46.9 5.1 54.0 26.3 22.0 2.0 23.7 22.0 32.7 14.3 8 26.5 26.3 23.2 26.5 36.7 29.6 17.9 21.1 26.0 17.5 23.7 4.0 16.3 6.0 17.9 17.9 10.5 4.1 16.3 22.2 57.9 57.1 71.2 60 20.4 46.9 44.9 44.7 17.5 34.0 36.0 31.6 29.8 32.7 28.6 24.5 25.0 22.2 16.3 5.3 Fighters Fighters Fighters Fighters Fighters Fighters Refugees Refugees Refugees Refugees Refugees Refugees Ex-Fighters Ex-Fighters Ex-Fighters Ex-Fighters Ex-Fighters Ex-Fighters Negotiate, make If negotiate, demand a Start negotiating only if Continue fighting until Immediate cease-fire to Continue fighting, no concessions high price cannot defeat Assad in a better position for begin negotiations negotiations militarily negotiations "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on negotiations with Assad Q: Which of these options do you support the most
89.29
63 61.54
34.62 36
3.57 3.57 3.57
Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-fighter Refugee Fighter Continue fighting until Assad Immediate cease-fire to begin Continue fighting until we are in a Start negotiating only if defeated negotiations better position to negotiate it we could not defeat Assad
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Outside Intervention in Syrian Conflict Q: There is often discussion about the role of what other countries could do to bring an end to the Syrian conflict. To what extent do you support the following? (%)
Strongly support somewhat support somewhat oppose strongly oppose
Ex-Fighters 30.0 4.0 10.0 56.0
Fighters 17.0 6.8 8.5 67.8 Assad Refugees 38.0 34.0 16.0 12.0 Talk more with more Talk
Ex-Figters 26.0 14.0 24.0 36.0
Fighters 25.0 5.0 20.0 50.0 Increase sanctions Refugees 54.0 30.0 12.0 4.0
Ex-Fighters 54.0 16.0 12.0 18.0
Fighters 52.5 3.4 6.8 37.3 US military US intervention Refugees 34.7 22.5 26.5 16.3
Ex-Fighters 60.0 6.0 20.0 14.0
Fighters 51.7 6.7 5.0 36.7 intervention
NATO military NATO Refugees 28.0 20.0 14.0 38.0
Ex-Fighters 58.0 16.0 20.0 6.0
Fighters 46.7 8.3 5.0 40.0 keeping UN Peace- UN Refugees 62.0 18.0 4.0 16.0
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Commitment to Negotiated Settlement of the War in Geneva Q: To waht extent do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with the followhing statement ?
Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree strongly disagree
2.0 6.1 2.0 10.2 10.0 14.3
26.5 14.3 28.6 34.0 36.0 20.4 38.0 12.2
16.3
22.5 12.0 22.5 26.5 32.7 14.0
10.0 96.0 4.0 90.0 32.0
63.3 32.7 24.5 10.0 51.0 46.0 42.9 44.0
20.0 16.3 16.3
Refugee Ex-Fighter Refugee Ex-Fighter Refugee Ex-Fighter Refugee Ex-Fighter Refugee Ex-Fighter It is important for rebel Rebel leaders should only Rebel leaders should not We should expect Assad to Leaders of other countries at leaders to honor all honor those honor any promises that break any the negotiations will ensure promises/commitments they promises/commitments that could harm changes of a promises/commitments he that Assad keeps his word make negotiating with Assad suits their interests military victory makes with rebels "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Syrian Unity Q: To what extent do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree with the following statements
Strongly support somewhat support somewhat oppose strongly oppose
3.3 8.0 12.0 4.0 16.7 32.0 30.0
26.0 46
16.0 16.7
10 88.0 18.0 20.0 80.0
62.0 22
34.0 33.3 22
Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter Refugee Fighter Ex-Fighter It is essential that Syria remains a unified state Parts of Syria should be allowed more regional autonomy
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Support for Democracy Q: Which of these two statements comes closer to your own view? (%)
42.0 40.0 38.0 36.7
34.0 32.0 30.0
24.0 23.3
Refugees Fighters Ex-Fighters Refugees Fighters Ex-Fighters Refugees Fighters Ex-Fighters Democracy is preferable to any other form of For people like me, it does not matter whether Under some circumstances, a non-democratic political system a government is democratic or not government may be preferable
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Mass Media Sources of Information Q: What are your most important sources of information? (Select all that apply, % choosing each option) 100
58 56.25
40.63 34
23.44 18.75
8 1.56
Fighters Ex-Fighters Fighters Ex-Fighters Fighters Ex-Fighters Fighters Ex-Fighters Fighters Ex-Fighters Fighters Ex-Fighters Television Phone Radio Internet Newspaper Word of Mouth
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Trust in Major Media Outlets' Syria Coverage Q: How much do you trust the following news sources for objective reporting about what is happining daily in Syria? (%)
Highly Trust Somewhat Trust Somewhat Distrust Highly Distrust
Ex-Fighter 48.0 34.0 14.0 4.0
Refugee 70.0 4.0 22.0 4.0
Ex-Fighter 50.0 26.0 10.0 14.0
Refugee 64.0 18.0 10.0 8.0
Ex-Fighter 2.0 20.0 32.0 46.0
ChannelJazeera Al RefugeeArabiya Al 34.0 40.0 18.0 8.0 FSA news FSA
Ex-Fighter 32.0 12.0 32.0 24.0
channel Refugee 40.0 28.0 24.0 8.0 Orient NewOrient
Ex-Fighter 50.0 16.0 14.0 20.0 BBC Refugee 10.0 44.0 34.0 12.0
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Assigning Blame for the Conflict Assigning Blame for the Conflict Q: In your opinion, who deserves the blame for the protracted conflict in Syria ?
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree
Ex-Fighter 100
Assad Refugee 100.0 Bashar al- Bashar
Ex-Fighter 58.0 18.0 12.0 12.0
Refugee 92.0 8.0
Ex-Fighter 88.0 4.0 2.0 6.0
Russia Alawites Refugee 92.0 8.0 Iran andIran
Ex-Fighter 95.9 2.02.0
Refugee 58.0 10.0 26.0 6.0 powers Western
Ex-Fighter 8.0 14.0 30.0 48.0
Refugee 8.0 6.0 24.0 62.0
Ex-Fighter 54.0 24.0 16.0 6.0
Refugee 52.0 10.0 12.0 26.0
Ex-Fighter 34.0 10.0 8.0 48.0 general ISIS FSA Foreign Refugee 58.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Fighters in Fighters "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Assigning Blame for Chemical Weapons Attacks Q: In your opinion, who is responcible for the chemical attack in Ghouta?
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree
Ex-Fighter 100
Assad Refugee 100.0 Bashar al- Bashar
Ex-Fighter 52.0 20.0 20.0 8.0 Assad People Refugee 74.0 8.0 14.0 4.0 Fighting forFighting
Ex-Fighter 2.0 98.0 Rebels People Refugee 6.0 94.0 Fighting forFighting
Ex-Fighter 2.0 98.0
West Refugee 4.0 2.0 94.0 Agents of Israel orIsrael the
Ex-Fighter 10.0 10.0 14.0 66.0
Agents of Refugee 16.0 6.0 78.0 Hezbollah, Iran, or orIran,Russia 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Accountability for War Crimes Q: Which of these two statements comes closer to your own view ?
100.0
88.1
68.0
32.0
11.9
0.0
Refugees Fighters Ex-Fighters Refugees Fighters Ex-Fighters All responsible for war crimes should be held accountable Only the top leadership should be held accountable
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Social Capital Social Distance by Location Q: In general, how close do you feel to other peeople in the following locations ?
Very Close Somewhat Close Not Very Close Not Close at all
Fighters 71.7 28.3 d Refugees 66.0 30.0 4.0 Neighborhoo
Ex-Fighters 55.8 14.0 20.9 9.3
Fighters 70.0 15.0 15.0
Refugees 28.0 26.0 28.0 18.0
Ex-Fighters 55.8 32.6 7.0 4.7
Fighters 50.0 11.7 21.7 16.7
Refugees 26.0 32.0 30.0 12.0
Ex-Fighters 37.2 23.3 18.6 20.9
Fighters 48.3 15.0 21.7 15.0 Syria Region Town
Refugees 40.0 22.0 32.0 6.0
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Reconciliation After Violence I Q: Giving the way things are now, to what extent do you think Syrians on different sides of this conflict willbe able to do the following:
Definitly not Probably not Probably Yes Definitly Yes
Fighters 20.3 32.2 33.9 13.6 friends
Be Be close Ex-Fighters 36.0 22.0 26.0 16.0
Fighters 7.3 30.9 32.7 29.1 Work
together Ex-Fighters 22.0 18.0 22.0 38.0
Fighters 13.6 32.2 54.2
Live as Ex-Fighters 24.0 14.0 20.0 42.0 neighbors
Fighters 3.3 11.7 35.0 50.0 town Ex-Fighters 16.0 36.0 14.0 34.0 Live in Live same in
Fighters 23.3 31.7 26.7 18.3
Live in Ex-Fighters 24.0 22.0 28.0 26.0 common common state
"Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt Views on Reconciliation After Violence II Q: Giving the way things are now, to what extent do you think Syrians on different sides of this conflict will be able to do the following:
Definitly not Probably not Probably Yes Definitly Yes
Fighters 8.3 11.7 26.7 53.3
future Ex-Fighters 24.0 16.0 14.0 46.0 Avoid war in war Avoid
Fighters 40.0 33.3 18.3 8.3 past Ex-Fighters 24.0 36.0 14.0 26.0 Forgive the Forgive
Fighters 15.0 28.3 38.3 18.3
another Ex-Fighters 34.0 32.0 24.0 10.0 Trust one Trust
Fighters 24.6 28.1 33.3 14.0
Ex-Fighters 26.0 42.0 26.0 6.0 Treat each Treat other fairly other
Fighters 48.3 20.7 19.0 12.1 religion Respect Ex-Fighters 36.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 each others each
Fighters 31.7 41.7 20.0 6.7 pary same political Support Ex-Fighters 36.0 20.0 28.0 16.0
Fighters 53.1 26.6 15.6 4.7 same
Support Ex-Fighters 36.0 28.0 32.0 4.0 politicians "Voices of Syria" Mironova, Mrie, Whitt