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Access and Utilisation of Primary Health Care Services in Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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Access and Utilisation of Primary Health Care Services in Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ACCESS AND UTILISATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN RIYADH PROVINCE, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ghadah Ahmad Alfaqeeh This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. ACCESS AND UTILISATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN RIYADH PROVINCE, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ghadah Ahmad Alfaqeeh A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2015 ACCESS AND UTILISATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN RIYADH PROVINCE, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Ghadah Ahmad Alfaqeeh ABSTRACT The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) faces an increasing chronic disease burden. Despite the increase in numbers of primary health care centres (PHCCs) current evidence from the KSA, which is limited overall, suggests that access and utilisation of PHCCs, which are key to providing early intervention services, remain unequal with its rural populations having the poorest access and utilisation of PHCCs and health outcomes. There is a dearth (lack) of information from the KSA on the barriers and facilitators affecting access and utilisation of primary health care services (PHCS) and therefore this study aimed to examine the factors influencing the access and utilisation of primary health care centre (PHCC) in urban and rural areas of Riyadh province of the KSA. II The behavioural model of health services use (Andersen’s model) provided the contextual and individual characteristics and predisposing, enabling and need factors which assist with an understanding of the barriers and facilitators to access and utilisation of PHCCs in Riyadh province. A mixed methods approach was used to answer the research questions and meet the objectives of the study. The converged qualitative and quantitative findings show that there are a number of predisposing (socio-demographic characteristics; language and communication and cultural competency) enabling barriers such as; distance from PHCCs to the rural residence, lack of services, new services, staff shortages, lack of training, PHC infrastructure, and poor equipment. Facilitators: service provider behaviour/communication, free PHCS, service provision and improvements, primary health care (PHC) infrastructure, manpower, opening hours, waiting time, and segregated spaces and need (increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, PHC developments in the KSA) factors influencing access and utilisation of PHCS. This study highlights important new knowledge on the barriers and facilitators to access and utilisation of PHCS in Riyadh province in the KSA. The findings have some important policy and planning implications for the MOH in the KSA. Specifically, the findings suggest: the need for clear documentation/guidance on minimum standards against which the PHCS can be measured; an audit of service availability at the PHCCs, regular patient satisfaction evaluations of PHCS, that the MOH take a parallel approach and continue to resource and improve buildings and equipment in existing PHCCs, the recruiting of more GPs, nurses, III pharmacists, nutritionists and physiotherapists to meet patient demand and more Saudi health care staff, more targeted health education and interventions for the prevention of chronic diseases in the KSA and the need for an appointment system for attending the PHCCs. There is a need for further research into the barriers and enablers to accessing and utilising health care in Riyadh and the KSA overall. This research would be made easier with a clearer definition of rural and urban in the KSA context which would allow a greater comparability between urban and rural PHCS for future research, audit and evaluation as well as comparison with PHCS in other parts of the world. The Andersen model provided a useful conceptual model to frame this research and provided a structure for contrasting and comparing the findings with other studies that have used the Andersen model to understand the barriers and enablers to accessing and utilising health care services. IV DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Bedfordshire. It has not been submitted before any degree or examination in any other university. Ghadah Alfaqeeh 24 June 2015 بِ ْس ِم ﷲِ ﱠالر ْح ٰم ِن ﱠالر ِح ْي ِم In The Name of Allah I dedicate this work to Baba Ahmad Alfaqeeh and Mama Zahwah Althawaib VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... II DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ V TABLE OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. XIV TABLE OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XVII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... XX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RATIONALE ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, AIM AND OBJECTIVES .................................................... 8 1.4 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................... 9 1.5 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: A REVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF PHCS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF RIYADH PROVINCE 2008-2013 ............................................................ 12 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2 THE KSA AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM .......................................................... 12 2.2.1 The KSA context ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 The KSA health care system: organisation and delivery ............................................. 15 2.2.3 Health care development in the KSA ............................................................................. 16 2.2.4 Key providers in KSA health care provision .................................................................. 22 2.2.5 PHCCs ........................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Classification and services at PHCCs ........................................................................... 28 2.2.7 Manpower standards at PHCCs .................................................................................... 29 2.3 DEFINING RURAL AND URBAN ................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Categorisation according to geographical location ...................................................... 31 2.3.2 Categorisation according to the population size and density ........................................ 32 VII 2.3.3 Categorisation according toSES .................................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Contextual categorisation .............................................................................................. 37 2.3.5 Defining urban and rural in the context of this research .............................................. 39 2.3.6 Association between the population density and the PHCCs ........................................ 40 2.4 INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE KSA .......................................... 41 2.5 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUALISING ACCESS AND UTILISATION OF HEALTH CARE ............................................................................................................................................. 43 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 43 3.2 UNDERSTANDING ACCESS AND UTILISATION OF HCS ...................................... 44 3.3 MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BEHAVIOUR AND HEALTH CARE UTILISATION .......................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.1 The economic approach ................................................................................................. 53 3.3.2 The socio-psychological approach ................................................................................ 54 3.3.3 The socio-demographic approach ................................................................................. 56 3.4 CRITIQUE OF THE ANDERSEN MODEL .................................................................... 61 3.4.1 Theoretical reasons ......................................................................................................
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