Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa (CBAA)

February 2010

LIVED EXPERIENCES: ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN GOGONYO SUB-COUNTY, PALISA DISTRICT, UGANDA

Susan Nanduddu

Series editors: Judi W. Wakhungu, Joan Kariuki Kung’u and Charles Tonui

COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) 1

COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) Introduction country and region with an index of PUT INDEX 2. The geography is characterized by limate change has become a extensive wetlands and lakes with low lying local phenomenon just as it grasslands. Livelihood activities include is global. The magnitude of majorly, rain-fed agriculture of perennials climate variability is now being including cassava, grazing and annuals Cfelt at almost all scales and in all regions including sweet potatoes, cotton and rice. with extreme events such as drought, Fishing for some communities close to the excessive rainfall, cold and heat waves as lakes and wetlands is a major livelihood well as dry spells affecting much of rural strategy which also provided employment Africa, Uganda inclusive. Climate change to youth and women involved in the adaptation has now become indispensable transportation and trade. The sub-county due to the increasing vulnerability of rural is also located in the cattle corridor which populations to the effects. Communities is a dry land ecosystem stretching from which are remotely located in countries southern Uganda to north eastern corner such as Uganda, have limited access to of the country. The sub county has a high social services, dependent on natural population density relative to neighboring resources for their livelihoods and may sub counties of 312 persons per sq km3. have limited opportunity to influence the Gogonyo Sub County has social, economic policies that affect their lives are, therefore, and environmental features that have likely to be more vulnerable. Gogonyo Sub- exposed it to the climate change risks. The County in Pallisa District, Eastern Uganda, area is lowly lying with natural sinks that represents some of these characteristics retain water forming lakes, large ponds and and has been affected lately by droughts, permanent wetlands such as Nakuwa4. excessive rainfall and dry spells, exposing The natural features couple with social people to hunger to such an extend that and economic factors and have increased some food handouts were distributed in the vulnerability of the population to climate area1. This report presents results of a study risks. Livelihoods have not been spared; that was conducted to assess the effects property and resources at the disposal of climate change on rural livelihoods of communities continue to be affected in Gogonyo with the aim of identifying negatively by the extreme weather events practical adaptation and mitigation experienced in the area. It is these factors strategies for the population. The study that motivated an in-depth study to analyze assesses community perceptions on climate the climate change impacts affecting the change, vulnerability. It also examines the area, impact on livelihoods, resources, impacts to livelihoods and socio-economic communities and how the communities are setup of the Gogonyo sub-county. responding and coping with the impacts. The study also examines the adaptation Study description and rationale measures already implemented by the communities. The rationale for this study is two pronged. On one hand the need for a Pallisa is one of the poorest districts in response to climate change impacts in rural Eastern Uganda, located in the plains of the Uganda has become more than catch phrase Lake Kioga drainage system. Gogonyo Sub- due to global and regional debates to a County is located to the west of the district response that is needed to reduce increasing and adjacent to the extensive wetlands of vulnerability of communities as a public Mpologoma River with numerous lakes that policy response. On the other hand, the study form part of the Kioga system. The area is also underpins the inherent development characterized by a mixture of two major challenges facing rural Uganda that are now tribes of Itesots and Bagwere. The sub- overlapping with climate change impacts. county is one of the poverty hotspots in the This is because climate change is worsening

2 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA) the already grim social, economic and variation in space. Data are analyzed using environmental situation in rural Uganda various techniques and methods. Data on that innovative adaptation and mitigation climate change impacts and vulnerability measures are needed to defray climate was mainly collected using matrices change impacts but at the same time reduce that identified the unit impacted and the poverty and environmental degradation. potential climate change effect. This data yielded ranks based on experiences of the Objective to the study households. In addition data on wealth and resources available to households was • To assess the vulnerability of the community of Gogonyo Sub-County also collected and this was transformed to to the impacts of climate change, rankings using statistical transformation and document the adaptation options techniques to put all households to a similar practiced. scale of measuring their wealth ranks. • To identify adaptation mechanisms Wealth ranks are then utilized to analyze required to enhance community vulnerability and relate it to reported impacts resilience to the impacts of climate both at household level but also across space change through villages. A vulnerability index is calculated for households and villages to Methodology understand the patterns of vulnerability and give insights into entry points for The study was conducted through surveys, adaptation and mitigation measures. mapping and in-depth discussion with household heads or representatives in Livelihoods in Gogonyo the sub-county. A reconnaissance was conducted before the main survey to The primary occupation of households in establish the climate change impacts Gogonyo is agriculture and this combines and major livelihoods issues affected by both crop farming and grazing. Up to 90% of climate change impacts or enhancing the respondents are engaged in agriculture adaptation and mitigation. A total of 108 but they too have several other occupations. respondents were interviewed with a semi- The second and third ranked occupations structured questionnaire. The respondents are fishing and agricultural labor, the former were randomly selected in the villages related to the existing natural resources in based on random transects. For maximum form of extensive wetlands and lakes while cooperation and eliciting quality data as the latter related to high population in the much as possible, five local interviewers area coupled with low per capita land. were recruited with the support of Pallisa Low precipitate land for adult population Civil Society Network (PACONET) staff who has led to fragmentation of land but also are partners and very versed with the area. low marginal productivity of labor on Additionally local guides were recruited to household land that individuals mainly take the team through the villages ensuring youths look for waged jobs by providing randomness in selection and coverage labor for agricultural production on fields as possible. The interviewers and guides other than their own or those belonging were trained in data collection methods to the household. Non-agricultural labor, focusing on rapid rural appraisal and transport services by bicycle or motor cycle Global Positioning System (GPS) readings (commonly known as boda boda) were for locations. Interviews were conducted found not to be significant despite Gogonyo for four days and a community meeting was having a high youthful population mostly held two weeks later. GPS readings were engaged in the service industry, including taken for each interviewed household and transportation. Small businesses such as this data is utilized in the analysis to establish kiosks, shops and trading are also not vulnerability and climate change impacts common in the sub-county, mainly because

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COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) it is largely rural, with few hamlets to households are to recover from shocks provide household requirements. This of climate change effects. The limited implies heavy reliance on agriculture, available land for households also implies crop farming and livestock keeping. low productivity, although other factors Agriculture is also heavily rain-fed and such as management techniques, capital this condition is important in determining and inputs are important. In the context the vulnerability of households of climate change, the major livelihood and livelihoods to climate change. strategies of crop farming and grazing are susceptible to the risk of climate change Droughts, excessive rainfall, dry spells and have been affected seriously by recent and strong winds are risks to the major to past climate change extreme events. livelihoods of the people in Gogonyo. But as indicated in the table below, the amount of land available for a household Climate variability and change is important in determining the ability of An important study issue is climate change the household to respond to the climate variability and change in Gogonyo. This change risks. With an average 3.6 ha was done with two approaches. The first is of land for a household and average the analysis of actual climatic data for any household size of nine, it’s clear that significant variations in rainfall and this the pressure on land for agriculture is shows a significant decrease in amount high. Yet the minimal land has to be of rainfall by between 1 to 5 per cent over divided into fields for crops, grazing a 60 year period. The analysis of change and cash crops such as cotton. Land, also reveals variation of amounts received income and other resources available over the same period with a range of up to the households were utilized to rank 350 mm of rainfall in variation over the households by wealth. The table below sub county. This variation and or change further indicates a low mean wealth rank are important in assessing vulnerability of 0.2305 that signifies less capacity if of the communities but also livelihoods.

Descriptive statistics of household size, land available and wealth rank

Std. N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation NumberofHouseholdmembers_ 113 8.00 13.00 9.9381 1.18458 mean_1 Totalamountoflandownedha_ 113 2.31 5.00 3.6449 .86271 mean_1 Rank of seasonal shifts-median 113 1.00 2.00 1.8717 .28173 Wealth category of household- 113 .23 .24 .2305 .00511 median Valid N (listwise) 113

collaborating this with actual data from The second approach in assessing climate weather stations shows that the two do change was through the survey in which not correlate. What is perhaps is known community perspectives on variations and is reduced rainfall which is erratic and change were captured. Results show that received in short periods of time. This is communities have observed significant correlated with the low ranking of erratic changes in terms of increase of rainfall excessive rainfall by 28.3 per cent of the (also known as Edowu in Ateso). However respondents but high ranking of seasonal

4 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA) shifts by 63.7 per cent of the respondents. On the other hand longer rain days were ranked lowly implying short periods of intensive rainfall. The pattern emerging from this analysis indicates that there is a variation between short but intensive rains and extended periods of dryness and drought. This finding correlates again with the analysis of the actual rainfall data that shows significant A wetland in Gogonyo: flooding and reduced rainfall varying across the sub droughts are constant threats county. The implication of this variation is far reaching and scales out from Results of the study indicate that there livelihoods, homesteads, transportation is local specific and household specific services, access to social services to exposure to climate change risks. Short life threatening risks of flooding. The intensive rains have led to flash floods next section of the report will analyze but slow on-set floods have also been and synthesize the vulnerability levels experienced in the area. Preliminary of households based on a preliminary results indicate a high vulnerability of analysis of vulnerability in Gogonyo. Gogonyo to variations but also change in climatic parameters. The climate change parameters used in the assessment Vulnerability to Climate include; flood, drought, heavy rainfall, Change heat, cold and riverbank erosion. Assessment of vulnerability to climate Vulnerability is assessed as the degree to change requires the consideration of which a household as a unit of analysis is both the magnitude and stresses affecting exposed to a risk which is any or multiple rural livelihoods. Rural livelihoods are stressors as enlisted above. The degree of subject to multiple shocks and stresses exposure is a differential between the that can increase household vulnerability. risk and the adaptive capacity. Exposure Climate variability is one of the stresses to the risk is presented in two ways; one that individuals and communities in through mapping location of households rural areas particularly Gogonyo are interviewed and relating that to change coping with. Seasonal changes in the in climatic parameter of rainfall. This past can form a basis of forecasting is coupled with the elevation to factor the vulnerability of the communities in in the risk of flooding as an outcome future. This can help to prepare for and stressor. The second approach to this adapt to climate variability and change. analysis is through statistical analysis of Observed Rainfall total changes

Cumulative Per Frequency Percent Valid Per cent cent Valid 6 5.3 5.3 5.3 Significantly changed 62 55.8 54.9 67.3 Moderately changed 3 2.7 2.7 8.0 Reduced 4 3.5 3.5 11.5 Significantly Reduced 36 32.89 31.9 100.0 Total 113 100.0 100.0

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COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) Map 1 showing spatial differences in rainfall change over 60 year period the reported risk of exposure as observed community members, floods have affected seasonal shifts and erratic events with their livelihood strategies by destroying the wealth rank that is a composite of crops, livestock and a few homesteads. resources available to the household In the village of Opeta for example, flood which could help such a household to waters stretched from the sink wetland recover from the shocks. From the first to within a few meters from the school approach, results indicate that there which is on a slightly elevated area. This is spatially spread vulnerability in the area in Opeta is also one of the communal area to climate change effects especially grazing fields and thus cattle had to be flooding since much of the area is flat at herded to long distances in search for between 0 to one per cent slopes. This pastures during the floods. A couple of physiographic feature is important in farmers reported losing their cattle in determining vulnerability to flooding Opeta. Its clear that due to location in a due to the susceptibility of households, natural “sink” some villages in Gogonyo crop fields and grazing land to floods. are highly vulnerable to climate change From interviews and interactions with impacts of flooding and droughts.

6 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA) The second measure of vulnerability was this is where vulnerability of homesteads through statistical analysis by comparing is high to flooding. But drought and wealth rank as the adaptive capacity heavy rainfall were reported to severely and the exposure given by the ranking impact homesteads. Drought because of changes in climate parameters. As of long dry periods affects the building a control and determinant of adaptive materials especially the roofs. This was capacity, wealth was correlated with revealed during in-depth interviews and exposure risk ranking from the household communities expressed concern about respondents. Results5 indicate a high the scarcity of grass for thatching which association in seasonal shifts and dry now is collected from long distances spells as controlled by wealth rank of compared to previous periods and the households. This is significant and reveals frequency of change increasing. On the that the capacity of households to adapt other hand, heat, cold and erosion were will influence their perception of risk reported to affect homesteads lowly to dry spells and seasonal shifts. Other compared to heavy rainfall and droughts. significant findings from the table include As part of the homesteads, trees are an erratic and low rainfall with seasonal important form of asset for communities shifts. This further reveals the vulnerability in Gogonyo. This is because the species of households and communities in this planted around the homesteads provide area to effects of climate change. A input materials but also food during further analysis of the data collaborated droughts and famines. Some of the trees with in-depth interviews also reveals that include the palms and eucalyptus with the wealth and household size influences the former providing thatching materials and vulnerability to effects of climate change. fruits while the latter, poles and timber. But wealth ranking is more significant These trees are an important asset that than the size of household. These also form an adaptive measure especially preliminary analyses of vulnerability with providing fruits. Climate change was are at household level. Analysis is in reported to be impacting on these assets. progress to ascertain the vulnerability Heavy rainfall, droughts and flooding indices at village level which results are were reported to impact poultry severely. envisaged to inform the interventions Poultry is mainly turkey but several and entry points with a picture on households also have exotic chickens kept spatial variability of vulnerability. around the homestead. While droughts severely impacts on cattle rearing with Impacts of climate change decline in pastures and available water for the animals. The area has a significant Climate change impacts in Gogonyo number of grazers with cattle and goats majorly manifest in form of flooding, being the most dominant. Crop farming droughts, dry spells, heavy rainfall, was the most significantly impacted heat and riverbank erosion. Data were production system. The impacts are collected on how these experienced and reported high by droughts 65 per cent and felt impacts have impacted on livelihoods floods by 40 per cent of the respondents. and production systems. There are fewer Crops grown include; cassava, maize, households whose homesteads are sorghum and vegetables and all these affected by flooding up to 11%. This is also were reported to be affected severely visually evident on the map where most by floods, droughts, heavy rainfall households interviewed were located on (sometimes associated with strong wind) land that is relatively high in elevation. and erosion. There was reported drying However the village of Opeta is largely of crops, low yields and when flooding in a sink compared to other villages and

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COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) Drought and heat are significant effects of climate change on fishing occurs fields are destroyed. In Opeta services and is a key revenue collection and Akisim villages, scars of flooding source for the local government. Threat were evident and community members to fishing in the area affects not only the narrated stories of the 2007 flood that employed, but also the consumers and affected much of the eastern part of the the local government to get the needed country having destroyed their crop fields. revenue to run activities and investments This flood took more than three weeks to in infrastructure. A 0.7 km long canal recede but it left many households with was built to link the former landing site no food reserves and with the inadequate on Nakuwa wetland to where the water food aid residents were left to adapt in has receded. This canal is maintained by a hard way. As Joseph Agama exclaimed local people, fishermen and supervised with a lot of emotion concerning the food by the manager of the landing site. The aid, “what can one cup of maize floor per length of the canal is increasing and household do?” Similarly, respondents this was attributed to the low rainfall pointed out that food was no longer leading to the receding of the lake. There enough to sell, limiting their income. is increasing indication of agriculture being extended into the wetland system Another important livelihood strategy along this canal which further stresses affected by climate change is fishing. the fishing in the wetland system. Drought and heat are the most significant effects of climate change to affect fishing. Drought implies reduced water and Coping and adaptation to possible receding levels of the lakes and climate change wetlands which exposes the areas in Crop farming, cattle and fishing are the which fish lay eggs. Young fish are killed most significant livelihood strategies in in the process while continued fishing Gogonyo. All these however are affected, also does spare the young fish. As Tambati have been and are increasingly susceptible Alamanzani (the caretaker of the Nakuwa to effects of climate change. Results show Landing site) noted, the community moderate to severe impacts on these has had training in managing wetlands, three major livelihoods and the stressors fish monitoring and managing landing differ from flooding, droughts, heat and sites. As observed in the photo below, heavy rainfall. The changes in climate young and small fish being loaded for have been observed by the communities transportation to trading centers from the for much longer as noted during the landing site. Several trainings have taken in-depth interviews and Focus Group place in the area but also from elsewhere Discussions. With or without external as recorded in the book at the landing support, communities in Gogonyo have site. This livelihood strategy employs been early adapters though limited by many youths, involves transportation their capacity to adapt to these effects.

8 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA) Because food security is important in the risks associated with drying of the household, food production systems maize and cassava during droughts. have been altered to adapt to the effects Several households interviewed have of climate change. One of the noticeable slowly included rice on their household adaptation measures has been extension menus but mention that it used to be a into the wetland system for agricultural cash crop. Because flooding severely land. At Nakuwa wetland, there is clear affects food security as reported by the evidence of extension of agricultural households coupled with location of fields into the wetland systems as the the fields in generally low lying areas, water recedes. Areas were cleared for rice is produced to offset the risks of maize, cassava but most significant crop loss should the hazard occur. For is the shift to paddy rice production. grazing, adaptation measures are limited Although rice is not a significant part of to forecasts of climate extremes and the menu in the area, it is not yet clear adjustment in terms of preparing animals whether the local menu has been altered for long distances for water and pastures. to include rice. There is still a significant Sometimes animals are moved to the reliance on cassava and maize coupled islands during the drought period and with beans and vegetables. Extension only moved back when it starts to rain. into the wetland system within this sink may enable the households to ensure Flooding and drought are therefore the relative food security but it does not major stressors for which adaptations are reduce the vulnerability to floods as it necessary. During floods some families may to droughts. Extension into wetland move to their relatives on drier land. systems implies search for moisture There is also reported dependency on which is almost readily available due to remittances from urban areas and or the permanence of these systems in terms abroad. More families are externalizing of wetness. Paddy rice fields are evident excess labor to urban areas in search of through all the parishes of Angodi, jobs so that they can support their families Gogonyo, Ajepet and Kachango. The low in form of remittances. The limited income lying areas have numerous streams that is mostly used to buy food (a recent are all year round having some moisture phenomenon) from neighboring places which can enable rice and other crops such as Ngora, which is expensive. Some to thrive. This form of adaptation may however be a mal-adaptation women have adopted social strands in since it means further destruction of order to adapt by forming groups with the wetland ecosystem by draining. diverse objectives but targeting increasing their income generating activities. Associated with extension into wetland systems is the shift to paddy rice. There Adaptation action points is a long history of rice production in the area and surrounding sub counties Some of the possible adaptation mea- in Busoga and Budaka districts. But the sures to climate change identified during main crops for the people in Gogonyo field work and from experiences else- have been cassava, maize and cotton as where are as follow: a cash crop. The move to rice has two • Introduce drought resistant crops of cassava and maize which are key crops for dimensions: First as a way of diversifying food security. incomes due to dwindling cotton prices • To increase food security sensitization and second to diversify food sources about change in menu to adopt rice within households Rice production in may serve well in view of increasing the area is seen as a strategy to defray vulnerability of cassava to diseases and droughts.

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COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) • Consider tree planting especially in low and though some indicate mal-adaptation, lying areas following the right procedures to tap into the CDM as an alternative the community has responded to the source of livelihood. Additionally, tree stressors and is innovative. Communities nursery beds should be established within now need to be supported through Gogonyo to ease accessibility by the communities. dialogue to identify amplification of • Explore alternative sources of income such good adaptation measures and enhance as quarrying. others so that their effects are not adverse • Livestock need dips and taking veterinary to the environment. One key issue about services closer to the communities. rural livelihood adaptation that will • Weather and climate information needs to be provided in a timely and accurate remain shaping the magnitude, scale and manner to inform farmers’ decisions. impact is population increase coupled • Water harvesting and management skills with limited land resources. This need to be introduced. will continuously put more and more • Additionally, small scale irrigation schemes should be introduced and people at risk and can be a threat to the encouraged. population in the future as the search for • Soil conservation and management additional land to increase production • Indigenous knowledge should be increases. Therefore as a root factor and documented and disseminated widely for replication. indirect form of adaptation, family sizes • Provision of safe water. need to be reconsidered for sustainability of rural livelihoods. The externalization of excess labor therefore might be Conclusion an alternative adaptation measure with long-term sustainability benefits. From the discussion, climate change impacts in Gogonyo are far reaching and affecting the well-being of the Footnotes communities. Crop farming, grazing and fishing are the major livelihood strategies in the area. All these are 1. Joseph Angama, a resident informed affected differently by effects of climate research team about the food rationing of half a kilo of maize flour change including flooding, droughts, and a half for beans distributed in heavy rainfall, heat and erosion of the May 2009 banks. Impacts on livelihoods range from 2. UBOS Poverty ranking 2007 moderate to severe impacts depending 3. Lwasa S., 2007, Uganda Gridded of the livelihood and stressor. Whereas Population heavy rainfall and flooding affects crop 4. Nakuwa wetland system is a Ramsar farming more, droughts and affects grazing conservation site and fishing highly. Different coping 5. Appendix 1 mechanisms have been implemented by the communities to the major livelihoods

10 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA) Appendices

Control Rank of Rank of Rank of Rank of Rank of longer rainy Long dry Variables seasonal shifts erratic Erratic low days spells

excessive rain

rain

Wealth Rank of Correlation 1.000 -.694 .287 -.251 .324

category seasonal

of shifts household median

Significance . .000 .019 .040 .008

(2-tailed) df 0 65 65 65 65 Rank of Correlation -.694 1.000 -.388 .083 -.154 Significance .000 . .001 .504 .213 erratic (2-tailed) excessive df 65 0 65 65 65

rain Rank of Correlation .287 -.388 1.000 -.093 .083 Significance .019 .001 . .456 .502 Erratic (2-tailed) low rain df 65 65 0 65 65 Rank of Correlation -.251 .083 -.093 1.000 -.619 Significance .040 .504 .456 . .000 longer (2-tailed) rainy days df 65 65 65 0 65 Rank of Correlation .324 -.154 .083 -.619 1.000 Significance .008 .213 .502 .000 . Long dry (2-tailed) spells df 65 65 65 65 0

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COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA (CBAA) For more information on the project, please contact:

Eastern Africa: Country Contact Person Organization Email address Prof. Judi W. 1 Kenya African Centre for Technology Studies [email protected] Wakhugu 2 Dr. Sumaya Sudan Sudanese Environment Conservation Society [email protected] Zaki- Eldeen 3 Environmental Protection Management Tanzania Ms. Euster Kibona [email protected] Services 4 Ms. Susan Development Network for Indigenous Uganda [email protected] Nanduddu Voluntary Association Southern Africa: 5 Mr. Khumbo Coordination Unit for the Rehabilitation of the Malawi [email protected] Kamanga Environment 6 South Africa Ms. Bettina Koelle Indigo development and change [email protected] 7 Zambia Dr. George Kasali Energy and Environmental Concerns Zambia [email protected] 8 Mr. Shepard Zimbabwe ZERO Regional Environment Organization [email protected] Zvigadza Non-African Partners: 9 International Institute for Environment and Great Britain Dr. Saleemul Huq [email protected] Development 10 Mr. Mozaharul Bangladesh Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies [email protected] Alam 11 Sweden Dr. Richard Klein Stokholm Environmental Institute [email protected]

We wish to thank our partners for their con- tinuous support in implementing the proj- ect in the year 2009. We look forward to working with them again in the year 2010.

The CBAA project is financially supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Department for International Development (DFID)

For more information, please visit: www.cbaaafrica.org; www.clacc.net; www.acts.or.ke: Contact Email: [email protected]

12 COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA CBAA)