A Narrative Epistemology of Sacred Frame
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A Narrative Epistemology of ,~ ,I t,..;;J Sacred Frame Constructedness I J e.J ,,~ and Deconstruction: J Ij "-" j J i'.,J Exploratory Analyses of Ways of 1, ,-' Knowing Sacred Interpretation ,-, oJ and Understanding Through Context, '1 Symbol/Concept, and Role '"' "I , ..l ',-, j Joshua M. Aerie '-' ,~ , J Ii ,-, ! "cJ e-, , J i-; Anthropology Senior Honors Thesis -' Oberlin College "'... Spring, 1999 h ..l " ,.J i c., In Memory of Consultant I I Consultant 11: So, ah, I went down and uh, and uh, we started off. Went out, to greet the people and Fri, Father Frisbee had this huge red cope on. I me-iwasa beautiful, beautiful piece, I mean, heavy, it was awful heavy to me, it was really beautiful wool. And, uh, he started into the, the introductions and we got maybe ... three or four minutes into the ceremony when he, he kinda backed up and got near a candle and, an this cope caught on fire. Interviewer: Oh no! [laughs] CII: An, it literally, I didn't realize, because I was standing right next to im, and so my vision wouldn't see back there but the people let out a gasp, you know. And I thought what's that and I looked and, here there wereflames! I: [laughing] Cll: And he didn't realize it at all. So I'm hitting him on the back, putting out these flames, you know. And I said, I said to him afterwards I said, "I, I think, uh, Friz, that, uh, you'll have to admit that it took a Roman Catholic to come to save you, as an Anglican." I: That's great. [laughs] 1-'---. ,...,J Table Of Contents Introduction................. .................................................. ... ......... ... 1 Chapter 1: Acknowledging My Own Bias and Subjectivity ........................ 10 J Chapter 2: Reality, Frame-Analysis, and the Sacred ................................ 13 Chapter 3: Worship Ceremony Narrative Analyses .................................. 22 Chapter 4: "Special" Ceremony Narrative Analyses ................................. 51 Chapter 5: Children's-Theme Narrative Analyses ................................... 75 Chapter 6: A Narrative Epistemology of the Sacred ................................. 95 "Seeds" of Contradiction ...................................................... 101 Conclusions: Patterns of Differences ................................................ 111 Appendix ................................................................................. 114 ~ Consultant 5 115 ..... Consultant 6 128 " Consultant 7 145 "" Consultant 8 164 , ... Consultant 10 195 Consultant 11 214 Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 232 References Cited ........................................................................ 233 J Introduction This inaugural chapter serves as the Introduction to my Anthropology Senior Honors Thesis. Here begins a journey into the constructedness ofthe sacred within society. Before departure, however, processes need explication, and implements of understanding necessitate definition. To engage in this thesis is to under-take an expedition into interpretive ways of knowing through narrative. As your guide, I must provide you with the structure and the tools applicable to this process of discovery before we head out into the sacred to narratively explore. This chapter, then, is our toolbox, and consists of five sections: l. Pw:pose: Stating the purpose of this thesis, including premise and goals. 2. Structure: Describing the structural presentation of this thesis, including sections, chapters, appendix, acknowledgements, and references cited. 3. Methods-Data: Explaining types of data employed, and the data collection process. 4. Methods-Analyses: Describing the analytical process and orgauization of the data. 5. Terms: Setting forward definitions and discussions of key terms and concepts. Purpose The purpose of this Anthropology Honors Thesis is to understand sacred construction through narrative epistemology. That is, with the help of an analytical model of framework, frame, and strip, I analyze narratives regarding incidents of disruption and incongruity within the sacred framework as a way of knowing the sacred as a social realm, constructed as dialectically different from the domain of "conventiollal" social cognition. Specifically, I will examine how the stories embody ideas about how the sacred framework constructs fragile interpretive frames susceptible to incidents which challenge its structural rigidity and inflexibility. These stories expose the constructedness of the sacred. 1 Structure This thesis is structured as follows: Chapter 1: Acknowledging My Own Bias and Subjectivity This Chapter briefly addresses the factors inherent in my own interpretation of the narratives, and argues for the validity of these analyses as socia-culturally relevant. Chapter 2: Reality, Frame-Analysis, and the Sacred This Chapter presents the theoretical background for the analytical concept of "frame-analysis", and how this concept is applicable to an examination of sacred construction (and deconstruction!) in society. Chapters 3 - 5: Narrative Analyses These Chapters present the actual analyses of the narratives: Chapter 3 considers worship ceremony narratives. Chapter 4 probes "special" ceremony narratives. l J Chapter 5 examines children' s-theme narratives. Each Chapter begins with one to three longer narrative analyses, and concludes with five shorter analyses. Chapter 6: A Narrative Epistemology of the Sacred J This Chapter introduces the concept of epistemology as relevant to sacred understanding, and presents encapsulated "seeds of contradiction" for each narrative analyzed. Conclusions: Patterns of Differences This section concludes the thesis by pointing out general patterns perceived within " 1 the "seeds of contradiction", and briefly postulates how these patterns reveal sacred ~ ways of knowing. , Appendix: Transcriptions and Consultant Demographics This section contains the transcripts of the interviews in their entirety, and gives ~ basic demographic information for each consultant. 1 !>'" Acknowledgements f--.-~ 1 J References Cited r-"j 1 "" 2 '1 j I. Methods-Data The data employed for analysis in this thesis are narratives. A small portion of the data were ,. previously used in a term project for the course "Forms of Folklore" at Oberlin College, Spring ! ,I semester, 1995.1 The narratives were collected with the intention of using them solely for the purpose of that project and thus my collection method reflects that purpose to some degree. However, this thesis does not manipulate the original data in any way. Rather, the data essentially governed this thesis. This thesis is a detailed study of the narratives as an epistemology of the constructedness ofthe sacred in society. Originally the data set consisted of 11 religious-leaders from various faith practices. For purposes of uniformity of structure and approach, this thesis utilizes the six religious-leaders who are Christian--either Catholic, Episcopalian, or Protestant. Each narrative , session-interview-was conducted by myself and involved a private or semi-private discussion with no formulated questions or structure, other than comments to elicit stories about humorous, • poignant, and personal experiences. I generally began each interview with an exemplary story or suggestion for direction, (most notably Narrative S.I was used as an example of a humorous and • memorable incident), and if the discussion seemed to stagnate I tried to suggest other narrative directions to spark dialogue. Each of the consultants I either knew personally, (such as Consultant S-my father), or f f was connected with through the help of my parents, who, due to the nature of their jobs, have I numerous affiliations with religious-leaders throughout the Binghamton, New York area, where all I I the interviews took place.2 None of the consultants were paid for their time, and they all agreed to I conditions of anonymity with the knowledge that the narratives would be publicly archived. These conditions have been upheld within this thesis, evidenced by numeral narrative reference. This reference system is simple: take, for example, NarrativeS.I. The first digit, before the decimal point, refers to the arbitrary number in the sequence of the original eleven 1 This folklore collection, entitled Clergy Lore, contains archive-formatted analyses for selected stories from the same narrative set. The collection can be found in the Oberlin College Archives, Mudd Library, Oberlin, Ohio. 2 My father is pastor at the First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Binghamton, New York. My mother is Associate Director at the Broome County Council of Churches, Binghamton, New York. e 3 ,~ interviews. The last digit, after the decimal point, refers to the number in the sequence of story ,~ delineations (as delineated by me for purposes of analysis) within the interview. Therefore, Narrative 8.1 refers to Consultant 8, story 1. The transcripts of the relevant interviews are provided in full in the Appendix. The interviews were recorded onto high-bias audio tape via a hand-held tape recorder, and the ,~ transcripts reflect the entire contents of the audio tape. These transcriptions were prepared by I~ Charles Matthew Newburn, an anthropology major at Oberlin College, within the month of March, 1999. I then corrected and notated the story delineations for each interview. I~ Methods-Analyses Analytical Process: The narrative analyses will be structured as follows: 1. Synopsis of the story related within the narrative. Quotes from the narrative