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Allan, Stuart (2016) the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Or the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008: Corporate Killing and the Law

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Allan, Stuart (2016) the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Or the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008: Corporate Killing and the Law Allan, Stuart (2016) The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 or the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008: Corporate Killing and the Law. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7376/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 or the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008: Corporate Killing and the Law Stuart Allan MSc, BSc Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law School of Law College of Social Science University of Glasgow Abstract This thesis examines the regulatory and legislative approach taken in the United Kingdom to deal with deaths arising from work related activities and, in particular, deaths that can be directly attributed to the behaviour of corporations and other organisations. Workplace health and safety has traditionally been seen in the United Kingdom as a regulatory function which can be traced to the very earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. With an emphasis on preventing workplace accidents and ill-health through guidance, advice and support, the health and safety legislation and enforcement regime which had evolved over the best part of two centuries was considered inadequate to effectively punish corporations considered responsible for deaths caused by their activities following a series of disasters in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. To address this apparent inadequacy, the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 was introduced creating the offence of corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide. Based on a gross breach of a relevant duty of care resulting in the death of a person, the Act effectively changed what had previously considered a matter of regulation, an approach that had obvious weaknesses and shortcomings, to one of crime and criminal law. Whether this is the best approach to dealing with deaths caused by an organisation is challenged in this thesis and the apparent distinction between ‘criminal’ and ‘regulatory’ offences is also examined. It was found that an amended Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 to include a specific offence of corporate killing, in conjunction with the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008 would almost certainly have resulted in a more effective approach to dealing with organisations responsible for causing deaths as consequence of their activities. It was also found that there was no substantive difference between ‘regulatory’ and ‘criminal’ law other than the stigma associated with the latter, and that distinction would almost certainly disappear, at least in the context of worker safety, as a consequence of the penalties available following the introduction of the Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008. i Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................i List of Cases ............................................................................................................................ v List of Statutes ...................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... ix 1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................1 2.0 Regulation of Workplace Safety in the UK ................................................................13 2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................13 2.2 Before the Factories Acts ......................................................................................15 2.3 The Factories Acts..................................................................................................22 2.4 Other Sectors of Employment ...............................................................................41 2.5 The Robens Report ................................................................................................48 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................61 3.0 Health and Safety Regulation Post-Robens ..............................................................63 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................63 3.2 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 .......................................................69 3.3 Employee Representation .....................................................................................76 3.4 Scope .....................................................................................................................82 3.5 Enforcement ..........................................................................................................86 3.6 Sanctions and Offences .........................................................................................91 3.7 Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008 .................................................................93 3.8 The European Union, Deregulation and Health and Safety in the UK ..................96 ii 3.9 Deregulation ..........................................................................................................99 3.10 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................101 4.0 Corporate Killing......................................................................................................104 4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................104 4.2 Corporations ........................................................................................................106 4.3 Criminal Corporations..........................................................................................111 4.4 Corporate Crime ..................................................................................................125 4.5 Corporate Killing as Crime ...................................................................................134 4.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................138 5.0 The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 ..........................140 5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................140 5.2 The Disasters .......................................................................................................143 5.3 Manslaughter, Culpable Homicide and Corporate Killing ...................................151 5.4 Reforming the Law ..............................................................................................155 5.5 The Act .................................................................................................................166 5.6 Penalties ..............................................................................................................179 5.7 The Controversy ..................................................................................................189 5.8 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................195 6.0 Crime and Regulation ..............................................................................................197 6.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................197 6.2 Impact of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 ......198 6.3 Crime ...................................................................................................................209 6.4 The Nature of Regulation ....................................................................................212 iii 6.5 ‘Real’ Crime.........................................................................................................220 6.6 Criminal or Regulatory? .......................................................................................230 6.7 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................233 7.0 General Conclusions ................................................................................................236 Bibliography........................................................................................................................245 Appendix A – Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Prosecutions to December 2015 ..................................................................................................................267 iv List of Cases Baker v Bolton &
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